Strengthening climate resilience in coffee production in chieng chung commune, mai son district, son la province

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN THAO LY STRENGTHENING CLIMATE RESILIENCE IN COFFEE PRODUCTION IN CHIENG CHUNG COMMUNE, MAI SON DISTRICT, SON LA PROVINCE MASTER’S THESIS VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN THAO LY STRENGTHENING CLIMATE RESILIENCE IN COFFEE PRODUCTION IN CHIENG CHUNG COMMUNE, MAI SON DISTRICT, SON LA PROVINCE MAJOR: CLIMATE CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT CODE: 8900201.02QTD RESEARCH SUPERVISORS: DR NGUYEN VAN QUANG ASSOC.PROF NGUYEN THI HOANG HA Hanoi, 2023 PLEDGE I assure that this thesis is the result of my own research and has not been published The use of other research results and other documents must comply with regulations The citations and references to documents, books, research papers, and websites must be in the list of references of the thesis Author of the thesis Nguyen Thao Ly ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to express my sincere gratitude and appreciation to Dr Nguyen Van Quang and Assoc.Prof Nguyen Thi Hoang Ha for their exceptional support and guidance throughout the completion of my thesis Their expertise, encouragement, and constant motivation were instrumental in helping me navigate the challenges of the research process Their dedication to excellence and passion for their work have been truly inspiring and motivating The countless hours that they spent providing me with valuable feedback, insightful critiques, and constructive criticism have helped me to refine my research and produce a high-quality thesis that I am proud of I am incredibly grateful for the opportunity to work with such knowledgeable and passionate supervisors who were always available to answer my questions, provide guidance, and offer support Thank you, Dr Nguyen Van Quang and Assoc.Prof Nguyen Thi Hoang Ha, for your unwavering support, patience, and understanding Your mentorship has been invaluable to my academic journey, and I am confident that the skills and knowledge I gained under your supervision will serve me well in the future TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES i LIST OF FIGURES ii CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 The necessity of the research 1.2 The research questions and hypothesis 1.2.1 The questions of research 1.2.2 The hypothesis of the research 1.3 Research objectives 1.4 Scope of the research 1.5 Literature review 1.5.1 Climate Resilience 1.5.2 Coffee production methods 11 1.6 Introduction of the study area 16 1.6.1 Natural characteristics 16 1.6.2 Coffee production 18 1.7 The framework of the Master‘s thesis 19 CHAPTER METHODOLOGY 21 2.1 Research approaches 21 2.2 Research methods 23 2.2.1 Secondary data collection 23 2.2.2 Social survey 24 2.2.3 Indicator based method for climate resilience assessment 25 2.2.4 Data analysis 31 CHAPTER RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 34 3.1 Current coffee production in Chieng Chung commune 34 3.2 Assessment of climate resilience in coffee production in Chieng Chung commune 39 3.2.1 Economic dimension 40 3.2.2 Social dimensions 52 3.2.3 Environmental dimension 63 3.2.4 Physical and Institutional dimensions 69 3.2.5 Assessment of climate resilience on coffee production in Chieng Chung commune 70 3.3 Solutions for strengthening climate resilience in coffee production in Chieng Chung commune 82 CHAPTER CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 87 REFERENCES 90 ANNEX I: QUESTIONNAIRES 98 LIST OF TABLES Table 1-1:The definition of five capitals by different authors Table 1-2: Village typology classification in Chieng Chung commune 17 Table 2-1: Summarize the number of survey samples 25 Table 2-2: Indicators for climate resilience measurements represented by Chieng Chung commune 27 Table 2-3: The occurrence condition of extreme weather event 31 Table 2-4: Climate resilience assessment scale 33 Table 3-1: Income comparison among three farming models 41 Table 3-2: Comparison between expenses from three coffee farming models 43 Table 3-3: Comparison between profit from three coffee farming models 44 Table 3-4: Quantitative assessment of climate resilience of three coffee production models in Chieng Chung commune 72 i LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1:Climate Resilience and capacities framework 10 Figure 1-2: The framework of three capacities 10 Figure 1-3: Topographic image of Chieng Chung commune, Mai Son district, Son La province 16 Figure 1-4: Total coffee area in Mai Son district, Son La province in 2021 18 Figure 1-5: Coffee production in Mai Son