Nội dung Các hướng dẫn điều trị rối loạn lipid Các hướng dẫn điều trị tăng HA hiện hành Đa yếu tố nguy cơ tim mạch -Tần suất -Lợi ích của kiểm soát yếu tố nguy cơ Một số nghiên cứu viên
Trang 1HEE HWANG, MD
Department of Pediatric Neurology Center for Medical Informatics, SNUBH
TỐI ƯU HÓA QUẢN LÝ ĐA YẾU TỐ NGUY CƠ TIM MẠCH: GIẢI PHÁP VIÊN PHỐI HỢP
Wonjae Lee, MD MBA
International Healthcare Center/Cardiovascular Center Seoul National University Bundang Hospital
Trang 2Nội dung
Các hướng dẫn điều trị rối loạn lipid
Các hướng dẫn điều trị tăng HA hiện hành
Đa yếu tố nguy cơ tim mạch
-Tần suất
-Lợi ích của kiểm soát yếu tố nguy cơ Một số nghiên cứu viên phối hợp
Ca lâm sàng
Trang 3Nguy cơ tử vong do tim mạch tăng gấp đôi với mỗi 20/10 mmHg huyết áp tăng
1 Chobanian AV et al JAMA 2003;289:2560-2572 Lewington S et al Lancet 2002;360:1903-1913
SBP = systolic blood pressure; DBP = diastolic blood pressure
*Individuals aged 40-69 years, starting at blood pressure 115/75 mm Hg
Trang 4Lợi ích giảm nguy áp là bao nhiêu? Phân tích gộp
• MEDLINE search
• Included RCT with a minimum of 1000 Pts-yrs f/u
Trang 5Tác động của giảm HA tâm thu 10mmHg
Trang 6SPRINT: điều trị chuẩn vs điều trị tích cực
1 SPRINT Research Group, NEJM 2015
Average SBP: 121 mmHg (2.9 meds) vs 134 mmHg (1.9 meds)
Trang 7SPRINT: kết cục chính
1 SPRINT Research Group, NEJM 2015
Hazard Ratio = 0.75 (95% CI: 0.64 to 0.89)
Number Needed to Treat (NNT) to prevent a primary outcome = 61
(319 events)
Number of Participants
Primary outcome: CVD composite: first occurrence of Myocardial infarction (MI), Acute coronary syndrome (non-MI ACS), Stroke,
Acute decompensated heart failure (HF), Cardiovascular disease death
Trang 8Kiểm soát tích cực huyết áp có thể giảm tử vong
Lower rates of heart attack, heart failure, and other cardiovascular events
Lower risk of death
Lower Blood Pressure Target : Dramatic Results
1 SPRINT Research Group, NEJM 2015
Trang 9Chiến lược điều trị tăng huyết áp
1 //
Stage1 hypertension130-139 or 80-89 Initial therapy (ASCVD >10%) Stage2 hypertension 140-159 or 90-99 Dual-therapy Stage2 hypertension ≥160 or ≥100 Dual-therapy
:
Pre hypertension 130-139 or 80-89
Hypertension Treatment for 3 or more risk factor, no symptoms of organ damage, Diabetes, cardiovascular
disease, chronic kidney disease
Trang 10Thấp hơn là tốt hơn?
1 Kang et al Eur Heart J 2018 Dec 6
Patient: 290,600 subjects from the NHIS Health Screening Cohort who are not taking anti-hypertensive medication
Outcomes: MACE
Trang 11Tăng huyết áp không được kiểm soát tốt
Trang 12Dịch tể học cho thấy LDL-C cao có liên quan đến bệnh tim mạch và các biến cố tử vong
cholesterol or LDL-C resulted in more CV events
1 Kannel WB, et al Ann Intern Med 1971;74:1-12 2 MRFIT Research Group Prev Med 1986;15:254–273
Trang 13Gánh nặng bệnh tật của xơ vữa động mạch
SATURN Substudy
Baseline Percent Atheroma Volume Quartiles and Major Adverse CV Events
CV = cardiovascular; MACE = major adverse cardiovascular events; PAV = percent atheroma volume Adapted from: Puri R, et al Eur Heart J 2013;34:3182-3190
Baseline PAV Quartile 1 (14.78–30.73) Baseline PAV Quartile 2 (30.80–36.03) Baseline PAV Quartile 3 (36.12–41.74) Baseline PAV Quartile 4 (41.78–68.75)
7.9%
5.7%
Trang 14Giảm LDL-C làm giảm gánh nặng bệnh tật do xơ vữa động mạch
1 LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; PAV = percent atheroma volume Puri R, et al Am Heart J 2016;176:83-92
Trang 15Giảm LDL mạnh đi kèm với thoái triển mãng xơ vữa
LDL-C=low-density lipoproteins cholesterol; PAV = percent atheroma volume; CI = confidence interval 1 Nicholls et al JAMA 2007;297:499-508
• LDL-C is an independent predictors of atheroma regression.
