Interpreting 3 handbook topic how to become an effective interpreter

UNIVERSITY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES FACULTY OF ENGLISH LINGUISTICS AND LITERATURE INTERPRETING HANDBOOK TOPIC: HOW TO BECOME AN EFFECTIVE INTERPRETER Instructor: Mr Hồng Quốc Trí Group: 01 Group members: Nguyễn Dương Tuyết Anh Giang Yến Bình Võ Thị Mỹ Duyên Lô Đại Dương Nguyễn Hải Đăng Nguyễn Tuyết Hạnh Nguyễn Cao Phi Hùng Nguyễn Ngọc Nga Cao Anh Thư HCMC, November 21, 2023 2057010128 2057010133 2057010142 2057010143 2057010144 2057010151 2057010163 2057010019 2057010036 LÀM SAO ĐỂ TRỞ THÀNH MỘT PHIÊN DỊCH VIÊN CHUYÊN NGHIỆP? MỤC LỤC I Tổng quan…………………………………………………1 Định nghĩa………………………………………….… Các cấp độ dịch………………………… …………….2 Các loại hình phiên dịch……………………………….6 A Dịch tồn văn B Dịch cộng đồng C Dịch giảng D Dịch theo đoàn E Dịch tiếp sức 10 F Dịch thầm 10 G Dịch ngôn ngữ ký hiệu 11 Vai trò phiên dịch viên……….……………….…… 11 II Tiêu chí, quy tắc, đạo đức người phiên dịch 12 Tiêu chí (Năng lực chun mơn) 12 a Kiến thức ngơn ngữ học văn hóa 14 b Kiến thức 14 c Kỹ sử dụng ngôn ngữ kỹ phiên dịch 15 d Những tiêu chí tính cách người phiên dịch 16 Đạo đức nghề nghiệp 16 2.1 Trước dịch 18 2.2 Trong dịch 19 2.3 Sau dịch 22 III Những kỹ năng/ kỹ thuật phiên dịch viên giỏi cần học………………………………………………………… 22 Nghe hiểu để dịch 22 Trí nhớ 24 Ghi chép 27 Đơn giản hóa 29 Kỹ trình bày 32 IV Tiêu chí phiên dịch viên giỏi 35 Tính xác 35 Tính trơi chảy 37 Độ hoàn thiện 39 Tính phù hợp 40 Tài liệu tham khảo 42 TABLE OF CONTENT I Overview… …….…… …… …… …… ….…… 45 Definition….…… …… …… …… …… … 45 Levels of interpreters….…… …… …… … …46 Types of interpreting… …… …… … …… ……49 A Whole Speech Interpreting………… … 50 B Public Sector Interpreting… …… …….…51 C Lecture Interpreting… ….… … …….… 52 D Escort Interpreting ….…… ………….……53 E Relay interpreting ….…… ………… … 54 F Whispered Interpreting…… ….………… 54 G Sign Language Interpreting… ………… …55 Roles of interpreters… ….………………… ….55 II Criteria, rules, and code of ethics of a good interpreter ………………………………… …… 57 Criteria ( Professional competence)…….……… .57 a Linguistic and cultural knowledge.…… …….57 b Background knowledge… …… ……… … 58 c Language skills and translation skills … 59 d Criteria for the personality of interpreters….…60 Code of ethics… …… ………………….… … 61 2.1 Before the assignment… ………… … ….62 2.2 During the assignment………………… …63 2.3 After the assignment… ……………… …66 III Skills and techniques a good interpreter needs to learn… …… …… …… …… ……………… .66 Understanding the message(process) …… … 66 Memory… …… …… …… …… …… .68 Note-taking …… …… ……… ………… ….71 Simplification …… …… ……….… … …….73 Presentation …… ……… …… …… … 75 IV Criteria of a good interpreter………………….….79 Accurate (Accuracy)….…… ………… …… 79 Fluent (Fluency) ………… ………………… 81 Complete (Completeness) …… … ……… 82 Approriate (Approriateness/to the occasion)… 84 References …… …… …… …… ….……………86 I.Tổng quan Định nghĩa Các nguyên tắc ngơn ngữ phiên dịch biên dịch có mối quan hệ mật thiết với Tuy nhiên, chúng thực cá nhân Rất người thực thành cơng hai việc cấp độ chuyên môn khác biệt đáng kể khả năng, trình đào tạo, khiếu chí khả hiểu ngơn ngữ Sự khác biệt phiên dịch biên dịch dường giới hạn phương tiện: biên dịch viên giải nghĩa văn bản, giấy tờ , phiên dịch viên giải nghĩa ngơn ngữ nói Hiểu biết sâu sắc nhiều ngôn ngữ niềm đam mê ngôn ngữ điều kiện tiên cho biên dịch phiên dịch Theo Từ điển Cambridge, thông dịch viên (hay phiên dịch viên) “người có nhiệm vụ thay đổi người khác nói sang ngơn ngữ khác” Định nghĩa khơng sai q đơn giản so với người phiên dịch ngôn ngữ phải làm Phiên dịch thường sử dụng - bị lạm dụng tiếng Anh Trong bối cảnh ngành dịch vụ ngôn ngữ, hai định nghĩa thức: “Diễn đạt thơng điệp nói ký hiệu sang ngơn ngữ nói ký hiệu khác, trì giọng điệu ý nghĩa nội dung ngơn ngữ nguồn.” — Tổ chức Tiêu chuẩn hóa Quốc tế (ISO) Tiêu chuẩn Quốc tế 13611: Phiên dịch: Hướng dẫn Phiên dịch Cộng đồng, 2014 “Quá trình phải hiểu đầy đủ, phân tích xử lý thơng điệp nói ký hiệu, sau chuyển sang ngơn ngữ nói ký hiệu cách trung thực ” — ASTM International, F2089, Tiêu chuẩn thực hành phiên dịch ngơn ngữ, 2015 Nói cách khác, vai trò phiên dịch viên dịch ý nghĩa từ ngôn ngữ nguồn sang ngôn ngữ mục tiêu giữ mục tiêu thông điệp người nói Phiên dịch viên lắng nghe người nói ngơn ngữ, hiểu nói sau sử