Luận văn thạc sĩ Quản lý xây dựng: Xây dựng tiêu chí lựa chọn đơn vị thi công tường vây và cọc khoan nhồi cho các dự án cao tầng tại TP.Hồ Chí Minh

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ABSTRACT

Curently, the strong development of the construction industry, to satisfy the strict requirements of the nature of the project, the investors,« the underground tasks have been done without good controls which help to reduce risks So, choosing the qualified construction units should be taken into an important decision for award by the employer Accordingly, it is very necessary and important to select a diaphragm walls and bored piles - executed - construction units for high-rise projects which is one of a main factor to make the project successful

In order to solve that problem, this thesis points out 37 criterias as a basic to select the diaphragm walls and bored piles ± executed - construction units for projects in Ho Chi Minh City The survey is performed through questionnaires and statistical analysis After analysing, there are 13 criterias which have a strong influence on the selection of these above construction units In addition, through the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), the thesis has identified four groups of criteria influence on the selection of the diaphragm walls and bored piles ± executed- construction units

Furthermore, the thesis has built an ANP model to calculate the weight of criteria in order to support related parties in respect of view and selection of suitable diaphragm walls and bored piles ± executed - construction units during decision- supports - process of bidding document ± checking - stage

Finally, the author proposes some directions to develop and adds the data source to this topic to be more perfect

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DANH MӨC BҦNG BIӆU

Table 1.1 MӭFWăQJ*'3Fӫa ViӋt Nam tӯ ÿӃn 2019 12

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Table 1.30Ĉ$+ÿӃn tiӃQÿӝ chung cӫa dӵ án 14

Table 1.40Ĉ$+ÿӃn chi phí dӵ án 15

Table 1.50Ĉ$+ÿӃn MQH cӫa các bên 16

Table 1.60Ĉ$+ÿӃn uy tín cӫa các bên 16

Table 1.70Ĉ$+ÿӃn lӧi nhuұn cӫa dӵ án 17

Table 1.80Ĉ$+ÿӃn chҩWOѭӧng cӫa dӵ án 18

Table 1.90Ĉ$+ÿӃQÿӝ thҭm mӻ YjÿiSӭng nhu cҫu xã hӝi 18

Table 2.1 Thông sӕ 7''WUѭӟFNKLÿjRYjWUѭӟFNKLÿә be-ton 27

Table 2.2 Thông sӕ 7''WUѭӟFNKLÿjRYjWUѭӟFNKLÿә be-ton 40

Table 2.3 Các nghiên cӭXWUѭӟFÿk\FyOLrQTXDQÿӃQÿӅ tài) 50

Table 3.1 Các tiêu chí tәng hӧp, thu thұSÿѭӧc 61

7DEOHĈѫQYӏ công tác cӫDFiFĈ7.6 65

Table 4.2 Vӏ trí làm viӋc cӫDFiFĈ7.6 66

Table 4.3 Kinh nghiӋm hoҥWÿӝng ngành xây dӵng cӫDĈ7.6 67

Table 4.4 Kinh nghiӋm tham gia các dӵ iQJLDLÿRҥn thi công phҫn hҫm 68

Table 4.5 Sӕ Oѭӧng dӵ iQFiFĈ7.6ÿmWKDPJLD 69

Table 4.6 Sӕ tҫng trên mһWÿҩt cӫa dӵ iQFiFĈ7.6ÿmWKDPJLD 70

Table 4.7 Sӕ tҫng hҫm cӫa dӵ iQFiFĈ7.6ÿmWKDPJLa 71

Table 4.8 XӃp hҥng các tiêu chí lӵa chӑn theo giá trӏ trung bình 72

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cӫDĈ97&´FKҥy lҫn 1 75

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Table 4.15 KӃt quҧ ĈĈ7&FӫDWKDQJÿRFKRWRjQEӝ tiêu chí 79

