(Luận văn) research on proposing solutions for sustainable use of coastal wetland resources in the context of climate change in dong rui area, tien yen district, quang ninh province

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY BUI THI LAN RESEARCH ON PROPOSING SOLUTIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE USE OF COASTAL WETLAND RESOURCES IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN DONG RUI AREA, TIEN YEN DISTRICT, QUANG NINH PROVINCE MASTER’S THESIS VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY BUI THI LAN RESEARCH ON PROPOSING SOLUTIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE USE OF COASTAL WETLAND RESOURCES IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN DONG RUI AREA, TIEN YEN DISTRICT, QUANG NINH PROVINCE MASTER PROGRAM IN CLIMATE CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT CODE: 8900201.02QTD RESEARCH SUPERVISOR Prof Dr MAI TRONG NHUAN Dr LUU VIET DUNG Hanoi, 2021 PLEDGE I assure that this thesis is the result of my own research and has not been published The use of other research’s results and other documents must comply with the regulations The citations and references to documents, books, research paper, and websites must be in the list of references of the thesis Author of the thesis Bui Thi Lan TABLE OF CONTENT PLEDGE TABLE OF CONTENT LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF ABBREVIATION ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Chapter INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1.1.1 Background 1.1.2 Rationale for choosing Dong Rui wetlands 1.2 Research objectives and tasks 1.3 Research question and hypothesis 1.3.1 Research question 1.3.2 Research hypothesis 1.4 Objects and Scope of the research 1.4.1 Research objects 1.4.2 Scope 1.5 Novelty and Significance of the research 1.5.1 Novelty 1.5.2 Scientific significance 1.5.3 Practical significance 1.6 Theoretical basis for the research 1.6.1 Wetland resources 1.6.2 The concept of sustainability and sustainability of wetland resources 1.6.3 Sustainable use & principles for sustainable use of coastal wetlands 1.7 Overview of related studies 1.7.1 Wetland resources in CC context 1.7.2 Sustainable use of coastal wetland resources 1.7.3 Frameworks for assessment of impacts on wetlands Chapter MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGIES 2.1 Overview of the study site 2.1.1 Physical features 2.1.2 Socio-economic features 2.2 Research analytical framework 2.3 Approaches 2.3.1 Systematic approach 2.3.2 Ecosystem approach 2.3.3 Bottom-up approach 2.3.4 Trans-disciplinary approach i ii iv v 1 7 7 8 8 9 10 11 12 12 15 17 25 25 25 26 26 28 28 28 28 28 2.3.5 Sustainable development approach 2.4 Data collection 2.5 Methods 2.5.1 Desk research 2.5.2 Social survey 2.5.3 Field survey 2.5.4 Statistical analysis 2.5.5 Mapping 2.5.6 Expert consultation 2.5.7 Indicator-based assessment Chapter RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Climate Change and Climate Change impact 3.1.1 Climate Change manifestation 3.1.2 Climate Change impacts – the driving force 3.2 Human driving force and pressure on wetland resources 3.2.1 The human driving forces 3.2.2 The human pressure on wetlands 3.3 The state and impact of the wetland resources 3.3.1 The state of environmental quality 3.3.2 The state of ecosystem of Dong Rui wetlands 3.3.3 The state of biodiversity of coastal species of Dong Rui wetlands 3.3.4 The impact: change in productivity of wetland-related activities 3.4 The societal response toward wetlands 3.4.1 Local people’s awareness and willingness toward wetlands 3.4.2 The efficiency of the wetland safeguard system 3.5 Overall assessment of the sustainability of the wetland resources in Dong Rui Commune, Tien yen District, Quang Ninh Province 3.6 Solutions for sustainable use of wetland resources 3.6.1 The bottom-up & systematic approach in sustainable use of wetland resources 3.6.2 Solutions to deal with the driving forces 3.6.3 Solutions to deal with the pressure 3.6.4 Solutions to enhance societal response Chapter CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 3.1 Conclusions 3.2 Limitation & Recommendation REFERENCES APPENDIX 96 29 29 30 32 32 36 38 38 39 39 51 51 51 57 60 60 63 67 67 70 72 74 76 76 78 82 85 85 87 88 89 90 90 91 92 LIST OF TABLES Table 1-1: Research objectives and tasks Table 1-2: Global contribution of mangroves and other coastal habitats to carbon sequestration in the global coastal ocean 12 Table 1-3: Derivation of criteria and indicators of sustainability for inland wetland systems 19 Table 1-4: The Pressure-status-response model for wetland assessment 20 Table 1-5: Overview of the identified overall trend in the Mediterranean wetlands 22 Table 2-1: Data used in the research 29 Table 2-2: Research methods 30 Table 2-3: Social survey activities 33 Table 2-4: Field survey activities 36 Table 2-5: The sustainability assessment indicators of wetland resources in Dong Rui commune, Tien Yen district, Quang Ninh province 44 Table 3-1: Indicator PSR02 score 54 Table 3-2: Indicator PSR02 score 56 Table 3-3: Indicator PSR01 score 59 Table 3-4: Indicator PSR04 score 62 Table 3-5: Self-evaluation on resource-use pressure on the wetlands 63 Table 3-6: Indicator PSR06 score 64 Table 3-7: Indicator PSR05 score 67 Table 3-8: Indicator PSR07 score 68 Table 3-9: Indicator PSR08 score 68 Table 3-10: Indicator PSR09 score 68 Table 3-11: Wetland classification 71 Table 3-12: Indicator PSR11 score 73 Table 3-13: Indicator PSR12 score 75 Table 3-14: Indicator PSR13 score 77 Table 3-15: Evaluation of the local people on the efficiency of the wetland