Giáo dục ý thức bảo vệ chủ quyền biên giới quốc gia cho học sinh trong dạy học lịch sử Việt Nam lớp 12 ở trường THPT các tỉnh biên giới phía Bắc.Giáo dục ý thức bảo vệ chủ quyền biên giới quốc gia cho học sinh trong dạy học lịch sử Việt Nam lớp 12 ở trường THPT các tỉnh biên giới phía Bắc.Giáo dục ý thức bảo vệ chủ quyền biên giới quốc gia cho học sinh trong dạy học lịch sử Việt Nam lớp 12 ở trường THPT các tỉnh biên giới phía Bắc.Giáo dục ý thức bảo vệ chủ quyền biên giới quốc gia cho học sinh trong dạy học lịch sử Việt Nam lớp 12 ở trường THPT các tỉnh biên giới phía Bắc.Giáo dục ý thức bảo vệ chủ quyền biên giới quốc gia cho học sinh trong dạy học lịch sử Việt Nam lớp 12 ở trường THPT các tỉnh biên giới phía Bắc.Giáo dục ý thức bảo vệ chủ quyền biên giới quốc gia cho học sinh trong dạy học lịch sử Việt Nam lớp 12 ở trường THPT các tỉnh biên giới phía Bắc.Giáo dục ý thức bảo vệ chủ quyền biên giới quốc gia cho học sinh trong dạy học lịch sử Việt Nam lớp 12 ở trường THPT các tỉnh biên giới phía Bắc.Giáo dục ý thức bảo vệ chủ quyền biên giới quốc gia cho học sinh trong dạy học lịch sử Việt Nam lớp 12 ở trường THPT các tỉnh biên giới phía Bắc.Giáo dục ý thức bảo vệ chủ quyền biên giới quốc gia cho học sinh trong dạy học lịch sử Việt Nam lớp 12 ở trường THPT các tỉnh biên giới phía Bắc.Giáo dục ý thức bảo vệ chủ quyền biên giới quốc gia cho học sinh trong dạy học lịch sử Việt Nam lớp 12 ở trường THPT các tỉnh biên giới phía Bắc.Giáo dục ý thức bảo vệ chủ quyền biên giới quốc gia cho học sinh trong dạy học lịch sử Việt Nam lớp 12 ở trường THPT các tỉnh biên giới phía Bắc.Giáo dục ý thức bảo vệ chủ quyền biên giới quốc gia cho học sinh trong dạy học lịch sử Việt Nam lớp 12 ở trường THPT các tỉnh biên giới phía Bắc.Giáo dục ý thức bảo vệ chủ quyền biên giới quốc gia cho học sinh trong dạy học lịch sử Việt Nam lớp 12 ở trường THPT các tỉnh biên giới phía Bắc.Giáo dục ý thức bảo vệ chủ quyền biên giới quốc gia cho học sinh trong dạy học lịch sử Việt Nam lớp 12 ở trường THPT các tỉnh biên giới phía Bắc.Giáo dục ý thức bảo vệ chủ quyền biên giới quốc gia cho học sinh trong dạy học lịch sử Việt Nam lớp 12 ở trường THPT các tỉnh biên giới phía Bắc.Giáo dục ý thức bảo vệ chủ quyền biên giới quốc gia cho học sinh trong dạy học lịch sử Việt Nam lớp 12 ở trường THPT các tỉnh biên giới phía Bắc.Giáo dục ý thức bảo vệ chủ quyền biên giới quốc gia cho học sinh trong dạy học lịch sử Việt Nam lớp 12 ở trường THPT các tỉnh biên giới phía Bắc.Giáo dục ý thức bảo vệ chủ quyền biên giới quốc gia cho học sinh trong dạy học lịch sử Việt Nam lớp 12 ở trường THPT các tỉnh biên giới phía Bắc.Giáo dục ý thức bảo vệ chủ quyền biên giới quốc gia cho học sinh trong dạy học lịch sử Việt Nam lớp 12 ở trường THPT các tỉnh biên giới phía Bắc.Giáo dục ý thức bảo vệ chủ quyền biên giới quốc gia cho học sinh trong dạy học lịch sử Việt Nam lớp 12 ở trường THPT các tỉnh biên giới phía Bắc.Giáo dục ý thức bảo vệ chủ quyền biên giới quốc gia cho học sinh trong dạy học lịch sử Việt Nam lớp 12 ở trường THPT các tỉnh biên giới phía Bắc.Giáo dục ý thức bảo vệ chủ quyền biên giới quốc gia cho học sinh trong dạy học lịch sử Việt Nam lớp 12 ở trường THPT các tỉnh biên giới phía Bắc.Giáo dục ý thức bảo vệ chủ quyền biên giới quốc gia cho học sinh trong dạy học lịch sử Việt Nam lớp 12 ở trường THPT các tỉnh biên giới phía Bắc.Giáo dục ý thức bảo vệ chủ quyền biên giới quốc gia cho học sinh trong dạy học lịch sử Việt Nam lớp 12 ở trường THPT các tỉnh biên giới phía Bắc.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HANOI UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION - - TRAN THI BINH EDUCATING STUDENTS ABOUT THE SENSE OF PROTECTING NATIONAL BORDER SOVEREIGNTY IN TEACHING HISTORY OF VIETNAM FOR GRADE 12 STUDENTS AT HIGH SCHOOLS IN NORTHERN BORDER PROVINCES Major: Theory and Methods of Teaching History Code: 9.14.01.11 SUMMARY FOR THE DOCTORAL THESIS OF SCIENCE AND EDUCATION HA NOI, 2024 The thesis is accomplished at the Faculty of Technical Education, HaNoi National University of Education Scientific Supervisors: Assoc Prof Dr KIEU THE HUNG Reviewer 1: Prof Dr Nguyen Quang Ngọc University of social sciences and humanities, Hanoi National university Reviewer 2: Assoc Prof Dr Nguyen Thi The Binh HaNoi National University of Education Reviewer 3: Assoc Prof Dr Dam Thi Uyen Thai Nguyen University Defense of the dissertation will take place at the open meeting of Counsil for doctoral thesis at Hanoi National University of Education at ……… , date………, 2024 The thesis and its summary are avaiable at: - Vietnam National Library; - Informatics Center and Library, Hanoi National University of Education DISCLOSED WORKS RELATED TO THE TOPIC Tran Thi Binh (2016) Educating high school students with a sense of protecting national border sovereignty through teaching History in Lao Cai province Education Magazine, special issue (term - June) 2016) Tran Thi Binh (2022) Applying project teaching methods to teach the