district, Son La province (tonnes) 19 Figure 1-6: Logical framework of the research 20 Figure 3-1: Coffee yield in Chieng Chung commune from 2019 to 2023 34 Figure 3-2: Annual average temperature in Son La province (2010 – 2022) 35 Figure 3-3: The number of damaged cold days, cold days and hot days from 2010 to 2022 in Son La 36 Figure 3-4: Annual rainfall in Son La province from 2010 to 2022 37 Figure 3-5: Change in annual monthly rainfall from 2010 to 2020 and corresponding coffee growth and development stage 38 Figure 3-6: Type of intercropped fruit tree in the intercropping with fruit trees model 39 Figure 3-7: Type of intercropped fruit and forest tree in the intercropping with both fruit and forest trees model 40 Figure 3-8: Economic benefit comparison between farming methods (VND/ha) 45 Figure 3-9: Income diversification of surveyed households 46 Figure 3-10: Market availability of surveyed households 47 Figure 3-11: The output market of surveyed households 48 Figure 3-12: The number of surveyed households want to change their income source 48 Figure 3-13: The difficulty level of surveyed households in terms of financial for equipment/materials investment 50 Figure 3-14: Benefits of intercropping farming method regarding economic aspects 51 Figure 3-15: Difficulties of intercropping method regarding economic aspects 51 Figure 3-16: Education level of surveyed households 53 Figure 3-17: Experience years in coffee production 53 Figure 3-18: Ratio of vulnerable household members 54 Figure 3-19: Household status of surveyed households 55 Figure 3-20: The percentage of surveyed households who has agriculture insurance 56 Figure 3-21: The percentage of household has awareness about climate change/extreme weather events 56 Figure 3-22: The percentage of households having knowledge of climate resilience farming practices 57 ii Figure 3-23: The percentage of households access to communication device to explore coffee farming techniques 58 Figure 3-24: The type of communication devices to access information on coffee farming techniques 59 Figure 3-25: The availability of climatic information 60 Figure 3-26: The type of communication devices to access information on climatic information 60 Figure 3-27: The percentage of households participating in farmer organization 61 Figure 3-28: The percentage of households access to credits 61 Figure 3-29: The percentage of households planning to expand farming scale 62 Figure 3-30: The ability of farming scale expansion 63 Figure 3-31: The challenges of household applied intercropping with fruit trees 63 Figure 3-32: The challenges of household applied intercropping with both fruit trees and forest trees 63 Figure 3-33: The percentage of households implementing soil and waste management 64 Figure 3-34: The impact of extreme weather events/climate change to water resources 65 Figure 3-35: The impacts of extreme weather events/climate change on coffee trees 66 Figure 3-36: Difficulties in monocropped coffee production 67 Figure 3-37: Difficulties in intercropped coffee with fruit trees 67 Figure 3-38: Difficulties in intercropped coffee with both fruit and forest trees 67 Figure 3-39: The effectiveness and challenges of intercropping with fruit trees method 68 Figure 3-40: The effectiveness and challenges of intercropping with both fruit and forest trees method 69 Figure 3-41: Road quality assessment 69 Figure 3-42: Local government support after the impact of climate change/extreme weather events 70 Figure 3-43: Resilience level of five dimensions of coffee monocropping method in Chieng Chung commune 76 Figure 3-44: Resilience level of five dimensions of coffee intercropping with fruit trees method in Chieng Chung commune 77 Figure 3-45: Resilience level of five dimensions of coffee intercropping with both fruit and forest trees method in Chieng Chung commune 78 iii CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 The necessity of the research Climate change is one of the most threatening issues that caused negative impacts to socio–economic development and ecosystems Viet Nam is one of the countries most affected by climate change and extreme weather phenomena This country is witnessed increasing temperatures, unpredictability precipitation, storms, floods, drought, and saline intrusion, which are all known as the key consequence of climate change (Mai Trong Nhuan et al., 2015) As one of the most important economic sectors and the backbone of Viet Nam‘s economy, agriculture contributed to 15.7% of the total Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country (GSO, 2021) In addition, according to World Bank (2021), 37% of the population still depends