Tổ chức không gian làng và kiến trúc truyền thống dân tộc xơ đăng, tỉnh kon tum ttta

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND MINISTRY OF TRAINING CONSTRUCTION NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTURE DANG XUAN TIEN SUMMARY REPORT ORGANIZATION OF VILLAGE SPACE AND TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE OF XO DANG ETHNICITY, KON TUM PROVINCE DOCTOR OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS INDUSTRY CODE: 58 01 01 Hanoi - 2023 MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING MINISTRY OF CONSTRUCTION NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTURE DANG XUAN TIEN SUMMARY REPORT ORGANIZING VILLAGE SPACE AND TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE OF XO DANG ETHNIC ETHNICITY, KON TUM PROVINCE DOCTOR OF ARCHITECTURE THESIS INDUSTRY CODE: 58 01 01 SCIENCE INSTRUCTOR: PhD TRUONG VAN QUANG Associate Professor, PhD HOANG VINH HUNG Hanoi – 2023 The project was completed at: National Institute of Architecture Science instructor: first.Dr TRUONG VAN QUANG 2.Associate Professor, PhD HOANG VINH HUNG Reviewer 1: ………………………………… ………………… …………………………………………… ………………… Reviewer ……………………………… ……………………………… …………………………………………… ………………… The thesis will be defended before the grassroots Thesis Council meeting at the National Institute of Architecture at the hour of the day, month, year The thesis can be found at: Vietnam National Library Library of the National Institute of Architecture PREAMBLE Reason for choosing topic: The unique feature of the Central Highlands is that it is almost the only cultural region in Southeast Asia that is not influenced by Chinese and Indian culture Xo Dang is an ethnic group that accounts for a large proportion of the population in Kon Tum province Currently, Xo Dang ethnic villages are growing and moving their population to provincial centers and roads, reflecting a profound change in residential space Besides, the architecture of Rong houses, tomb houses, and stilt houses are tending to be replaced Very few studies identify the process of change and the causes of change in the form and structure of traditional villages of the Xo Dang people Therefore, the harmony between preserving and developing the traditional values of this nation has not been effective, and has not contributed to promoting the overall uniqueness of Kon Tum as well as the Central Highlands Facing current requirements for sustainable development, the issue of promoting and preserving traditional valuesThe system needs to be considered scientifically as a premise for socio-economic development of a locality Research on the change in village structure and traditional architecture of the Xo Dang ethnic group, thereby providing adaptive solutions that contribute to preserving and promoting the values of this ethnic group, contributing to the creation of symbol of the Central Highlands From the above scientific and practical reasons, the graduate student chose the thesis topic: “Organization of village space and traditional architecture of Xo Dang ethnic group, Kon Tum province” Research purposes - Detect characteristics and interactions between tangible and intangible elements in village structures and traditional architecture according to development stages -Proposing solutions to preserve and promote the traditional values of the Xo Dang ethnic group in village spatial organization and architecture to meet the needs of modern life and in accordance with the process of building New Rural Areas in Kon Tum province Object and scope of the study 3.1 Research subjects - Village structure and traditional architecture of the Xo Dang ethnic group in Kon Tum province until 2030 3.2 Research scope: Select Kon Tum province as the testing area Tu Mo Rong district appearsThere are 98 Xo Dang ethnic villages, there is almost no intermingling with other ethnic groups This is an area with a large enough research sample to make conclusions 3.3 Research time: By 2030 and vision to 2045 according to the Resolution of the 13th National Congress on cultural development and implementation of Vietnam's Cultural Development Strategy Research Methods The thesis uses the following methods: Survey method; Methods of analyzing and summarizing experience; Professional solution; Theoretical research methods; Modeling method Newness of the thesis -Develop a set of identification criteria for changes in village space and traditional architecture of the Xo Dang ethnic group -Detecting the specific changing characteristics of Xo village contributes to perfecting the methodology for predicting the development trend of architectural space and planning of Xo Dang village - Identify the main factors affecting the transformation process as a theoretical basis for planning future solutions - Proposing solutions for village spatial organization models and developing Xo Dang ethnic architecture towards sustainable development - These studies are the basis for rural planning for areas where the Xo Dang ethnic group resides, proposing appropriate economic and social policies to support the people in the process of rural construction Some concepts and terms The