topic "Protecting national border sovereignty" in teaching History at high schools in northern border provinces Journal Education and society, special issue (2nd term - June 2022) Tran Thi Binh (2023) Educating students on the sense of protecting national border sovereignty in teaching national history in grade 12, No high school in Lao Cai city Journal of Educational Equipment, No 294 (August 1st, 2023) Tran Thi Binh (2023) Educating students on the sense of protecting national border sovereignty through teaching lesson 25 Vietnam builds socialism and defends the country (1976-1986) in grade 12, high school No Lao Cai city Proceedings of the scientific conference "History subject in the new educational program: problems for research and teaching", Hanoi National University of Education, 8/2023 INTRODUCTION 1.Urgency of the topic The thousands of years of history of the Vietnamese people has affirmed an eternal truth: "Building the country must go hand in hand with preserving the country." National sovereignty, Borders, Territory, are sacred categories associated with the concept of "fatherland" in the hearts of every Vietnamese person The border is the land of the fatherland, the sacred flesh and blood that our ancestors have spent many generations of sweat and blood to obtain Therefore, protecting the integrity of territorial sovereignty, including national borders, is a heavy but extremely sacred and noble task of every Vietnamese person throughout history During his lifetime, President Ho Chi Minh was very interested in the issue of national border sovereignty According to President Ho Chi Minh's concept, national borders (including land borders and sea borders) are the starting point, the gateway, and the strategic area of the country National borders are sacred, associated with the value of independence and freedom of the nation To gain independence freedom, we must first win and protect sovereignty and territory, with a clear border Uncle Ho advised: "A piece of land, a stream, a forest, a small island on the border or sea is the sacred sovereignty of the country, we must resolutely protect it"[114, 10] Inheriting the ideology of President Ho Chi Minh, the Communist Party of Vietnam is very concerned about the issue of national border sovereignty National borders play an important role in ensuring security and national defense and are a key strategic area in the work of building and protecting the socialist Vietnamese fatherland Therefore, the task of firmly protecting the sacred border sovereignty of the country is not only expressed in our Party's consistent viewpoint in Congress Resolutions but has also become one of the important and regular tasks , longstanding in practical leadership and direction On the other hand, after more than 30 years of innovation in Vietnam, besides the achievements we have achieved, we still face many difficulties and challenges, especially issues related to border sovereignty national boundaries Hostile forces continue to carry out plots for "peaceful evolution", especially in the field of culture and ideology Border security and island issues are always complicated That situation will directly impact border areas, posing heavy tasks for protecting border sovereignty and security To contribute to the implementation of the task of firmly protecting national border sovereignty in the new situation, in the process of synchronously implementing educational tasks, the issue of educating awareness of protecting national border sovereignty for students must be considered one of the important, direct and regular tasks, both in theory as well as in practical guidance Throughout our country's border line, the northern border area always holds an important position in the history of building and defending the country of our people This area includes provinces bordering China (Dien Bien, Lai Chau, Lao Cai, Ha Giang, Cao Bang, Lang Son, Quang Ninh) This is an area with an important strategic position, where trade and economic, cultural and social development as well as strengthening international cooperation are always closely linked with the task of protecting security national defense and security of the country Therefore, raising awareness of protecting national border sovereignty among the people of the Northern border provinces in general and students in particular is of great significance to the work of building and protecting the homeland Educating the awareness of protecting national border sovereignty for the young generation in general, and for students in high schools in particular, is a common task of the entire political system, of sectors at all levels, including the role of The particularly important and direct role of science subjects in teaching activities in high schools The history department, with its function, can well perform the task of educating students on ideology, emotions, ethics and personality, including