on agriculture However, due to the tight dependence and inherently interconnected to climate and weather conditions, agriculture is considered one of the most vulnerable and sensitive sectors to climate change (Duong Thi Loi et al., 2021) As one of the most traded commodities globally, coffee production is estimated to generate an annual income exceeding $200 billion and is the main livelihood of at least 100 million households (FAO, 2021; The Coffee Guide, 2021) Viet Nam is the secondlargest coffee-producing and exporting country in the world (The Coffee Guide, 2021) However, the impacts of climate change hinder the sustainability of coffee and caused serve and negative effects on this sector The increasing temperature, droughts, decreasing precipitation, episodes of frost as well as a shift in geographical coffee growing areas and rising pest, and pathogens incidence may affect the development of the plant, flowering, and fruit, and lead to a drastic decline in coffee productivity, increasing water stress (de Sousa et al., 2019; DaMatta and Ramalho, 2006) The Consortium of International Agricultural Research Centres (CIGAR) (2021) Farming Systems and Accessibility in North-West Vietnam: A Baseline Survey from the LiChăn Project Accessed 2023 at https://cgspace.cgiar.org › bitstreams › retrieve Ulrich, A., Speranza, C I., Roden, P., Kiteme, B., Wiesmann, U., & Nüsser, M (2012) Small-scale farming in semi-arid areas: Livelihood dynamics between 1997 and 2010 in Laikipia, Kenya Journal of Rural Studies, 28(3), 241–251 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2012.02.003 UNDP 2006 Human development report United Nations Development Program Available at Human Development report (2006) (accessed on June 2022) USDA (2012) PSD Online - Home In: Production, Supply and Distribution Online http://www.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/ Accessed 21 Dec 2012 Vandermeer, J., 1989 The Ecology of Intercropping Cambridge University Press ang, L., & D‘Odorico, P (2019) ater limitations to large-scale desert agroforestry projects for carbon sequestration Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(50), 24925–24926 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1917692116 Weber, J.G., 2011 How much more growers receive for Fair Trade-organic coffee? Food Policy 36, 677–684 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2011.05.007 Wezel, A., Casagrande, M., Celette, F., Vian, J., Ferrer, A., & Peigné, J (2014) Agroecological practices for sustainable agriculture A review Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 34(1), 1–20 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-013-0180-7 Wintgens, J N (2004) Coffee: Growing, Processing, Sustainable Production In Wiley eBooks https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527619627 Wollni, M., Brümmer, B., 2012 Productive efficiency of specialty and conventional coffee farmers in Costa Rica: accounting for technological heterogeneity and selfselection Food Policy 37, 67–76 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2011.11.004 97 ANNEX I: QUESTIONNAIRES VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY VIET NAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE A INTRODUCTION & GETTING CONSENT FROM THE INTERVIEWEE Hello Sir/Madam My name is , a graduate student from the VietnamJapan University, Vietnam National University I am conducting a study on Strengthening climate resilience in Coffee production in Chieng Chung commune and Son La province I would like to request your assistance in providing information related to this issue by answering the following questions All information you provide will be recorded accurately and anonymously Your participation in this study is voluntary, and you may choose not to answer any or all of the questions However, I hope you will cooperate and participate in this study as your opinions are very important I highly appreciate your participation in this research Do you have any questions about the research? Shall we begin the discussion? If the interviewee agrees � Begin the interview If the interviewee rejects � End the interview B PERSONAL INFORMATION NO INFORMATION CODE 01 PROVINCE/CITY: [ ] 02 DISTRICT: 03 WARD/COMMUNE/TOWN: [ ] ] ] 04 VILLAGE/QUARTER: [ ] ] ] ] 05 FULL NAME OF THE INTERVIEWEE: [ ] ] ] ] 06 GENDER [ ] ] ] ] 07 YEAR OF BIRTH: [ ] ] □ Male □ Female 98 08 ACADEMIC BACKGROUND: C CONTENT How does your family make your living? ⬜ Farming ⬜ Breeding ⬜ Forest protection ⬜ Monthly salary ⬜ Business ⬜ Other What is your average income? _ How many percentage does coffee cultivation account for in your total income? _ Higher