• Substantial atheroma regression was observed in patients with levels of LDL-C less than the mean
Trang 16Lipids: một yếu tố nguy cơ có thể thay đổi được của nhồi máu cơ tim cấp
INTERHEART: 9 modifiable factors account for 90% of first-MI risk worldwide, N = 15,152 patients and 14,820 controls in 52 countries.1 *Proportional reduction in population disease that would occur if exposure to a risk factor were reduced to an alternative ideal exposure scenario
(eg no tobacco use).2 PAR = population attributable risk, adjusted for all risk factors
1 Yusuf S, et al Lancet 2004:364;937-952 2 2 World Health Organization https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global _burden_disease/metrics_paf/en/ Accessed February 1, 2019
Trang 17Tỷ lệ bệnh nhân CHD và ACS không đạt được LDL-C < 70 mg/dL
Gitt AK, et al Atherosclerosis 2017;266:158-166
CHD and ACS Patients Achieving Target LDL-C in Multinational, Prospective, Observational DYSIS II Study, 2012–2013
All patientsPatients on
treatmentPatients not ontreatment
Trang 18ASCOT: cộng dồn tần suất NMCT không tử vong và tử
Trang 19Thiết kế nghiên cứu IMPROVE-IT
ACS, acute coronary syndrome; CV, cardiovascular; MI, myocardial infarction; UA, unstable angina; N Engl J Med 2015;372:2387-97;
Standard Medical & Interventional Therapy Patients stabilized post ACS ≤ 10 days:
LDL-C 1.3*-3.2† mM/L (or 1.3*-2.6** mM/L if prior lipid-lowering RX)
Primary Endpoint: CV death, MI, hospital admission for UA, coronary revascularization (≥ 30 days after randomization), or stroke
Standard Medical & Interventional Therapy Duration: Minimum 2 ½-year follw-up
(at least 5,250 events)
Double-blind, randomized trial, n=18,144
Trang 20Giảm thêm 24% khi phối hợp với ezetimibe dẫn đến giảm thêm 6.4% biến cố bệnh tim mạch
N Engl J Med 2015;372:2387-97
Trang 21Thiết kế nghiên cứu FOURIER
Trang 22Giảm thêm 59% với evolucomab dẫn đến giảm thêm 15% biến cố tim mạch
Trang 23Tổng quan của phòng ngừa tiên phát và thứ phát
Trang 242018 ACC/AHA Guidelines: Tăng cholesterol nguyên phát nặng
J Am Coll Cardiol 2018 doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.11.003
Extremely high LDL-C (≥ 190 mg/dL) requires immediate intervention with high-intensity statins, without
risk assessment†
Age 30–75 years with HeFH and LDL-C ≥ 100 mg/dL and maximal statin
and ezetimibe therapy, consider
Primary Severe Hypercholesterolemia (LDL-C ≥ 190 mg/dL [≥ 4.9 mmol/L]) Recommendations
DM and age 40–75 years
Moderate-intensity statin‡
DM and age 40–75 years
Risk assessment to consider high-intensity statin†
Age > 75 years
Clinical assessment, risk discussion
Primary Severe Hypercholesterolemia Prevention
Assess ASCVD risk in each age group emphasize adherence to healthy lifestyle
Trang 252018 ACC/AHA Guidelines: Statin cường đột cao phòng ngừa thứ phát biến cố lâm sàng của ASCVD*
J Am Coll Cardiol 2018 doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.11.003
Secondary ASCVD Prevention
In those with very high–risk ASCVD on maximal statin therapy, LDL-C ≥ 70 mg/dL is the point at which to initiate non-statin therapy to intensify lipid-lowering
Very high–risk ASCVD†
High-intensity or maximal statin
If on maximal LDL-C–lowering therapy and LDL-C ≥ 70 mg/dL (≥ 1.8 mmol/L) or non–HDL-C ≥ 100 mg/dL (≥ 2.6 mmol/L),
may add PCSK9i Age ≤ 75 years
Trang 26Đánh giá và phân tầng nguy cơ tim mạch tạo thuận lợi trong quyết định điều trị
Mach F, et al Eur Heart J 2019 doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455 [Epub ahead of print.]