Table 4.15 KiӇm tra chӍ sӕ KMO 81

Table 4.16 Ma trұQWѭѫQJTXDQJLӳa các biӃn (lҫn 1) 81

Table 4.17 Ma trұQWѭѫQJTXDQJLӳa các biӃn (lҫn 26) 83

Table 4.18 KiӇm tra chӍ sӕ KMO* 83

Table 4.19 KӃt quҧ SKkQWtFKSKѭѫQJVDLӣ lҫn chҥy mӟi 84

Table 4.20 Ma trұQWѭѫQJTXDQJLӳa các biӃn (lҫn mӟi) 85

Table 4.21 KӃt quҧ phân nhóm các tiêu chí lӵa chӑn mӟi 86

Table 5.1 ChӍ sӕ ngүu nhiên RI (Saaty,2004) 96

Table 5.2 KӃt quҧ phân nhóm các tiêu chí lӵa chӑn sau khi mã hóa mӟi 97

Table 5.3 Trӑng sӕ cӫDFiFWLrXFKtÿѭӧc xӃp hҥng 103

Table 5.4 Trӑng sӕ cӫDFiFQKyPWLrXFKtÿѭӧc xӃp hҥng 104

Table PL2.1 Ma trұQWѭѫQJTXDQJLӳa các biӃn (lҫn 2) 116

Trang 15

Trang 16

)LJXUH0Ĉ$+ÿӃn MQH cӫa các bên 16

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)LJXUH0Ĉ$+ÿӃQÿӝ thҭm mӻ YjÿiSӭng nhu cҫu xã hӝi 19

Figure 2.1 Qu\WUuQKWKLF{QJWѭӡng vây 23

Figure 2.2 Chi tiӃWWKLF{QJWѭӡng dүQFKRWѭӡng vây dày 800mm 25

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Figure 2.5 KiӇPWUDÿӝ nhӟt dung dӏch 27

Figure 2.6 KiӇPWUDKjPOѭӧng cát 27

Figure 2.7 KiӇm tra chӍ sӕ pH dung dӏch 27

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Figure 2.9 Trình tӵ cҥp cӑFEDUUHWWH Wѭӡng vây 29

Figure 2.10 Mô phӓQJÿjRWѭӡng vây 29

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Figure 2.13 Thi công hҥ thanh giӳ JLRăQJ 31