educating the awareness of protecting national border sovereignty Research is one of the important tasks and advantages of the history department However, in current teaching practice, educating the awareness of protecting national sovereignty in general and national border sovereignty in particular, besides the positive aspects, still has many limitations and inadequacies Starting from the theoretical and practical basis, from the requirements of education and training and the functions and tasks of the history subject, we chose the issue "Educating awareness of protecting national border sovereignty for students while teaching Vietnamese history grade 12 in high schools in the Northern border provinces" as his research topic, with the hope that the success of the topic will contribute another voice to the community, carrying out the lofty tasks of the History subject, as well as making a certain contribution, both theoretically and practically, to the process of innovating and improving the teaching quality of the History subject in current high schools now Subject and scope of research 2.1 Research object of the project The research object of the project is the process of educating the awareness of protecting national border sovereignty for students in the Northern border provinces, in teaching Vietnamese history grade 12 in high schools 2.2 Research scope The concept of national border includes borders on land, sea and air However, because the issue is quite broad and the issue of sea and islands has had quite a lot of research projects, so our topic mainly focuses on mention land borders and also prioritize mentioning the borders of the Northern provinces, the area where we are directly teaching and working Regarding theory and teaching methods: The thesis does not delve into theoretical research on the issue of national border sovereignty, but mainly explores and researches content related to the issue of education of protection awareness national border sovereignty for students, especially issues of content, form and measures to educate awareness of protecting national border sovereignty in teaching Vietnamese history grade 12 in high schools in the northern border provinces Regarding the content of applied knowledge: The thesis mainly researches the content of Vietnamese history for grade 12 in the current high school History curriculum, compared with the History curriculum (2018, 2022) to determine the content, propose forms and measures to educate students about protecting national border sovereignty Regarding survey areas and pedagogical experiments: + The thesis conducts an investigation and surveys the current situation of history teaching in general and the process of educating awareness of protecting national border sovereignty in cities/districts/towns of northern border provinces + Conducting comprehensive pedagogical experiments on measures to educate awareness of protecting national border sovereignty in a number of high schools in Lao Cai province Research purposes and tasks 3.1 Research purposes On the basis of affirming the role, meaning and importance of educating students in the sense of protecting national border sovereignty in teaching history, the thesis delves into determining educational content and topics, proposing forms and measures to educate students about protecting national border sovereignty in teaching Vietnamese history grade 12 at high schools in the Northern border provinces 3.2 Research mission To achieve the above goal, the thesis focuses on solving the following specific tasks: - Get an overview of research projects related to the topic, both in the world and in Vietnam, to clarify the issues that the topic needs to inherit and continue to research - Find out the current status of education on awareness of protecting national border sovereignty for students in high schools in the Northern border provinces, as a basis for determining the content, form and measures of education generated according to the requirements of the topic - Learn about the curriculum and content of textbooks (2006 and 2022 programs) in the Vietnamese History section and determine the historical content that needs to be exploited to educate students about protecting national border sovereignty - Propose forms and measures to educate students about protecting border sovereignty in teaching Vietnamese history grade 12 at high schools in the Northern border provinces - Conduct pedagogical experiments to confirm the correctness and feasibility of the forms and measures proposed by the thesis Methodological basis and research methods 4.1 Methodological basis The methodological basis of the topic is Marxist-Leninist theory, Ho Chi Minh's ideology, and the views of the Vietnamese Party and State on the issue of education and historical education 4.2 Research Methods - Theoretical research: Comprehensive analysis of documents on education, psychology, history