educational level of family members: Household classification: ⬜ Poor ⬜ Near poor ⬜ Average ⬜ Well-off ⬜ Wealthy ⬜ Family members: Family members Unit Elderly Person Childen Person Woman Person Disable/sick Person Loan Mil dong Quantity Note What is the total area of your family’s coffee cultivation (ha)? Do you rent land for coffee cultivation? ⬜ Yes ⬜ No 99 If yes, how many hectas and how much does it cost per month? _ 10 How many years have you been cultivating coffee? _ 11 Do you intercrop coffee with other crops ⬜ Yes ⬜ No 12 If yes, since when did you that? 13 What kinds of crop that you intercrop with coffee? ⬜ Fruit tree (please specify:…………………………………………………………………………) ⬜ Forest tree (please specify:…………………………………………………………………… ) 14 How many intercropped plants you have (number of plants/ha)? _ 15 What is the distance between two intercropped plants, and what is the distance between intercropped plants and coffee plants? 16 Location of cultivation land: (mark one of the following positions) - Near streams and canals are identified as not exceeding 5m Location Near streams Near canals Hilltop Hillside Coffee terraced field Terraced field Terraced field 17 Do you have agricultural insurance? 100 Hill base Ravine ⬜ Yes ⬜ No 18 Which of the following tranining that you participated in? Training on sustainable coffee cultivation techniques adapted to climate change Training on intercropping techniques of coffee with fruit trees and agroforestry Methods of composting manure and agricultural byproducts for fertilizer production No Yes ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ ⬜ Training frequency Participant (1.wife, (once per husband, year, Children (a: male, twiceb female), thrice per Grandchildren (a: year or male, b female) more than thrice per year) Who organized the training? Other:… 19 Please rate the effectiveness of the training courses you have attended Evaluate the effectiveness of the training 101 Do you receive any support? Training on sustainable coffee cultivation techniques adapted to climate change ⬜ Ineffective ⬜Effective ⬜Very effective Training on intercropping techniques of coffee with fruit trees and agroforestry ⬜ Ineffective ⬜Effective ⬜Very effective Methods of composting manure and agricultural by-products for fertilizer production ⬜ Ineffective ⬜Effective ⬜Very effective Others:………… ⬜ Ineffective ⬜Effective ⬜Very effective 20 Do you apply the trained farming practices? ⬜ Yes ⬜ No 21 How often you educate yourself about coffee farming techniques to prevent risks from climate change/Extreme weather? ⬜ Yes ⬜ No 22 If yes, by what means you usually find out? ⬜ TV ⬜ Radio ⬜ Loudspeakers ⬜ ⬜ Friends/relatives/neighbors ⬜ Phone/Message ⬜ Google/Youtube or other online channels Local government/Agricultural extension officer ⬜ Others 23 Do you participate in any of the following social organizations? ⬜ Not participants ⬜ Women Union ⬜ Veteran Association ⬜ Cooperatives ⬜ Others 102 24 If yes, what are the benefits that you get from joining the above organizations? 25 Calculation of production and cultivation costs per hectare Cost/ha/crop Expense item Monocropping Intercropping with fruit trees Intercropping with fruit and forest trees Seedlings 1.1 Coffee 1.2 Fruit 1.3 Forest Pesticides Fertilizers Labor cost (specify the stage that requires labor) Transportation Others 26 What is your revenue/year/ha in coffee farming in the last years? Cost/ha/crop Revenue Monocropping Intercropping with fruit trees Coffee yield (kg) Average coffee selling price (VND/kg) Fruit yield (kg) Fruit selling price VND/kg) Forest products (kg) Forest products 103 Intercropping with fruit and forest trees selling price (VND/kg) 27 Who you usually sell coffee to? ⬜ Traders ⬜ Cooperatives ⬜ Selling directly to company ⬜ Collectors ⬜ Others 28 Access to external resources in preventing risks related to climate change/extreme weather events in coffee farming 1: Yes; 2: No Persons approaching (1.wife, husbands, Children (a: male, b female), Grandchildren (a: male, b female) Note source/interest rate, loan term (if any) Cash Production materials Coffee seedlings Forest seedlings Fruit seedlings Fertilizers Others 29 Have you ever heard of climate change? ⬜ Yes ⬜ No 30 Local extreme weather events have negatively affected your coffee farming over the past years? Reason Manifes tations and damage Flood Year/ Month Drought % dam age Year/ Month Erosion % dam age Year/ Month Frost % dam age 104 Year/ Month Heatwave % dam age Year/ Month % dam age Others Year/ Month % dam age Coffee Fruit trees Forest trees Water shortage Lack of water for producti on What is the average annual cost/recovery time to overcome the consequences of extreme weather events? Main reason Cost Measures and production recovery time Monocropping Intercropping with fruit trees Intercropping with fruit and forest trees 31 Does the local government support you in combating climate change/extreme weather? 