(Luận văn) the role of mangroves in response to climate change in dong rui and hai lang communes, tien yen district, quang ninh province

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN THI HOA THE ROLE OF MANGROVES IN RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN DONG RUI AND HAI LANG COMMUNES, TIEN YEN DISTRICT, QUANG NINH PROVINCE MASTER'S THESIS VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY NGUYEN THI HOA THE ROLE OF MANGROVES IN RESPONSE TO CLIMATE CHANGE IN DONG RUI AND HAI LANG COMMUNES, TIEN YEN DISTRICT, QUANG NINH PROVINCE MAJOR: CLIMATE CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT CODE: 8900201.02QTD RESEARCH SUPERVISOR: Dr LUU VIET DUNG Dr KOTERA AKIHIKO Hanoi, 2021 PLEDGE I assure that this thesis is the result of my own research and has not been published The use of other research's result and other documents must comply with regulations The citations and references to documents, books, research papers, and websites must be in the list of references of the thesis Author of the thesis Nguyen Thi Hoa ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my deep gratitude to Vietnam Japan University and Program Climate change and Development for all the thoughtful guidance I am extremely grateful to my supervisor Dr.Luu Viet Dung, sub-supervisor Dr.Kotera Akihiko, and other lecturers for their invaluable advice, continuous support, and patience during my thesis progress I want to thank local authorities, local residents of Hai Lang and Dong Rui communes, Tien Yen district, Quang Ninh province provided information and supported me when I went on to field trip and collected data here I would like to thank my friends and my family for all the support you have shown me through the study and research Thank you very much! TABLE OF CONTENT LIST OF TABLES i LIST OF FIGURES ii CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Study area 1.2.1 Geographical features 1.2.2 Climate features 1.2.3 Social - Economic Status of Hai Lang and Dong Rui communes 1.2.4 Some manifestations of CC in Dong Rui and Hai Lang communes 1.3 Literature Review 12 1.3.1 The concept of mangrove ecosystem 12 1.3.2 Impact of CC on mangrove 13 1.3.3 The role of the mangrove ecosystem in response to CC 13 1.4 Objectives of the research 19 CHAPTER DATA COLLECTION AND METHODOLOGIES 21 2.1 Logical framework 21 2.2 Data collection 22 2.3 Methodologies 24 2.3.1 Data collection method 25 2.3.2 Data analysis method 28 CHAPTER RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 30 3.1 Structure and characteristics of mangroves in Dong Rui and Hai Lang communes 30 3.2 The role of mangrove forests in the natural system 33 3.2.1 Benefit from maintaining biodiversity and food webs 33 3.2.2 Benefit from carbon storage 38 3.2.3 Benefit from coast protection 42 3.3 The role of mangrove forests in the social system 47 3.3.1 Benefit from reducing the impact of CC on the local community 47 3.3.2 Benefit from maintaining people's livelihood 51 3.4 Recommendation 63 CHAPTER CONCLUSION 66 REFERENCE 68 APPENDIX ……………………………………………………………………… 72 LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Variation of average temperature in winter, spring, summer, and autumn compared with the baseline period of Quang Ninh Table 1.2: Change of precipitation in winter, spring, summer, and autumn compared to the base period of Quang Ninh province 11 Table 1.3: Sea level rise scenarios in Mong Cai-Hon Dau 11 Table 1.4: The inundation risk due to rising sea levels caused by CC for Quang Ninh province 12 Table 2.1: Datatypes use in research 23 Table 2.2: Methods used in the research 24 Table 3.1: Height and distribution of mangroves communities in Dong Rui commune 31 Table 3.2: Total carbon accumulated in the biomass of mangrove trees at Dong Rui Commune 38 Table 3.3: Total carbon accumulated in the biomass of mangrove trees at Hai Lang Commune 38 Table 3.4: Total carbon accumulated in mangroves Dong Rui Commune 39 Table 3.5: Total carbon accumulated in mangroves Hai Lang Commune 40 Table 3.6: Forest function of mangroves in Dong Rui commune in 2016 - 2017 42 Table 3.7: Forest function of mangroves in Hai Lang commune in 2016 - 2017 43 Table 3.8: Forest function, sub-class of mangroves in Đồng Rui commune in 2016 and 2017 45 Table 3.9: Forest function, sub-class of mangroves in Hai Lang commune in 2016 and 2017 45 Table 3.10: Number of people participating in occupations in Dong Rui and Hai Lang commune 51 Table 3.11: Values of using mangrove forest in Dong Rui commune 59 i LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1: Administrative map of Dong Rui and Hai Lang communes Figure 1-2: The lowest, highest, and average temperatures of Tien Yen weather station in the period 1990-2020 Figure 