teaching methods, historical documents, local historical documents related to the thesis topic; Research the History curriculum and textbooks (2006, 2022 program) to determine the content that needs to be exploited to educate the awareness of protecting national border sovereignty in teaching - Practical research: Through questionnaires, direct interviews, classroom observations, tests and assessments to conduct practical investigations to clarify the current status of education on awareness of protecting national border sovereignty participating in teaching history at high schools in the Northern border provinces - Pedagogical experiments: Conduct pedagogical experiments to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the forms and measures proposed by the thesis - Mathematical statistical method: Use mathematical statistical method to process the results of sociological surveys and pedagogical experiments, draw general conclusions, prove the feasibility of the thesis research problem rescue Scientific hypothesis Educating students about the awareness of protecting national border sovereignty will contribute to improving the quality of subject teaching and completing the subject's objectives if the content of educating about protecting border sovereignty is identified country, historical content needs to be exploited for education and propose appropriate educational forms and measures for students and teaching conditions Contribution of the Thesis The research results of the thesis contribute to: - Clearly affirm the role and meaning of educating students on the awareness of protecting national border sovereignty in teaching Vietnamese History grade 12 - Sketch a picture of the current status of educating students on the awareness of protecting national border sovereignty in teaching Vietnamese history at high schools in the Northern border provinces - Identify the content of educating students about protecting national border sovereignty - Propose pedagogical forms and measures to educate students about protecting border sovereignty in teaching 12th grade Vietnamese History at high schools in the Northern border provinces Scientific and practical significance of the Thesis 7.1 Scientific significance The research results of the thesis contribute to enriching the teaching theory of the subject on the issue of quality and moral education in general, especially educating the awareness of protecting national border sovereignty in particular for students students in teaching Vietnamese History in high schools today 7.2 Practical significance Identifying the main contents of educating the awareness of protecting national border sovereignty in the 12th grade Vietnamese History section in high schools and proposing effective forms and measures to educate important contents This important matter will help History teachers in high schools, especially teachers in the Northern border provinces, apply it to teaching practice, making a certain contribution to improving the quality of teaching the subject today At the same time, the research results of the topic are also a reference for researching and teaching Vietnamese history courses in high schools, especially in secondary and high schools; students, graduate students and graduate students in history pedagogy at universities and colleges nationwide Thesis Structure In addition to the Introduction, Conclusion and Appendix, the thesis includes chapters, with the following structure: Chapter Overview of research works related to the topic Chapter The issue of educating students on the awareness of protecting national border sovereignty in teaching history at high schools - Theory and practice Chapter Content and form of educating students on the awareness of protecting national border sovereignty in teaching Vietnamese History grade 12 in high schools Chapter Measures to educate students about protecting national border sovereignty in teaching 12th grade Vietnamese History at high schools in the Northern border provinces Experimentation and pedagogical experimentation CHAPTER OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH WORKS RELATED TO THE TOPIC 1.1 Research projects on national sovereignty and protection of national border sovereignty 1.1.1 Research projects on national sovereignty 1.1.1.1 Research projects abroad The issue of national sovereignty always has a particularly important position in the existence and development of countries, so this issue has been mentioned quite a lot in International Law, especially in the Charter, United Nations international conventions, monographs and research articles 1.1.1.2 Research projects in the country The system of textbooks, monographs, and research articles on national sovereignty is quite rich This is the scientific basis for us to clarify the theoretical issues of the topic such as: Concept, starting basis; as well as affirming the role and significance of