Figure 2.14 Thi công neo, cӕ ÿӏnh thanh giӳ JLRăQJ 32

Figure 2.15 Thi công tách, rút thanh giӳ JLRăQJ 32

Figure 2.16 Thi công tách, rút thanh giӳ JLRăQJ 33

Figure 2.17 Quy trình tái chӃ dung dӏch 34

Figure 2.18 Gia công lӗng thép 34

Figure 2.19 Bҧng mã treo lӗng thép 34

Trang 17

Figure 2.20 Nâng hҥ lӗng thép panel lӟn 34

Figure 2.21 Nâng hҥ lӗng thép panel nhӓ 34

)LJXUHĈә be-ton 1 phӇu panel nhӓ 35

)LJXUHĈә be-ton 2 phӇu panel lӟn 35

Figure 2.24 Quy trình thi công CKN 36

Figure 2.25 Phác hӑDÿӏnh vӏ vӏ trí ӕng vách tҥm 37

Figure 2.26 Hҥ ӕng vách tҥm 38

Figure 2.27 LҳSÿһt lӗng cӕt thép 42

Figure 2.28 Quy trình tái chӃ dung dӏch khoan 44

Figure 2.29 BiӇXÿӗ dâng be-ton 45

)LJXUH0{KuQKÿә be-ton 46

Figure 3.1 Quy trình nghiên cӭu 56

Figure 3.2 Quy trình xây dӵng bҧng khҧo sát 57

Figure 4.6 Sӕ tҫng trên mһWÿҩt cӫa dӵ iQFiFĈ7.6ÿmWKDPJLD 71

Figure 4.7 Sӕ tҫng hҫm cӫa dӵ iQFiFĈ7.6ÿmWKDPJLD 71

)LJXUH6ѫÿӗ FiFEѭӟc giҧLEjLWRiQWKHRSKѭѫQJSKiS$13 89

Figure 5.2 Mô hình cҩu trúc mҥQJOѭӟLWKHRSKѭѫQJSKiS$13 90

Figure 5.3 Mô hình cҩu trúc mҥQJOѭӟLWKHRSKѭѫQJSKiS$13 90

Figure 5.4 a) HӋ thӕng cҩp bұc, b); c) HӋ thӕng mҥQJOѭӟi 91

Figure 5.5 MQH bên trong, bên ngoài 92

Trang 18

Figure 5.6 MQH qua lҥi giӳa các nhân tӕ 92

)LJXUH6ѫÿӗ hình thành các siêu ma trұn 93

)LJXUH6ѫÿӗ siêu ma trұn tәng quát 93

)LJXUH6ѫÿӗ siêu ma trұn con 94

Figure 5.10 Mô phӓng thiӃt lұp các MQH 98

)LJXUH0{KuQKVѫÿӗ MQH các nhóm tiêu chí 100

Figure 5.12 Minh hӑa siêu ma trұn tәng quát 101

Figure 5.13 Minh hӑa siêu ma trұQFѫEҧn cӫa các nhóm tiêu chí 102

Figure 5.14 Minh hӑa siêu ma trұn trӑng sӕ 102

Figure 5.15 Minh hӑa siêu ma trұn giӟi hҥn 102

Figure 5.16 BiӇXÿӗ trӑng sӕ các tiêu chí 104

Figure 5.17 BiӇXÿӗ trӑng sӕ các nhóm tiêu chí 104

Figure 5.18 Minh hӑa so sánh các trӑng sӕ giӳDFiFSKѭѫQJiQOӵa chӑn 106

Figure 5.19 Minh hӑa bҧng so sánh cһp giӳDFiFSKѭѫQJiQ 106

Figure 6.1 Quy trình phân tích, lӑc biӃn cӫDÿӅ tài 107

Figure PL6.1 Giao diӋn cӫa phҫn mӅm 154

)LJXUH3/7K{QJWLQÿmÿăQJNêYjSKLrQEҧn mà tác giҧ sӱ dөng 154

)LJXUH3/&iFKEѭӟFÿӇ tҥo nhóm (Cluster) 155

Figure PL6.4 KӃt quҧ 4 nhóm (Cluster) cӫDÿӅ tài 156

Figure PL6.5 Các tiêu chí con trong tӯQJ&OXVWHUWѭѫQJӭng cӫDÿӅ tài 156

Figure PL6.6 Cách thӭc tҥo các MQH cӫa các tiêu chí 157

Figure PL6.7 KӃt quҧ thӵc hiӋn tҩt cҧ các MQH cӫa các tiêu chí 158

Figure PL6.8 Cách thӭc tҥo và khai báo các SSC giӳa nhóm tiêu chí 159

Figure PL6.9 Truy xuҩt các siêu ma trұn 160

Figure PL6.10 Cách truy xuҩt trӑng sӕ tәng hӧp tiêu chí 164

Figure PL6.11 KӃt quҧ trӑng sӕ tәng hӧp tiêu chí con 164

Figure PL6.12 KӃt quҧ trӑng sӕ nhóm tiêu 165

Trang 19

Figure 1.1 &iFWzDQKjFDRQKҩW9LӋW 1DPÿmYjÿDQJÿѭӧF[k\GӵQJ

Trang 20

1JX͛Q=LQJYQ - 2018)

9LӋW 1DPÿDQJWUrQÿjSKiWWULӇQNLQKWӃQrQFiFcông trình WLrXELӇXYjÿһFWKFǊQJSKҫQQjRÿm[XҩWKLӋQÿӃQQD\QKѭ/DQGPDUN.HDQJQDP+DQRL/DQGPDUN7RZHU7UXQJWkP/RWWH+j1ӝL%LWH[FR)LQDQFLDO«ÿmFKRWKҩ\SKҫQQjRVӵSKӵFWҥSFӫDTXiWUuQKWKLF{QJFiFcông trình này %rQFҥQKÿyFyPӝWVӕcông trình ÿDQJÿѭӧF[k\GӵQJYjFKӡSKrGX\ӋWӣ9LӋW1DP

Table 1.2 Các công trình ÿmÿDQJYjVӁKRjQWKLӋQWURQJWѭѫQJODLWҥL9LӋW1DP

Landmark Towe

Bitexco Finacial Tower 262.2m 68 TPHCM ĈmKRjQWKL͏Q

Keangnam Landmark Tower A & B

7kQ 7ҥR 6N\ 7ZLQTower

Trang 21

FKRQKXFҫXthi công ÿӇQkQJFDRNKҧQăQJWKjQKF{QJFӫDcông trình

ĈӇNKҳFSKөFYjJLҧLTX\ӃWWӕWQKӳQJYҩQÿӅQrXWUrQYLӋFÿiQKJLi[k\GӵQJKӋWKӕQJWLrXFKtÿӇOӵDFKӑQĈ97& WѭӡQJYk\YjFӑFNKRDQQKӗLFKRcông trình cao WҫQJSKҫQQjRVӁKӳXtFKFKRFiFcông trình WѭѫQJWӵYӅVDXFǊQJQKѭcông trình có TX\P{OӟQKѫQĈӇFyTX\ӃWÿӏQKSKKӧSYӟLWuQKKuQKWKӵFWӃKLӋQQD\WURQJYLӋFFKӑQĈ97& WѭӡQJYk\YjFӑFNKRDQQKӗLPӝWWURQJQKӳQJSKѭѫQJSKiSKӛWUӧUDTX\ӃWÿӏQK WӕWQKҩWOjVӱGөQJSKѭѫQJSKiS$13Analytic Network Process ÿӇSKkQWtFKYjÿѭDUDOӵDFKӑQWӕL ѭXYjNKҧWKLQKҩW