105 ⬜ Yes ⬜ No 32 If yes, how? Supporting on production materials (seedlings, fertilizers, etc.) ⬜ ⬜ Cash support ⬜ Others 33 How much fertilizer you use for coffee farming? Monocropping Fertilizer Kg/ha Frequency Intercropping with fruit trees Kg/ha Frequency Intercropping with fruit and forest trees Kg/ha Frequency Canxi Nitrat Nitrogenous fertilizer Phosphate fertilizer Kali Lime NPK (specify rate) Manure U-rê Others: 34 How you use pesticides for coffee farming? Monocropping Lít/ha Intercropping with fruit trees Frequency Lít/ha Pesticides Others 106 Intercropping with fruit and forest trees Frequency Lít/ha Frequency 35 What water source you use to irrigate your coffee farmers? ⬜ Natural water (rainwater) ⬜ Carrying water from home 36 If you have to bring water to your garden for irrigation, what is the average amount of water used for coffee irrigation/ha? What is the distance from the water source to the garden? 37 Do you regularly check soil quality? How many times per year is the inspection? And by what method? ⬜ Yes ⬜ No Frequency: _ Test method: _ 38 How often you update information on climate change/extreme weather phenomenon, pest and disease situation to prepare prevention activities for coffee farmers? ⬜ Yes ⬜ No 39 Through which channel you usually update? ⬜ TV ⬜ Radio ⬜ Loudspeakers ⬜ Local authorities ⬜ Friends/relatives/neighbors ⬜ Phone/SMS ⬜ Social networking applications like Zalo ⬜ Other 40 What are the current difficulties in your coffee farming activities? Not difficult Acidic soil Lack of nutrients Dry soil 107 Less difficult Moderate Very difficult Low humus in soil Many pests and diseases Lack of finance for equipment/materials Others 41 In your opinion, what are the benefits of intercropping coffee?? Benefits Improve soil quality and structure Reduce Pest and Disease Increase coffee yields Increase households’ income Reduce the cost of fertilizers, pesticides and other farming costs Intercropping with fruit trees Intercropping with fruit and forest trees ⬜ Disagree ⬜ Disagree ⬜ Agree ⬜ Agree ⬜ Partly agree ⬜ Partly agree ⬜ Don‘t know ⬜ Don‘t know ⬜ Disagree ⬜ Disagree ⬜ Agree ⬜ Agree ⬜ Partly agree ⬜ Partly agree ⬜ Don‘t know ⬜ Don‘t know ⬜ Disagree ⬜ Disagree ⬜ Agree ⬜ Agree ⬜ Partly agree ⬜ Partly agree ⬜ Don‘t know ⬜ Don‘t know ⬜ Disagree ⬜ Disagree ⬜ Agree ⬜ Agree ⬜ Partly agree ⬜ Partly agree ⬜ Don‘t know ⬜ Don‘t know ⬜ Disagree ⬜ Disagree ⬜ Agree ⬜ Agree ⬜ Partly agree ⬜ Partly agree 108 ⬜ Don‘t know ⬜ Don‘t know Others 42 In your opinion, what are the current difficulties in coffee intercropping? Difficult Lack of experience, knowledge and skills in farming High investment cost Lack of financial support Lack of arable land Increased labor and difficulties in labor management Must change coffee farming methods Intercropping with fruit trees Intercropping with fruit and forest trees ⬜ Disagree ⬜ Disagree ⬜ Agree ⬜ Agree ⬜ Partly agree ⬜ Partly agree ⬜ Don‘t know ⬜ Don‘t know ⬜ Disagree ⬜ Disagree ⬜ Agree ⬜ Agree ⬜ Partly agree ⬜ Partly agree ⬜ Don‘t know ⬜ Don‘t know ⬜ Disagree ⬜ Disagree ⬜ Agree ⬜ Agree ⬜ Partly agree ⬜ Partly agree ⬜ Don‘t know ⬜ Don‘t know ⬜ Disagree ⬜ Disagree ⬜ Agree ⬜ Agree ⬜ Partly agree ⬜ Partly agree ⬜ Don‘t know ⬜ Don‘t know ⬜ Disagree ⬜ Disagree ⬜ Agree ⬜ Agree ⬜ Partly agree ⬜ Partly agree ⬜ Don‘t know ⬜ Don‘t know ⬜ Disagree ⬜ Disagree ⬜ Agree ⬜ Agree ⬜ Partly agree ⬜ Partly agree 109 Difficult Shading is not effective Intercropping is not suitable Intercropping with fruit trees Intercropping with fruit and forest trees ⬜ Don‘t know ⬜ Don‘t know ⬜ Disagree ⬜ Disagree ⬜ Agree ⬜ Agree ⬜ Partly agree ⬜ Partly agree ⬜ Don‘t know ⬜ Don‘t know ⬜ Disagree ⬜ Disagree ⬜ Agree ⬜ Agree ⬜ Partly agree ⬜ Partly agree ⬜ Don‘t know ⬜ Don‘t know Other 43 Do you have to deforestation to expand the area for coffee cultivation? If yes, how many hectares? ⬜ Yes ⬜ No How many hectares: 44 Do you collect pesticide bottle ⬜ Yes ⬜ No 45 What is your assessment of the infrastructure system (roads, traffic, communication) for coffee farming? ⬜ Inefficient ⬜ Less effective ⬜ Average efficiency ⬜ High efficiency 46 Do you plan to switch to crop farming or another occupation? ⬜ Yes ⬜ No 47 Do you plan to expand the cultivation area? ⬜ Yes ⬜ No 48 If yes, please rate your ability to expand arable land? 110 ⬜ There is no possibility ⬜ Less likely ⬜ Average ability ⬜ High possibility Reasons: _ 111