institution in Dong Rui commune, Tien Yen district, Quang Ninh province 79 Table 3-16: Indicator PSR14 score 80 Table 3-17: The sustainability assessment score by component 82 Table 3-18: Challenges for sustainable use of wetland resources in Dong Rui commune, Tien Yen district, Quang Ninh province 86 Table 3-19: Some solutions to deal with the driving forces 87 Table 3-20: Some solutions to deal with the pressure 88 Table 3-21: Some solutions to enhance societal response 89 i LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1: The ecosystem services of Dong Rui wetland 14 Figure 1-2: Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Conceptual Framework 18 Figure 1-3: DPSIR approach for mangrove assessment 23 Figure 1-4: DPSIR approach for assessment of sandy beach in the northeast coast 24 Figure 2-1: Map of the study site 25 Figure 2-2: The research framework 27 Figure 2-3: Map of the surveyed households 33 Figure 2-4: Map of the observation sites and route 36 Figure 2-5: Procedure of Sustainability index calculation 43 Figure 3-1: Change in annual temperature during 1990-2020 & forecast until 2070 51 Figure 3-2: Change in maximum temperature during 1990-2020 & forecast until 2070 51 Figure 3-3: Change in minimum temperature during 1990-2020 & forecast until 2070 52 Figure 3-4: Total annual precipitation & maximum precipitation in 1990-2020 .53 Figure 3-5: Number of rainy days/year in 1990-2020 53 Figure 3-6: Change of climate extreme conditions in Dong Rui commune, Tien Yen district, Quang Ninh province 55 Figure 3-7: Number of typhoons in coastal region of Vietnam during the 1945-2019 period 56 Figure 3-8: Livelihoods in Dong Rui commune, Tien Yen district, Quang Ninh province 57 Figure 3-9: CC impact on human activities in Dong Rui commune, Tien Yen district, Quang Ninh province 58 Figure 3-10: Degree of temperature change impact in Dong Rui commune, Tien Yen district, Quang Ninh province 58 Figure 3-11: Degree of precipitation change impact in Dong Rui commune, Tien Yen district, Quang Ninh province 59 Figure 3-12: Degree of impact of typhoon and other climate-induced hazards in Dong Rui commune, Tien Yen district, Quang Ninh province 59 Figure 3-13: Main income sources of local households in Dong Rui commune, Tien Yen district, Quang Ninh province 61 Figure 3-14: The degree of dependency on wetland resources for livelihoods in Dong Rui commune, Tien Yen district, Quang Ninh province 62 Figure 3-15: Wetland resource-use by percentage in Dong Rui commune, Tien Yen district, Quang Ninh province 63 Figure 3-16: Map of Dong Rui's land use in 2019 66 Figure 3-17: Dong Rui's environmental quality 69 Figure 3-18: Map of distribution of wetland ecosystems in Tien Yen district (Dang et al., 2020) 70 Figure 3-19: Productivity change of wetland-related activities in Dong Rui commune, Tien Yen district, Quang Ninh province 74 ii Figure 3-20: Action when facing productivity reduction in Dong Rui commune, Tien Yen district, Quang Ninh province 75 Figure 3-21: Local people's awareness about wetland values in Dong Rui commune, Tien Yen district, Quang Ninh province 76 Figure 3-22: Local people's willingness to participate in wetland conservation in Dong Rui commune, Tien Yen district, Quang Ninh province 77 Figure 3-23: The sustainability indicator score 83 Figure 3-24: Sustainability of Dong Rui wetlands 84 Figure 3-25: The bottom-up & systematic approaches in identification of challenges in sustainable use of wetland resources in Dong Rui commune, Tien Yen district, Quang Ninh province 85 iii LIST OF ABBREVIATION Abbreviation AR4 AR5 CC DPSIR DRR EEA IPCC MONRE Ramsar RCP SD SDGs SLR Interpretation IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report IPCC’s Fifth Assessment Report Climate Change Driving force – Pressure – State – Impact – Response Disaster Risk Reduction European Environment Agency International Panel on Climate Change Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment Ramsar Convention on Wetlands Representative Concentration Pathway Sustainable Development Sustainable Development Goals Sea-Level Rise iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I would like to convey my utmost gratitude to Prof Dr Mai Trong Nhuan and Dr Luu Viet Dung, my supervisors, for their big support and instruction for the master’s thesis I will not be able to complete this without their guidance and encouragement My appreciation and gratitude also go to the master program in Climate Change and Development (MCCD) of Vietnam - Japan University and all of its amazing lecturers, staff, and students for their assistance and companion during my journey with MCCD I owe my gratitude to the VNU Key Laboratory of Geoenvironment and Climate Change Response (GEO-CRE) staff for their support during the completion of this master’s thesis I also thank the research team from VNU University of Science, led by Prof Dr Nguyen Cao Huan for the permission to join the field trip to Dong Rui commune, Tien Yen district, Quang Ninh province In addition, I have received the support from the VNU project no TXTCN20.06 which is important to the accomplishment of my master’s thesis, and I am so grateful for that Furthermore, I would like to express my gratitude to the staff and local people of Dong Rui commune, Tien Yen district, Quang Ninh province for their hospitality and willingness in sharing the information which is the integral part of this master’s thesis Last but not least, I am indebted to my beloved family and my dear friends for their love, care, and encouragement The master’s thesis would not have been possible without their inputs v