People with any of the following: • Documented ASCVD, either clinical or
unequivocal on imaging Documented ASCVD includes previous ACS (MI or unstable angina), stable angina, coronary revascularization (PCI, CABG, and other arterial revascularization procedures), stroke and TIA, and PAD Unequivocally documented ASCVD on imaging includes those findings that are known to be predictive of clinical events, such as
significant plaque on coronary angiography or CT scan (multivessel coronary disease with two major epicardial arteries having > 50% stenosis), or on carotid ultrasound • DM with target organ damage,a or at least
three major risk factors, or early onset of T1DM of long duration (> 20 years)
• Severe CKD (eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2) • A calculated SCORE ≥ 10% for 10-year risk
of fatal CVD
• FH with ASCVD or with another major risk factor
People with:
• Markedly elevated single risk factors, in particular
• Patients with FH without other major risk factors
• Patients with DM without target organ damage,a
Trang 27Các hướng dẫn điều trị năm 2019 khuyến cáo giảm LDL-C
≥ 50% LDL-C reduction from baselineb
Moderate risk < 3.0 mmol/L (116 mg/dL) LDL-C < 2.6 mmol/L (< 100 mg/dL)
Low risk < 3.0 mmol/L (116 mg/dL) LDL-C < 3.0 mmol/L (< 116 mg/dL)
Trang 28Can thiệp điều trị bằng thuốc bắt đầu bằng statin cường độ cao và tăng liều nếu cần
Mach F, et al Eur Heart J 2019 doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455 [Epub ahead of print.]
High-intensity statin should be prescribed up to the highest tolerated dose to reach the goals set for the
For patients who cannot tolerate the recommended statin dose due to adverse events, or for those who do not reach their LDL-C goal, the addition of non-statin lipid-lowering therapy to
maximally tolerated statin is recommended High-intensity statin regimen
• A dose of statin that, on average, reduces LDL-C by ≥ 50%
Moderate-intensity statin regimen
Trang 29Can thiệp điều trị: Statin + Ezetimibe + PCSK9i
Mechanism of action representations are for illustrative purposes only and not meant to imply clinical efficacy mAb = monoclonal
Trang 30Tích hợp các cơ chế tế bào của bệnh tim mạch
Park KH et al J Korean Med Sci 2015 Sep;30(9):1213-25
Hypertension and Dyslipidemia are the critical Oxidative Stress factors causing Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Disease
Trang 31Bệnh đồng mắc không ngừng tăng ở Hàn Quốc
Dyslipidemia fact sheets in Korea, 2018
Trang 32Tác động nhân lên của nhiều yếu tố nguy cơ tim mạch
Hypertension: Physiopathology and Treatment New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company;1977:888-910
Trang 33Bệnh tim mạch với đa yếu tố nguy cơ
1 Mancia G, et al 2013 ESH/ESC Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension Eur Heart J 2013;34:2159-2219 2 Kannel WB Risk Stratification in Hypertension: New Insights From the Framingham Study Am J Hypertens 2000;13:3S-10S
Probability Of a Coronary Heart Disease According to the Presence of Risk Factors
in Men Aged 45 Years2
Trang 34Tác động gộp của giảm cholesterol và giảm huyết áp trong
Trang 35Amlodipine giảm nguy cơ các biến cố tim mạch chính
Tiwaskar M, et al Amlodipine in the Era of New Generation Calcium Channel Blockers J Assoc Physicians India 2018;66:59-64
No of Events Odds Ratio (95% CI)
Trial Intervention No of Patient
AASK, The African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension; ALLHAT, Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial; IDNT, Irbesartan diabetic nephropathy trial; VALUE Valsartan Antihypertensive Long-Term Use Evaluation; CASE J, Candesartan
Antihypertensive Survival Evaluation in Japan; MI, Myocardial Infarction; CHF, Congestive Heart Failure; MACE, Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events
Trang 36Amlodipine giảm nguy cơ các biến cố tim mạch chính
No of Events Odds Ratio (95% CI)
Trial Intervention No of Patien
ts Stroke MI CHF MACE CV Mortality
ASCOT-BPLA, Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm; ACCOMPLISH, The Avoiding Cardiovascular Events in Combination Therapy in Patients Living with Systolic Hypertension trial; HCTZ, hydrochlorothiazide; MI, Myocardial Infarction; CHF, Congestive Heart Failure; MACE, Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events