dụng quy tắc ngữ pháp ngôn ngữ mục tiêu để diễn giải họ xác định ý nghĩa Nhưng giống bạn dịch diễn giải điều trừ bạn chun gia chủ đề truyền đạt, bạn hiểu đầy đủ ý tưởng sau mơ tả cho người khác Cùng với khả nói trước cơng chúng vượt trội, phiên dịch viên cịn phải có khả tư để dịch nhanh thành ngữ, từ thông tục tài liệu tham khảo cụ thể văn hóa khác thành câu tương đương mà khán giả hiểu Các cấp độ dịch Có nhiều cấp độ dùng để công nhận phiên dịch viên Hiện nay, Tổ chức Cấp Quốc Gia dành cho Biên Dịch Viên Phiên Dịch Viên (NAATI) đưa thước đo phù hợp nhằm đánh giá lực cấp chứng cho lĩnh vực dịch thuật nói chung phiên dịch nói riêng Hệ thống chứng nhận NAATI bao gồm hai loại chứng sau: Loại “Được chứng nhận”: bao gồm Thông dịch viên tạm thời chứng nhận, Thông dịch viên chứng nhận, Thông dịch viên chuyên nghiệp chứng nhận (có sẵn cho lĩnh vực Y tế Pháp lý) Thông dịch viên hội nghị chứng nhận Các chứng thường có sẵn tiếng Anh Ngôn ngữ tiếng Anh (LOTE) mà NAATI đánh giá tất lực quan trọng cách trực tiếp khách quan Tương ứng với mức độ chứng nhận, phiên dịch viên làm việc số lĩnh vực, tình phương thức phiên dịch điển hình định Loại “Hành nghề cơng nhận” có sẵn tiếng Anh LOTE mà NAATI khơng cung cấp kiểm tra chứng chỉ, ví dụ: cho ngơn ngữ có nhu cầu thấp NAATI trực tiếp đánh giá Năng lực Ngôn ngữ (tiếng Anh Auslan), Năng lực Liên văn hóa Năng lực Đạo đức, xác nhận gián tiếp lực khác thông qua chứng kinh nghiệm làm việc Trong trường hợp thơng dịch viên có chứng ngơn ngữ, Thơng dịch viên hành nghề cơng nhận yêu cầu phiên dịch lĩnh vực, tình phương thức phiên dịch thơng dịch viên chứng nhận Cấp độ - Phiên dịch viên hành nghề cơng nhận Người hành nghề có chứng hành nghề công nhận đáp ứng yêu cầu đào tạo tối thiểu có kinh nghiệm gần thường xuyên với tư cách biên dịch viên và/hoặc phiên dịch, chưa NAATI kiểm tra kỹ họ Chứng hành nghề cơng nhận khơng có giá trị ngang với chứng không quy định mức lực chuyển giao cụ thể Sau có kiểm tra cho ngơn ngữ mà người hành nghề có Chứng hành nghề cơng nhận, chứng Hành nghề công nhận chứng nhận lại Người hành nghề phải làm kiểm tra (Thông dịch viên tạm thời chứng nhận Phiên dịch viên chứng nhận) họ muốn trì chứng Cấp độ - Thông dịch viên tạm thời chứng nhận Thông dịch viên tạm thời chứng nhận chuyển thông điệp không phức tạp, không chuyên ngành từ ngôn ngữ nguồn sang ngôn ngữ mục tiêu phản ánh xác ý nghĩa Cấp độ - Phiên dịch viên chứng nhận Phiên dịch viên chứng nhận làm việc với nội dung phức tạp không chuyên ngành hầu hết tình Cấp độ - Phiên dịch viên pháp lý chuyên nghiệp chứng nhận Phiên dịch viên pháp lý chuyên nghiệp chứng nhận (CSLI) phiên dịch viên có kinh nghiệm thành đạt, chuyên gia phiên dịch lĩnh vực pháp lý Họ hồn thành khóa đào tạo liên tục phát triển chuyên môn phiên dịch pháp lý chuyên môn ● ● ● Write the first and last sentence of an idea, Write in vertical columns, Record in the target language Simplification In the process of teaching English, educators are very interested in simplification This is the tendency to use a small amount of vocabulary and some basic sentence structures to express complex issues Simplification is applied both in the classroom teaching process and in compiling books for learners The textbook authors often prescribe for teachers to use a certain amount of vocabulary and certain sentence patterns to train learners to listen, speak, read, and write in English For example, “What to say” ( a book) of BBC English only uses 500 basic words to practice listening and speaking about everyday topics Let's compare a paragraph in the novel The Thorn Bird by Australian female writer Colleen McCullough and the same paragraph in the easy-to-understand version for comparison Original: (Colleen McCullough The Thorn Birds Avon Books 1977) There is a legend about a bird that sings just once in its life, more sweetly than any other creature on the face of the earth From the moment it leaves the nest it searches for a thorn tree, and does not rest until it has found one Then, 73 singing among the savage branches, it impales itself upon the longest, sharpest spine And, dying, it rises above its own agony to out-carol the lark and the nightingale One superlative song, exists the price But the whole world still listens, and God in His heaven smiles For the nest is only bought at the cost of great pain Or