the issue in practice 1.1.2 Research projects on borders and protecting national border sovereignty This is a historical source that plays an important role in research, use and clarification of issues such as the importance and content of the issue of national border sovereignty These important studies not only confirm the reasonableness and correctness of the topic, but also need to be applied to propose measures to educate students about protecting national border sovereignty 1.2 Research projects on education and awareness raising to protect national border sovereignty 1.2.1 Research works by foreign authors Foreign authors all affirm the role of education and raising awareness of protecting national border sovereignty This is the "most pure" historical source, playing an important role in historical research and learning These important studies not only confirm the reasonableness and correctness of the topic, but also need to be applied to propose innovative solutions for using 1.2.2 Research by domestic authors 1.2.2.1 Researches on education in general Education documents in general are the basis for determining the educational content, the 12th grade Vietnamese historical knowledge is used to educate students on sense of protecting national border sovereignty; develop contents and measures to educate students 1.2.2.2 Researches on historical education History educators have affirmed the role of education and educating the sense of protecting the national border sovereignty This is an important resource for us to develop educational contents, propose forms and measures to educate students on sense of protecting national border sovereignty in teaching Vietnamese history in grade 12 1.2.2.3 Researches on educating the sense of protecting national border sovereignty In general, there are not many studies on educating the sense of protecting national border sovereignty In particular, currently there is still no author researching the issue of educating students on sense of protecting national border sovereignty in teaching Vietnamese history in grade 12 at high schools in the northern border provinces This is the task which is pointed out and solved by the thesis 10 complete and exclusive right of Vietnam within the territory of Vietnam, which the State and people of Vietnam use their forces, means, measures against encroachment and destruction of Vietnam's border in any form in order to preserve the integrity of Vietnam's national territorial sovereignty “Protecting national border sovereignty” includes all measures to preserve national borders to protect sovereignty and territorial integrity; protect natural resources, environment and national interests in border areas; maintain political security and social order and safety in border areas b The concept of "education on sense of protecting national border sovereignty" "Sense of protecting national border sovereignty" is understood as the perceptions and practical actions in the process of implementing and protecting the sovereignty on the border of the country Those perceptions and actions are expressed in many different forms from words, deeds and by many means and measures to build, consolidate and firmly protect national border sovereignty "Educating sense of protecting national sovereignty and borders" is a reflection and impact of objective reality through the educational process, in order to help students have a correct sense of national sovereignty, have the right attitudes and actions in the struggle to protect the homeland and the integrity of national border sovereignty 2.1.2 Policies and guidelines of the Party and State of Vietnam on education in general and awareness education on protecting national border sovereignty in particular The views of our Party and State on protecting national border sovereignty are expressed in many documents, especially documents on the Party's leadership and direction Firstly, Building and protecting territorial sovereignty and national borders is an important content of the cause of building and protecting the socialist Fatherland of Vietnam Secondly, territorial sovereignty and national borders are sacred and inviolable for the Vietnamese people Vietnam's national territory is the birthplace, preservation and development of people and values of the Vietnamese people Thirdly, Building a border of peace, friendship and stability: resolve disputes through peaceful negotiations, respecting each other's independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity and legitimate interests Fourthly, Building and protecting territorial sovereignty and national borders is the cause of the entire people, under the leadership of the Party, the unified management of the State, and the armed forces as the core The above viewpoints of the Party and State on protecting the 11 sovereignty of the territory and the national border are an important basis in determining the contents