thesis addresses the following concepts: Adaptation concept, Recovery concept At the same time, the thesis mentions a number of terms: Village, Village space, Change in village structure, Change in traditional architecture, Village core Structure of the thesis * Introduction: includes pages (from pages to 9) * The content includes chapters: 126 pages (From pages 10 to 136) * Conclusion and recommendations: includes 03 pages (from pages 137 to 139) * References: includes 108 documents * Appendices: Includes appendices CONTENT CHAPTER I: OVERVIEW OF VILLAGE SPACE AND TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE OF Xo Dang ETHNICITY, KON TUM PROVINCE 1.1 General overview of the Xo Dang ethnic group in the Central Highlands a History of development of the Central Highlands region According to Le Quy Don's Phu Bien Tap Luc (1776), the Central Highlands at that time was called "Nam Ban Country" with about 50 villages located in the west of Phu Yen, ruled by two kings called Hoa Xa and Thuy Xa The book Geography of Gia Lai (1999) records: in 1775, the French used missionary groups to come to this land to build political and religious facilities After occupying the Central Highlands in 1898, the French colonialists established a direct government regime, placed the Administrative Agent in Kon Tum and authorized priest Viallenton to act as agent Researcher Luu Hung wrote in the book "Traditional Villages in the Upper Country" (1994) that in the beginning the Central Highlands people belonged to two language families: South Asia (Mon Kheme) and South Island (MaLaio-Poly nêdi) According to some ethnographic documents, a surprising thing is that the number of ethnic groups in the Central Highlands is still controversial Perhaps due to different researchers' views on dividing ethnic groups, many ethnic groups are divided into smaller groups, leading to this inconsistency - Culture and beliefs: +Social organizations at the grassroots level are villages, hamlets, bon, plei, non + Matriarchy: A unique and popular cultural feature of the Central Highlands ethnic groups is matriarchy + Gong culture:Central Highlands gong culture is recognized by UNESCO as a World Intangible Heritage b History of development of the Xo Dang ethnic group The Xo Dang ethnic group resides in Dak To, Dak Glay, Kon Plong districts and Kon Tum city, Kon Tum province; Tra My district, Quang Nam province and Son Ha district, Quang Ngai province One hypothesis is that the Cham ancestors separated themselves from their Viet-Muong ancestors and that subsequent internal conflicts and conflicts with other ethnic groups, the encroachment of Mon-Khmer groups from Laos has narrowed their scope of residence They found a place to live after centuries of turmoil around the Ngoc Linh mountains The Xo Dang people likely had a major migration in their history from the North - The traditional Xo Dang village structure has also been studied in a number of classic works a The village style has a circular structure Traditional structure(Ng: Author) Structure with a central roof(Ng:Author) b The village style has a horseshoe-shaped structure Horseshoe-shaped structure(Ng: author) c.Oval structure Dak Chum village, Tu Mo Rong commune(Ng: author) Oval structure(Ng: author) :Polygonal structure(Ng: author) - Traditional architecture a Rong House:The Rong house of the Xo Dang people is a large stilt house with a high roof, seen from a distance like an upside-down ax blade with a structure consisting of two main roofs with not a large slope b Crypt:The Xo Dang ethnic group does not have a ceremony to remove graves and grave statues The cemetery is an area chosen by the living person based on the principle of the Xo Dang people's residential area c House:Traditional houses of the Xo Dang people include two types: long stilt houses, short stilt houses, 1.2 RealityVillage space and traditional architecture of Xo Dang ethnic group, Kon Tum province -The current state of traditional architecture of the Xo Dang ethnic group, Kon Tum province Except for long stilt houses, Rong houses and short stilt houses are still maintained among the Xo Dang ethnic group However, the shape and construction materials have been changed - Problems and challenges Currently, the market economy, along with extensive planning with the theme of inter-village and inter-commune connection, and synchronization of infrastructure, the Xo Dang community is no longer a closed group of people The exploitation of natural resources in construction and livelihood has been strictly controlled These factors have changed the core social elements, morphology and appearance of Xo Dang village 1.3 Related studies There are not many in-depth studies on the Xo Dang ethnic group These studies are often included in general research projects on ethnic minorities in the Central Highlands, the issue of residential space and traditional architecture is only mentioned in a small part, mainly descriptions and records, not mentioning the specific solutions and suggestions 1.4 Identify issues that need research - So what are the characteristics of the transformation of space and traditional