so says the legend Simplified version: (Colleen McCullough The Thorn Birds Penguin Readers 2001) There is a story about a bird that sings only once From the time it was born it searches for a thorn tree and, when it finds one, it flies at the Inngest, sharpest thorn As it dies, it sings its song - more beautiful than that of any other bird Simplification in translation is a technique that helps interpreters as well as listeners overcome linguistic difficulties However, this is not about overcoming ordinary language difficulties, because the translator must be fluent in at least two languages (near) as his mother tongue The interpreter must resort to the simplification technique in cases *The speech is so technical that the interpreter, despite their best efforts to prepare a meeting, and despite documentation made available to them, just cannot render all of the technical details The interpreter must also apply this technique when the speaker may be talking over the heads of their audience 74 (The expert is talking about the wrong register to laymen) A faithful rendering would just leave the audience confused That is the interpreter is trying to bridge the communication gaps This technique is often used when translating for two parties to have a direct conversation with each other, one party asks, the other party answers These are the cases where simplification techniques need to be applied So how does the translator use this technique? (How to simplify?) Interpreting unfamiliar jargon into everyday language For example: a back-fire: the technical meaning is a premature ignition of fuel or an explosion of unburned exhaust gasses in an internal-combustion engine A backfire is also a term in the firefighting field, meaning: reverse firewall This word is difficult for non-specialists to understand Translators can translate in an easy-tounderstand way: the method of using a controlled fire to stop the spread of a burning forest Identify the core issue of a message, and then convey it (into TL), without understanding all the details the speaker presents Or the interpreter I can understand, but I can't immediately think of the equivalent word Presentation Presentation skill is important to many people: scientists, teachers, students, business people, etc A text is presented with a purpose Every presentation must clearly reveal the 75 presenter's intentions In general, a presentation usually has one of two purposes: (1) conveying information, and (2) persuading the audience Scientific reports, lectures, etc are usually very informative On the contrary, in a business talk or a sales presentation, the presentation is often aimed at persuasion For interpreters, the presentation is different from those mentioned above First of all, the interpreter is not a speaker but just someone who conveys the speaker's interpretation from one language to another, and must be faithful in both content and style This process can be called re-expressing The process of reinterpretation also requires interpretation techniques, but in a passive form and limited to other people's ideas, not your own So when paraphrasing, the interpreter has been provided with objectives and content (the message) The remaining work is to build a structure for the translation and perform that content in the target language So what interpreters have to to practice their presentation skills Issues a presenter needs to identify and prepare carefully Why present (purpose): Why Present to whom (listener): Who What to present (content): What How to present (presentation techniques): How 76 The interpreter has been provided with two points: Why and What Before starting the translation task, the interpreter must clearly determine who the listener is (Who) Analyzing who the audience is will give the interpreter a clear idea: how to get the message across to the audience It has a decisive impact on the use of language such as using many specialized or common words, using academic or literary style, and deciding what techniques to use in interpreting like explanation, simplification, etc or not One of the shortcomings that many interpreters often make is not tailoring one's presentation to a particular audience Ideally, the interpreter should be able to answer the following questions before starting the task: AUDIENCE PROFILE Who are they? How many will be there? Why are they coming? What they know about the topic? Why are they interested in the subject? What is their relationship to you? The above six questions aim to analyze the audience After identifying the listener, the interpreter needs to find a way to present the speaker's message In the expressed plan, the interpreter needs to the following two tasks well: 77 (1) Organize information (ie the content just heard by the speaker in SL) Techniques such as listen for gist and listen for detail help interpreters organize information well in TL (2) To create interest for the listener, or in other words, to attract the audience This requires the coordination of many criteria such as using voice quality (low, high), using techniques to emphasize important points (emphasis), speaking clearly and concisely (be a clear speaker), etc To satisfy the second requirement, Mark (Mark Ellis, 1992:14) offers requirements to the presenter: 1.The presenter must discover unusual facts and statistics about the topic The presentation method must be easy to understand Use pronouns like you, your, us, our to make the audience feel involved in the issue Pay attention to the vivid illustrations Involve the listener in some activity Ask the audience questions to involve them in the presentation) Use rhetorical questions - questions which encourage the audience to think, but which you answer yourself) 78 The first and second requirements are very important When listening to a speaker , the interpreter needs to immediately grasp special issues Then the interpreter will effectively use techniques such as emphasis The second requirement is for paraphrase, simplification and summary techniques Requirements 3-7 are not relevant to the interpreter's duties But if the speaker creates situations such as engaging the audience in activities or asking the audience questions, the interpreter also need to something to enhance the speaker's appeal IV CRITERIA OF A GOOD INTERPRETER Accurate (Accuracy) According to Tiselius’s dichotomy( 2015), accuracy is measured in two complementary manners; first, as the sum of the various elements that build the interpretation ( omissions, additions, e.g.); and secondly, approaching interpretation as an intrinsic whole With regard to Tiselius’s first measurement method – the interpretation of elements- interpreters should strive for accuracy of interpretation at all times This means few if any omissions or additions of the original source speech from the interpretation into the target language, without a pause The trained professional simultaneous interpreter however never omits the original source language, rather they learn to provide the same information in the target language In cour interpretation, it is not acceptable to omit anything from the source, no matter how fast the source speaks, since not only is accuracy a principal canon for interpreters, but mandatory The alteration of even a single word in a 79 material way can totally mislead the triers of fact The most important factor for this level of accuracy is the use of a team of two or more interpreters during a lengthy process, with one actively interpreting and the second monitoring for greater accuracy Contrast to Tiselius’s dichotomy, in Kopczynski's study, he found that interpreters may tend to omit certain parts based on various factors during the interpretation process Therefore, he divides omissions into two types namely functional and nonfunctional, since not every omission implies a decrease in accuracy Sometimes omissions are necessary to generate an accurate and acceptable interpretation , which helps streamline the interpretation and avoids unnecessary duplication An example of Kopczynski’s approach, collected from the analyzed data: Source text for simultaneous interpreting: “I would like to request your permission to leave the meeting early if possible.” Interpreting student ( Vietnamese): “ Tôi xin phép rời họp sớm có thể.” In this example, the interpreter can omit the word “ your permission” due to its implicit and unnecessary in your translation speech Tiselius’ second- approaching the interpretation as an intrinsic whole It implies that interpreters consider various elements, such as the speaker’s tone, body language , cultural reference, ect They strive to convey the full 80 meaning and intention behind the communication rather than focusing solely on individual words and phrases This holistic approach helps ensure the core of the source text message without the cognitive saturation Fluent (Fluency) Language fluency is an integral component to interpretation It assures that an interpreter is capable of providing proficient language assistance to a non-English speaker The importance of language fluency lies in the correct transfer of information The L2 fluency is a complicated process, requiring not only speeding up speech production ( procedural), but also awareness of aspects that boost fluency Therefore, fluency of delivery is identified as one of the most important criteria for interpreting quality, according to the result from the surveys among interpreters and users ( Buhler,1986; Kurz 1993, 2002) In Towell's study in 1996, fluency can be measured by five temporal measures, including phonation time ratio, speaking rate, articulation rate, the mean length of runs and the average length of pauses Phonation Time Ratio: This measure refers to the ratio of time spent speaking or producing vocal sounds to the total time of the interpreted speech It assesses the proportion of speech versus non-speech (pauses) in the interpretation Speaking Rate: Speaking rate measures the speed at which the interpreter delivers the interpreted speech It is typically calculated as the number of words or syllables spoken per minute 81 Articulation Rate: Articulation rate focuses on the speed at which the interpreter pronounces individual sounds or phonemes It measures the rate of articulatory movements involved in producing speech Mean Length of Runs: The mean length of runs measures the average number of words or syllables spoken consecutively without pauses It evaluates the continuity and flow of speech in the interpretation Average Length of Pauses: This measure assesses the duration of pauses or silences between words or phrases in the interpreted speech It reflects the frequency and duration of breaks in the delivery By analyzing these temporal measures, researchers can quantitatively assess different aspects of fluency in interpreting These measures provide objective data that can be compared across different interpreters or interpreted speeches to evaluate fluency levels Complete (Completeness) The completeness of interpreting refers to the extent to which the interpreter conveys all the relevant information and meaning from the source language to the target language A good interpreter should strive to be as complete as possible, ensuring that nothing important is omitted or lost in the interpretation process Here are some factors that contribute to the completeness of interpreting: 82 a Conveying the main message: The interpreter should accurately and fully convey the main points and ideas expressed by the speaker This includes capturing the essence and intent of the speaker's message, ensuring that the overall meaning is preserved b Including all details: The interpreter should aim to include all relevant details provided by the speaker This includes specific facts, figures, names, dates, and any other information that is crucial for understanding the context or content of the speech c Translating idiomatic expressions and cultural references: Interpreters should be skilled in translating idiomatic expressions and cultural references from the source language to the target language This ensures that the intended meaning is accurately conveyed, even if the literal translation may not make sense in the target language d Handling complex ideas and technical terminology: In situations where the speaker discusses complex ideas or uses technical terminology, the interpreter should have the ability to break down and explain these concepts in a clear and understandable manner in the target language e Interpreting non-verbal cues: Interpreters should also pay attention to non-verbal cues such as body language, tone of voice, and facial expressions These non-verbal cues can provide additional context and meaning to the speaker's message, and the interpreter should convey them appropriately in the target language 83 f Providing clarifications or seeking clarification: If there is any