related to educating students on sense of protecting national border sovereignty at high school 2.1.3 Origin of the research problem The starting point of the issue of educating awareness of protecting national border sovereignty for students in high schools 2.1.3.1 Functions and duties of History subject in high school With its functions and tasks, history has the advantage in educating the sense of tradition of the struggle for national defense in general, and educating the sense of protecting national sovereignty in particular 2.1.3.2 Characteristics of the way of forming historical knowledge at high schools with the education on sense of protecting national border sovereignty When teaching and providing historical knowledge to students, “different from the knowledge of many other scientific subjects, historical knowledge has very prominent features such as the past, the non-repetition, the specific entity, systematicity, unity between history and theory" 2.1.3.1 Psychological characteristics of high school students and the education on sense of protecting national border sovereignty To educate students' consciousness, ideas, and emotions in general, and sense of protecting national border sovereignty in particular, teachers need to pay attention to the characteristics of students' psychological development, from which to provide appropriate and effective measures to educate students 2.1.4 General requirements when conducting awareness education on protecting national border sovereignty for students in teaching history at high schools First: Ensure the correct implementation of educational goals and policies and viewpoints of the Party and State Second: Meets the needs of the educated person, the content is not imposed as a command Third: Educators (teachers) must set an example for those being educated (students) Fourth: Educational content must be consistent with practical activities Fifth: Selecting historical content for education must be scientific, accurate, and meet the subject objectives 2.2 Practical basis 2.2.1 General overview of the educational situation of sense of 12 protecting national border sovereignty for students in teaching history at high schools 2.2.1.1 Overview The issue of educating students on sense of protecting national border sovereignty in teaching history at high schools is still limited or not paid enough attention The national history lessons, especially the content on foreign relations, diplomatic struggles, etc., the teachers have not brought up the content on the issue of national border sovereignty at each level accordingly The education of national consciousness for students, especially the sense of protecting national border sovereignty, has not been carried out effectively 2.2.1.2 Investigate and survey the reality of educating students on sense on sense of protecting national border sovereignty Based on the survey data, we found that: Most teachers and students at high schools in the northern border provinces are deeply aware of the importance of educating students on sense of protecting national border sovereignty, applying historical knowledge into practice However, in reality, the inclusion of this issue in history teaching and student education is not really effective Thereby, it poses a requirement to educate students on sense of protecting national border sovereignty 2.3 The role and significance of educating high school students about protecting national border sovereignty in history teaching Educating high school students on sense of protecting national border sovereignty plays an important role for History teachers, especially high school teachers in the Northern border provinces: Firstly, through the process of teaching, teachers determine their position and role in educating students on sense of the history of protecting national border sovereignty Secondly, fostering knowledge for teachers about national borders and protecting national border sovereignty; as a result, teachers organize effective activities for students to form students' basic understanding of this issue Thirdly, by forming students' sense of protecting national border sovereignty, it will contribute to realizing the Party's guidelines and policies on the issue of national sovereignty in general and protecting national border sovereignty in particular Fourthly, contributing to raising students' sense of responsibility for the cause of building a socialist country and protecting national sovereignty Besides the great role for teachers, this issue has important implications for students in forming and developing their capacity and civic qualities 13 Regarding capacity formation and development: Thanks to learning about issues of national border sovereignty, it will form and develop students with specific capacities such as: Ability to learn history; Cognitive capacity and historical thinking; Apply learned knowledge and skills In addition to