Tiwaskar M, et al Amlodipine in the Era of New Generation Calcium Channel Blockers J Assoc Physicians India 2018;66:59-64
Trang 37Atorvastatin mang lại hiệu quả giảm tử vong và bệnh đồng mắc trên mọi đối tượng bệnh nhân
1 Sever PS, et al Lancet 2003;361(9364):1149-1158 2 Colhoun HM, et al Lancet 2004;364(9435):685-696 3 Koren MJ, et al J Am Coll Cardiol 2004;44(9):1772-1779 4 LaRosa JC, et al N Engl J Med 2005;352(14):1425-1435 5 Pedersen TR, et al JAMA 2005;294:2437-2445 6 Amarenco P, et al N Engl J Med 2006;355(6):549-559 7 Cannon CP, et al N Engl J Med 2004;350(15):1495-1504 8 Schwartz GG, et al
ASCOTT-LLA1 CARDS2 ALLIANCE
3 TNT4 IDEAL5 SPARCL6 PROVE
Trang 38Atorvastatin hiệu quả giảm LDL-C trong dân số Châu Á
1 Wu CC, et al J Formos Med Assoc 2002;101:478–487 2 Hong SJ, et al Heart 2010;96:756–764 3 Stone NJ, et al J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;63:2889–2934
Trang 39Tuân thủ điều trị statin là thấp nhất trong dự phòng tiên phát
Jackevicius CA, et al JAMA 2002
Adjusted statin adherence by cohort:
Study description: cohort study using linked, blinded, population-based administration data sources from Ontario, Canada Patients (N=143,505) were outpatients aged ≥66 years with a new statin prescription Adherence = statin dispensed at least every 120 days
Trang 40Tuân thủ điều trị tăng HA cao hơn có thể hỗ trợ cho việc tăng thủ điều trị statin
Patient Preference and Adherence 2009:3 265–275
Adjusted odds ratio of achieving adherence with statin therapy at 180-day follow-up
amlodipine/atorvastatin switch cohort had 1.64-times greater odds of achieving adherence with their statin therapy than statin add-on cohort
Method : patients prescribed amlodipine who switched to amlodipine/atorvastatin (switch) or added a statin to their amlodipine regimen
(add-on) The primary adherence measure was patients with proportion of days covered at 180 days; secondary measures included mean PDC and persistence
Trang 41Amlodipine và atorvastatin trong xơ vữa động mạch: 01 đánh giá tiềm năng của điều trị kết hợp
Jukema, J Wouter et al Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy Volume 5, 2004 - Issue 2
Trang 42Amlodipine và atorvastatin trong xơ vữa động mạch: 01 đánh giá tiềm năng của điều trị kết hợp
Trang 43GEMINI: kinh nghiệm thế giới thực của việc dùng viên phối hợp Amlodipine/Atorvastatin
Blank R, et al Single-Pill Therapy in the Treatment of Concomitant Hypertension and Dyslipidemia (The Amlodipine/Atorvastatin Gemini Study) J Clin Hypertens 2005;7:264-273
Non-comparative, 14-week, office-ba sed, prospective, open-label study of 1220 patients with uncontrolled hyper tension to assess the efficacy of singl
e-pill amlodipine/atorvastatin
•Patients with concomitant hyperte nsion and dyslipidemia
•Single-pill amlodipine/atorvastatin was used (Added to existing treatme nt, substituted for amlodipine and ator vastatin, initial drug therapy with diet and exercise)
•Dosing and titration were at the dis
cretion of the investigator
Assess percentage of patients at BP
and lipid goals at 14 weeks
Trang 44GEMINI: số bệnh nhân đạt LDL-C và HA mục tiêu khi kết thúc nghiên cứu tăng so với ban đầu
Patients with HTN, DYS, and ≥1 additional CV risk factor
Patients at increasing CV risk
Shaded quadrant represents joint BP and LDL-C goal attainment for each CV risk group
HTN, Hypertension; DYS, Dyslipidemia; CV, Cardiovascular; DM, Diabetes Mellitus; CHD, Coronary Heart Disease
LDL-C and BP Levels for all CV Risk Groups at Baseline (in Yellow) and at End Point (in Blue)
Blank R, et al Single-Pill Therapy in the Treatment of Concomitant Hypertension and Dyslipidemia (The Amlodipine/Atorvastatin Gemini Study) J Clin Hypertens 2005;7:264-273
Trang 45GEMINI: kinh nghiệm thế giới thực của việc dùng viên phối hợp Amlodipine/Atorvastatin
Conclusion
Single-pill amlodipine/atorvastatin demonstrated broad clinical utility in
patients with increased CV risk due to hypertension and dyslipidemia
•Added on to existing treatment regimens
•Substituted for either parent, statins, and/or CCBs
•Initiated as first-line therapy
Blank R, et al Single-Pill Therapy in the Treatment of Concomitant Hypertension and Dyslipidemia (The Amlodipine/Atorvastatin Gemini Study) J Clin Hypertens 2005;7:264-273