architecture of the Xo Dang ethnic group? - What criteria to evaluate that change? -Solutions and spatial models of villages of the Xo Dang ethnic group simultaneously preserve core values but still adapt to the development process 17 The spatial layout of the villages still has village cores and new development areas(Ng: author) Under the influence of factors affecting different stages, some smallscale villages far from urban areas still retain a part of the traditional village, also known as the village core However, along the course of history, a number of new development areas were also formed LSmall-scale farms, natural sources of livelihood still satisfy a part located in the core of the village, another part is converted to form a new development area 2.5.2 Change in architectural form - Some housing changes + Changes in housing type:Xo Dang housing structure clearly shows the change in housing type In Tu Mo Rong district, the proportion of short stilt houses in villages ranges from 10-30% The long stilt house has disappeared + Transformation living premises and living space The trend of raising the floor and using the ground floor (under the floor) with more diverse functions The stilt houses on the ground floor have been enclosed with a number of compartments to serve as kitchens, bathrooms or bedrooms, as well as sales and reception areas + Structural changes With access to new materials that make home spaces larger, especially some houses have switched to using reinforced concrete to replace traditional materials, so most of the column systems are hidden in the walls 18 + Changes in construction materials The trend of converting house structures from wooden column frames to concrete columns is very clear Currently, the price of wood to make poles is quite expensive, types of wood such as Trac, Lim are scarce, cheaper types of wood such as doi, de are often not durable and termites quickly That's why they replaced wooden columns with concrete, square columns measuring about 200x200 The price of a house made entirely of wood is about 800-900 million VND, while a house made of concrete or brick is about 400-500 million VND - Transformation of the Rong Dynasty As of 2013, Kon Tum province has built 575 Rong houses/ 588 ethnic minority villages However, most Rong houses of the Xo Dang people are no longer the traditional prototypes, but are built according to new techniques Some prototype Rong houses have been seriously degraded - Transforming the tomb: Mysterious "ghost forests" with tombs, wooden statues, and cement Cemeteries and tombs built of reinforced concrete are replacing traditional tombs, so there are fewer and fewer people who know how to carve grave statues 19 CHAPTER III: ORGANIZATIONAL SOLUTIONS IN SPACE AND TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE OF XODANG ETHNICITY, KON TUM PROVINCE 3.1 Perspectives and principles 3.1.1 Opinion - Develop organizational solutions in Xo Dang village space to preserve core values and enhance adaptability to new conditions; - For Xo Dang village, the most important resilience is recovery from natural disasters (effects of climate change), changes in the natural environment (decline in forest area) Adaptation is adapting to new policies (NTM criteria), adapting to new culture and livelihoods (ecotourism development); - Classify villages according to conservation criteria Villages that have lost many traditional elements have converted to a group housing model 3.1.2 Rule - Conservation and reconstruction - Ecological restoration and adaptation to climate change: - Cultural and livelihood adaptation 3.2 Propose criteria for team building solutions in village spatial organization and traditional Xo Dang ethnic architecture 3.2.1 For village space a Criteria for classifying villages according to conservation level Evaluation criteria according to the level of conservation and promotion of value are as follows: Develop a set of criteria with groups of criteria and 11 specific indicators (See section 2.5.1.1) These four groups of criteria are a supporting division, combined with the criteria of new rural standards for commune planning 20 + Conservation villages:Only criterion disappeared and from 7/11 criteria remained and remained stable; + Reconstructed villages:Only criterion disappeared; There are 36/11 indicators maintained and stable and no more than 5/11 indicators declining; + Converted villages:There are criteria disappearing and more than 4/11 criteria decreasing Current new rural planning projects evaluate the current situation according to land use, current production status, and current status of housing and infrastructure The projects have not evaluated cultural and identity factors in spatial form Therefore, the specificity of place and place is not emphasized Classifying villages according to conservation criteria will help have appropriate behavior in organizing village and commune space b Population criteria * Villages with a population of >300 people: easily broken * 200 - 300 people: This population size is similar to the size of the traditional Xo Dang village Therefore, this scale is quite stable *