%rQFҥQKÿyWiFJLҧFǊQJNKҧRViWWUrQÿӕLWѭӧQJÿm WKDPJLDNKҧRViWPӭFҧQKKѭӣQJFӫDĈ97&WѭӡQJYk\YjFӑFNKRDQQKӗLÿӃQVӵWKjQKF{QJPӝWVӕWLrXFKtFӫDcông trình QKѭVDX

0ӭFÿӝҧQKKѭӣQJ 0Ĉ+$ ÿӃQWLӃQÿӝFKXQJFӫDGӵiQ Table 1.3 0Ĉ$+ ÿӃQWLӃQÿӝFKXQJFӫDGӵiQ

Tҫn sӕ Tӹ lӋ %

PhҫQWUăPcӝng dӗn

Có hiӋu lӵc

Trang 22

0Ĉ$+ ÿӃQ cKLSKtGӵiQ:

Table 1.4 0Ĉ$+ ÿӃQFKLSKtGӵiQ Tҫn sӕ Tӹ lӋ

%

Có hiӋu lӵc

Trang 23

%

3KҫQWUăPFӝQJGӗQ

Có hiӋu lӵc

Trang 24

%

Có hiӋu lӵc

Trang 25

0Ĉ$+ ÿӃQ cKҩWOѭӧQJFӫDGӵiQ:

Table 1.8 0Ĉ$+ ÿӃQFKҩWOѭӧQJFӫDGӵiQ Tҫn sӕ Tӹ lӋ

%

Có hiӋu lӵc

0Ĉ$+ ÿӃQ ÿӝWKҭPPӻYjÿiSӭQJQKXFҫX[mKӝL:

Table 1.9 0Ĉ$+ ÿӃQÿӝWKҭPPӻYjÿiSӭQJQKXFҫX[mKӝL Tҫn sӕ Tӹ lӋ

%

Có hiӋu lӵc

Trang 26

- ĈӇJLҧLTX\ӃWÿѭӧFYҩQÿӅQj\WiFJLҧÿӅ[XҩWVӱGөQJSKѭѫQJSKiS SKKӧSQKҵP ÿiQKJLiGӳOLӋX[iFÿӏQKPӭFҧQKKѭӣQJ FӫDFiF tiêu chí OӵDFKӑQĈ97&WѭӡQJYk\Yj&.1?

Trang 27

ĈӅWjLFyWKӇÿѭӧFGQJWKDPNKҧRFKRQKӳQJQJKLrQFӭXWLӃQKjQKOӵDFKӑQĈ97& WѭӡQJYk\YjCKN FKX\rQQJKLӋS Thông qua QJKLrQFӭXQj\WiFJLҧPRQJPXӕQFiFQJKLrQFӭXVDXVӁWLӃSWөFSKiWWULӇQFXQJFҩSWKrPFiFSKѭѫQJpháp ÿӇKRjQWKLӋQKѫQOêWKX\ӃWYӅ;k\GӵQJcác tiêu chí FǊQJQKѭhình thành PӝW khung quy trình ÿiQKJLi và OӵDFKӑQ Ĉ97& WѭӡQJYk\Yj&.1SKKӧSYӟLWӯQJORҥLcông trình

1.5 ĈyQJJySY͉P̿WWK͹FWL͍Q

- ĈӅWjLQKҵPÿӅ[XҩW[k\GӵQJFiFWLrXFKtOӵDFKӑQĈ97& WѭӡQJYk\YjCKN FKRFiFGӵiQFDRWҫQJWUrQÿӏDEjQ7KjQKSKӕ+ӗ&Kt0LQKKLӋXTXҧQKҩW - *LҧLTX\ӃWÿѭӧFEjLWRiQNKyNKăQYӅYLӋFOӵDFKӑQĈ97& WѭӡQJYk\YjCKN