ambiguity or uncertainty in the speaker's message, a good interpreter should seek clarification from the speaker or provide clarifications to the audience to ensure a complete understanding of the message Overall, the completeness of interpreting depends on the interpreter's skill in accurately conveying the meaning, capturing all relevant details, and effectively communicating the message in the target language By prioritizing completeness, interpreters can ensure that the intended message is fully understood by the audience Appropriate (Appropriateness/to the occasion) The appropriateness of interpreting refers to the ability of the interpreter to adapt their interpretation to the specific context, audience, and purpose of the communication It involves considering factors such as cultural sensitivity, register, and tone to ensure that the interpretation is suitable and effective Here are some key aspects of appropriateness in interpreting: a Cultural sensitivity: Interpreters should be aware of and respect the cultural norms, values, and customs of both the source and target languages They should consider cultural differences and adapt their interpretation to avoid any misunderstandings or offense 84 b Register and tone: Interpreters should match the register and tone of the speaker This includes adjusting the level of formality, politeness, and style of language to align with the speaker's communication style and the expectations of the audience c Contextual understanding: Interpreters should have a good understanding of the context in which the communication is taking place This includes being aware of the purpose of the speech, the audience's background and expectations, and any specific requirements or constraints of the situation d Adapting for different settings: Interpreters need to be versatile and adaptable to various interpreting settings, such as conferences, legal proceedings, medical consultations, or community events They should be familiar with the conventions and expectations of each setting and adjust their interpretation accordingly e Handling sensitive topics: In situations where sensitive or controversial topics are being discussed, interpreters should approach the interpretation with tact and professionalism They should be able to convey the message accurately while maintaining neutrality and respect for all parties involved f Interpreting for different linguistic levels: Interpreters should be able to adapt their interpretation to the linguistic levels of the audience This includes adjusting the language complexity, choice of vocabulary, and sentence structure to ensure comprehension by all listeners 85 g Time constraints: Interpreters need to be aware of time constraints and deliver their interpretation efficiently They should be able to convey the message within the allocated time without rushing or omitting important information By considering the appropriateness of interpreting, interpreters can ensure that their interpretation is tailored to the specific needs of the situation and effectively facilitates communication between parties with different languages and cultural backgrounds References Astm (n.d.) Standard practice for language interpreting Retrieved from https://www.astm.org/f2089-15.html Hùng, N Q (2007) Hướng dẫn kỹ thuật phiên dịch Anh Việt, Việt – Anh Ho Chi Minh City General Publishing House Retrieved from https://dokumen.tips/documents/huong-dan-ki-thuatphien-dich-anh-viet-viet-anh-nguyen.html?page=19 ISO (n.d.) ISO 13611:2014 - Interpreting Guidelines for community interpreting Retrieved from https://www.iso.org/standard/54082.html Masduki, M (2022) A textbook of interpreting Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355040768 _A_TEXTBOOK_Of_INTERPRETING Movahedi, M & Rahmatabadi, N, D (2016) The Importance of Listening and Short-Term Memory in Interpreting Retrieved from https://translationjournal.net/April-2016/the-importanceof-listening-and-short-term-memory-in-interpreting.html 86 NAATI (2023) Skills and Competencies for Interpreting Retrieved from https://www.naati.com.au/resources/skillsand-competencies-for-interpreting/ Nghĩa, N (2022) Phiên Dịch Viên Là Gì? Muốn Làm Thơng Dịch Viên Thì Học Ngành Gì? Retrieved from https://glints.com/vn/blog/phien-dich-vien-lagi/#cac_hinh_thuc_phien_dich 87