specific capacities, through educational activities on national border sovereignty, it will contribute to the formation of general capacities, Regarding qualities: Contribute to the formation of civic qualities in students, especially the qualities of patriotism and responsibility CHAPTER CONTENT AND FORM OF EDUCATING STUDENTS ON SENSE OF PROTECTING NATIONAL BORDER SOVEREIGNTY IN TEACHING VIETNAMESE HISTORY IN GRADE 12 AT HIGH SCHOOLS 3.1 Content of educating students about protecting national border sovereignty in history teaching at high schools 3.1.1 Content of educating awareness of protecting national border sovereignty for students in high schools Educating students in high school to protect national sovereignty and sovereignty includes the following main contents: Educate students to have a deep understanding of national borders and the role of borders in building and protecting the homeland Helps students clearly understand the policies and guidelines of the Party and State on the issue of protecting national border sovereignty Enhance pride in the tradition of fighting to protect national border sovereignty of the Vietnamese people in general and the people of the northern border ethnic groups in particular Form a sense of responsibility and positive action for students in participating in protecting national border sovereignty 3.1.2 Vietnamese history content for grade 12 needs to be exploited to educate students about protecting national sovereignty and borders 3.1.2.1 Position, goal, basic content of Vietnamese history in grade 12 a.The position of Vietnamese history in grade 12 program This is a history course with a very important position because the number of lessons teaching basic knowledge of Vietnamese history accounts for 2/3 of the lessons of the History program in grade 12 b Objectives of the Vietnamese history in grade 12 program The Vietnamese history course (1919 to 2000) at high schools aims 14 to equip students with basic and necessary knowledge about the nation's history, contributing to forming students' scientific worldview and educating their hearts patriotism, sense of protecting the homeland and national traditions, fostering thinking abilities, having correct behavioral attitudes and positive actions in the community and social life c Basic content of the Vietnamese history in grade 12 program On the basis of the basic content of the Vietnamese history program at high school, we have exploited and selected typical knowledge content related to the protection of national border sovereignty to put into teaching Vietnamese history in this period, in order to improve the effectiveness of lessons, and contribute to effective education of quality and capacity for students 3.1.2.2 Specific historical knowledge content needs to be exploited to educate the awareness of protecting national border sovereignty for 12th grade and high school students * History curriculum in 2006 No Topic/Phase History of Vietnam from 1919 to 1945 …… ………… Content of Vietnamese History - The second colonial exploitation policy of the French colonialists ……… -Content of educating awareness of protecting national border sovereignty - Fight to protect the territorial integrity of the country ……… *History curriculum in 2022 -Required program: No Topic/Lesson - August Revolution 1945, war of national liberation and war of national defense in Vietnamese history (from August 1945 to present) ………… Contents of Vietnamese history in grade 12 -August Revolution 1945 …… Educational contents to protect national border sovereignty -Educate the sense of solidarity to fight against invaders to protect every inch of land left by ancestors ……… 15 *Optional program: No Topic/Lesson Topic: Vietnam's international integration process Contents of educating the sense of protecting national border sovereignty Contents of Vietnamese History -Vietnam's integration into the region and the world -Lessons Learned Integrate contact with current national border sovereignty protection issues * Local educational activities: N o Province Quang Ninh Lao Cai …… Lesson/ Thematic Quang Ninh province protects territorial sovereignty and border security in the current period Protect national security and sovereignty Content ………………………… …………………… ………… 3.2 Forms of teaching organization to educate students about protecting national border sovereignty in teaching Vietnamese history in grade 12 high schools 3.2.1 Educating students about protecting national border sovereignty in intra-curricular teaching 3.2.1.1 Educating students about protecting national border sovereignty through in-class teaching Firstly: Exploiting and using historical knowledge related to the protection of national border sovereignty through launch activities Secondly: Exploit and use historical knowledge related to protecting national border sovereignty through activities to create new knowledge (discovery/ problem solving activities) Thirdly: Exploit and use historical knowledge related to protecting national border sovereignty through practice and application activities 3.2.1.2 Educating students about protecting national border sovereignty through curricular lessons in the field, museums, local traditional houses (historical sites, event venues, etc.) 16 In teaching history, curricular lessons are not only conducted in class, but also outside of class at museums, historical sites, etc This form of teaching is different from extracurricular activities, which are carried out according to content specified in the program and textbooks; is related to other history lessons and all students are required to participate 3.2.1.3 Educating students on sense of protecting national border sovereignty through the organization of history practical lessons Activities in history practice hours not only help students clarify the content but also stimulate their efforts to explore and solve learning problems At the same time, after practical lessons, students will be trained in creativity, cooperation, teamwork, educated in scientific working attitudes, etc., fostering the necessary abilities and qualities for students 3.2.1.4 Educating students on sense of protecting national border sovereignty through organizing local educational activities Internal education is a compulsory content in the new general education curriculum The program content includes topics For the historical topic of many northern border provinces, there is content about borders and protecting national border sovereignty This is very suitable content for teachers to organize teaching activities to educate students on sense of protecting national border sovereignty 3.2.2 Educating students on sense of protecting national border sovereignty through organizing extracurricular activities 3.2.2.1 Organize sightseeing experience activities at museums, historical sites or places where local historical events take place This is a very exciting activity for students because it is an opportunity for them to get directly closer to historical events, to explore and discover new things Especially, in case of taking on a field trip, students will not be constrained within the narrow confines of the classroom, so they will be more excited in preparing for this plan 3.2.2.2 The exhibition combines with a competition to learn about border sovereignty and protect national sovereignty The exhibition with the theme of national borders is to organize the display of documents and pictures about borders in many fields, with the aim of introducing and propagating the process of establishing and fighting to protect national border sovereignty through the ages, the process of demarcation and demarcation, images of border guards' activities in border areas 3.2.2.3 Organizing a historical evening on the theme of national borders 17 During the historical evening on national border sovereignty, many extracurricular activities associated with border sovereignty can be organized, focusing on the following forms: Organizing historical talks on national border sovereignty national border rights Organizing a competition to learn about the history of protecting national border sovereignty Organizing a rally to commemorate historical events associated with border issues Organizing painting and photography competitions to organize exhibitions Theater activities on border themes 3.2.2.4 Organizing to guide students to take care of monuments and landmarks associated with the struggle to protect the border sovereignty of their homeland Promoting the value of relics and landmarks associated with the struggle to protect the homeland's border sovereignty is a practical and necessary action, helping students better understand the history of the homeland in general and the struggle to protect border sovereignty in particular, consciously protect and promote those historical values 3.2.2.5 Pedagogical experiences of extracurricular activities To verify the effectiveness of the form and measures to educate sense of protecting national border sovereignty in extracurricular activities, we organize activities at the museum It focuses on developing student capacity and qualities through educating students' sense of the issue of protecting national border sovereignty CHAPTER EDUCATIONAL MEASURES CONSCIOUSNESS OF PROTECTING NATIONAL BORDER SOVEREIGNTY IN TEACHING VIETNAMESE HISTORY GRADE 12 IN HIGH SCHOOLS OF THE NORTHERN BORDER PROVINCES PEDAGOGICAL EXPERIENCE 4.1 Basic requirements when choosing measures to educate students on sense of protecting national border sovereignty in teaching history at high schools -The developed measures must be based on the objectives of the program and subject -Must be based on the content of program knowledge (Topic/chapter/lesson/topic) -Must combine many different ways of organizing teaching -Combining a variety of teaching methods and teaching techniques