ÿӫQăQJOӵF thi công

1.6 3K̩PYLQJKLrQFͱX

- 7KӡLJLDQWKӵFKLӋQQJKLrQFӭXWӯWKiQJ 02/2020 ÿӃQWKiQJ 08/2020 - ĈӕLWѭӧQJ QJKLrQFӭX

x ĈѫQYӏCKӫÿҫXWѭ x Ban QLDA;

x 7ѭYҩQ4/'$; x 7ѭYҩQJLiPViW x 7ѭ YҩQWKLӃWNӃ x 7әQJWKҫX;

x Ĉ97& WѭӡQJYk\ &.1

- 3KҥPvi QJKLrQFӭX7KjQKSKӕ+ӗ&Kt Minh

Trang 28

&iFWӯNKyDÿѭӧFTX\ÿӏQKWҥLĈLӅX/XұW;k\GӵQJFөWKӇ

- &KӫÿҫXWѭ[k\GӵQJVDXÿk\JӑLOjFKӫÿҫXWѭ OjFѫTXDQWәFKӭFFiQKkQVӣKӳXYӕQYD\YӕQKRһFÿѭӧFJLDRWUӵFWLӃSTXҧQOêVӱGөQJYӕQÿӇWKӵFKLӋQKRҥWÿӝQJÿҫXWѭ[k\GӵQJ

- 7ѭYҩQTXҧQOêGӵiQVDXÿk\ÿѭӧFJӑLOj794/'$ [k\GӵQJOjFѫTXDQWәFKӭFFiQKkQFyÿӫÿLӅXNLӋQQăQJOӵFTXҧQOêKRҥWÿӝQJJLiPViWFiFĈ97& [k\GӵQJWURQJGӵiQ

- 7әQJWKҫX[k\GӵQJOjQKjWKҫXNêNӃWKӧSÿӗQJWUӵFWLӃSYӟLFKӫÿҫXWѭÿӇQKұQWKҫXPӝWPӝWVӕORҥLF{QJYLӋFKRһFWRjQEӝF{QJYLӋFFӫDGӵiQÿҫXWѭ[k\GӵQJ

- 6ӵFӕF{QJWUuQK[k\GӵQJOjKѭKӓQJYѭӧWTXiJLӟLKҥQDQWRjQFKRSKpSOjPFKRF{QJWUuQK[k\GӵQJKRһFNӃWFҩXSKөWUӧWKLF{QJ[k\GӵQJF{QJWUuQKcó QJX\FѫVұSÿәÿmVұSÿәPӝWSKҫQKRһFWRjQEӝWURQJTXiWUuQKWKLF{QJ[k\GӵQJYjNKDLWKiFVӱGөQJF{QJWUuQK

2.2 *LͣLWKL͏XYjWLrXFKX̱QiSGͭQJ

2.2.1 Ĉ͓QKQJKƭDW˱ͥQJYk\ (Diaphram-Wall) và F͕FNKRDQQK͛L(cast-in-place concrete pile)

- 7ѭӡQJYk\OjWѭӡQJErW{QJÿәWҥLFKӛWKѭӡQJGj\-PPÿӇJLӳәQÿӏQKKӕPyQJÿjRVkXWURQJTXiWUuQKWKLF{QJWҫQJKҫP7ѭӡQJYk\FyWKӇÿѭӧFOjPWӯFiFÿRҥQFӑFEDUHWWHWLӃWGLӋQFKӳQKұWFKLӅXUӝQJWKD\ÿәLWӯPÿӃQ.6m &iFÿRҥQWѭӡQJEDUUHWWHÿѭӧFOLrQ NӃWFKӕQJWKҩPEҵQJJLRăQJFDRVXWKpSYj

Trang 29

OjPYLӋFÿӗQJWKӡLWK{QJTXDGҫPÿӍQKWѭӡQJYjGҫPERÿһWiSViWWѭӡQJSKtDErQWURQJWҫQJKҫP

- &ӑFWKXӝFORҥLPyQJVkXOjORҥLPyQJNKLWtQKVӭFFKӏXWҧLWKHRÿҩWQӅQFyNӇÿӃQWKjQKSKҫQPDViW[XQJTXDQKPyQJ YӟLÿҩWYjFyQKLӅXFKLӅXVkXFK{QPyQJ

NKiOӟQVRYӟLEӅUӝQJPyQJ6iFK1͉QPyQJ- &KkX1J͕F̰Q 2.2.2 1KͷQJWLrXFKX̱Q[k\G͹QJ9L͏W1DP

- TCVN 9395:2012 ± &ӑFNKRDQQKӗL± 7KLF{QJYjQJKLӋPWKX

- TCVN 9396:2012 ± &ӑFNKRDQQKӗL± ;iF ÿӏQKWtQKÿӗQJ QKҩWFӫDErW{QJ ± 3KѭѫQJpháp xung siêu âm

- TCVN 9397:2012 ± &ӑF± LӇPWUDNKX\ӃWWұWEҵQJSKѭѫQJSKiSELӃQGҥQJQKӓ - TCVN 9398:2012 ± &{QJWiFWUҳFÿӏDWURQJ[k\GӵQJF{QJWUuQK± <rXFҫXFKXQJ - TCVN 5574:2012 ± ӃWFҩXErW{QJFӕWWKpS± 7LrXFKXҭQWKLӃWNӃ

- TCVN 4453:1995 ± ӃWFҩXErW{QJErW{QJFӕWWKpSWRjQNKӕL4X\SKҥPWKLF{QJYjQJKLӋPWKX

- TCXDVN 180:1989 ± ӃWFҩXWKpS± *LDF{QJOҳSGӵQJYjQJKLӋPWKX

- TCXDVN 374:2006 ± +ӛQKӧSErW{QJWUӝQVҹQ± &iF\rXFҫXFѫEҧQÿiQKJLiFKҩWOѭӧQJYjQJKLӋPWKX

- TCVN 3106:1993 ± +ӛQKӧSErW{QJQһQJ3KѭѫQJSKiSWKӱÿӝVөW - TCVN 4447:1995 ± &{QJWiFÿҩW± 4X\SKҥPWKLF{QJYjQJKLӋPWKX - TCXD 205:1998 ± 0yQJFӑF± 7LrXFKXҭQWKLӃWNӃ

- TCVN 5637:1991 ± 4XҧQOêFKҩWOѭӧQJF{QJWUuQK[k\GӵQJ ± 1JX\rQWҳFFѫEҧQ

- TCVN 5308:1991 ± 4X\SKҥPNӻWKXұWDQWRjQWURQJ[k\GӵQJ

Trang 30

2.3 %L͏QSKiSWKLF{QJW˱ͥQJYk\'LDSKUDPZDOO

Figure 2.1 4X\WUuQKWKLF{QJWѭӡQJYk\

Trang 31

2.3.1 &KX̱QE͓P̿WE̹QJ

6DXNKLQKұQPӕFWӑDÿӝOѭӟLWUөFFDRÿӝGRĈѫQYӏJLDRWKҫXFXQJFҩS FҫQtLӃQKjQKNLӇPWUDÿӕLFKLӃXNӃWTXҧEjQJLDRQӃXFySKiWKLӋQVDLVӕYѭӧWWLrXFKXҭQKLӋQKjQKSKҧLEiRQJD\FKRĈѫQYӏJLDRWKҫXELӃWÿӇÿѭDUDKѭӟQJNKҳFSKөF

9ӋVLQKPһWEҵQJWK{QJKѭӟQJFiFWUөFFKtQKÿӇFKXҭQEӏWKLF{QJ

2.3.2 Ĉ͓QKY͓FiFW̭PW˱ͥQJYk\

7UѭӟFNKLÿӏQKYӏFKLDFiFWҩPSDQHOWUҳFÿҥFWLӃQKjQKÿRNLӇPWUDWRjQEӝWѭӡQJGүQQӃXFyÿӝ[rGӏFKOӟQVӁÿӋWUuQKĈѫQYӏJLDRWKҫXJLҧLTX\ӃW

7ӑDÿӝJyFFӫDFiFWҩPSDQHOÿѭӧFWUtFK[XҩWWUrQSKҫQPӅQ$XWRFDGVDXÿyÿӏQKYӏÿiQKGҩXEҵQJPӵFWjXVѫQ«WUrQSKҫQbe-ton FӫDWѭӡQJGүQYjVDXÿyÿѭӧFÿRNLӇPWUDOҥLEҵQJWKѭӟFWKpSKRһFÿӏQKYӏJyFÿҫXJyFFXӕLFӫDWX\ӃQWѭӡQJGүQNKyDÿҫX± NKyDÿX{L VDXÿyVӱGөQJWKѭӟF WKpSFKLDFiFWҩPSDQHOWKHRNtFKWKѭӟFWUrQEҧQYӁ

6DLVӕYӏWUtWLPQҵPWURQJJLӟLKҥQWKHRWLrXFKXҭQ7&91