1-3: Temperature anomaly (average, max, and min) in Tien Yen weather station in period 1990-2020 Figure 1-4: The highest precipitation and average precipitation of Tien Yen weather station in the period 1990-2020 Figure 1-5: Total precipitation day of Tien Yen weather station in period 1990-2020 Figure 1-6: Precipitation anomaly (max and average) in period 1995-2019 Figure 2-1: Logical framework of the research 21 Figure 2-2: Observation in the boat 26 Figure 2-3: Observation of mangrove forest 27 Figure 2-4: Interview resident 27 Figure 3-1: Geo-vegetation map of wetland area in Dong Rui, Tien Yen .30 Figure 3-2: Mangrove ecosystems of Dong Rui and Hai Lang Communes 31 Figure 3-3: Cormorants includes 28 birds in the mangrove forest of Dong Rui commune 33 Figure 3-4: Different species of animals in the mangroves (a) crab, (b) sea snail, (c) sea oysters, and (d) mussels 36 Figure 3-5: Total carbon accumulated in mangroves Dong Rui and Hai Lang Communes 41 Figure 3-6: Forest function of mangroves in Dong Rui commune 43 Figure 3-7: Forest function of mangroves in Hai Lang commune 44 Figure 3-8: Map of forest function in 2017 in a) Dong Rui and b) Hai Lang Communes 44 Figure 3-9: Map of forest function, sub-class in 2017 in a) Dong Rui and b) Hai Lang Communes 46 Figure 3-10: Mangroves reduce the impact of erosion in Dong Rui Commune 46 Figure 3-11: Mangroves reduce the impact of waves in Dong Rui Commune 46 Figure 3-12: Natural disasters affecting households in Dong Rui and Hai Lang communes 48 Figure 3-13: The role of mangroves in reducing the impact of the typhoon in Dong Rui 49 Figure 3-14: The percentage of respondents answering that they know about "CC" in Dong Rui Commune 50 Figure 3-15: Information channels providing knowledge about CC in Dong Rui Commune 50 Figure 3-16: The role of mangroves in CC response in Dong Rui 51 ii Figure 3-17: Duck farming area near the mangrove forest 53 Figure 3-18: People sell seafood to traders after returning from fishing .54 Figure 3-19: Some methods of fishing in mangroves a) shovel and b) fishing net 58 Figure 3-20: Values of using mangrove forest in Dong Rui commune 60 Figure 3-21: The role of mangrove protection in socio-economic development 61 Figure 3-22: Mangrove conservation in Dong Rui commune .62 Figure 3-23: Long Vang beach in Dong Rui mangrove forest, Tien Yen district 65 iii CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Vietnam is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change (CC) According to the Global Climate Risk Index 2020 of Germanwatch, Vietnam ranked 6th on the global vulnerability scale in 2018 (1999-2018), increasing three ranks than 1998-2017 (VietnamPlus, 2019) Recently, Vietnam's weather has changed more and more erratically In particular, phenomena such as droughts, floods, landslides, storms, sealevel rise have complicated developments Vietnam has 28 coastal provinces with a total length coastline of 3260 km (MOFA, 2020) Therefore, mangroves appear everywhere along the coastal area The area in Vietnam is more than 200000 hectares Vietnam has become one of the countries with the largest mangrove forest area in the world Some extensive mangroves such as Can Gio mangroves, mangroves in Tam Giang lagoon, Ca Mau mangroves, etc (Binh, 2019) Quang Ninh is located in the North of Vietnam, where have mangrove forest development In Quang Ninh, the mangroves in Dong Rui and Hai Lang communes, Tien Yen district has the typical characteristics of the mangroves in the North of Viet Nam Mangroves include many different types of trees and aquatic species (Climate change, 2019) Especially, mangrove forests provide ecosystem services for human society to respond to CC Nowadays, extreme weather events and natural disasters are challenging to predict Therefore, the role of mangroves is becoming more and more important Mangroves have an important role in maintaining biodiversity and the food web Besides, It helps to reduce the impact of CC on communities and develop the economy Moreover, mangrove forest is one of the largest carbon pools in the world (Donato et al., 2011) It helps reduce carbon dioxide, which is the main cause leading to global warming Mangrove forest in Dong Rui and Hai Lang communes, Tien Yen district is a specific, sensitive, and highly biologically diverse ecosystem The area of mangrove forest accounts for a large proportion of the natural area of the two communes Therefore, the socio-economic activities of the two communes are strongly related to mangroves However, at present, mangrove forests in these two communes face many challenges in exploitation, use, and management Economic and social development activities; The pressure of population growth and the degradation of natural resources, and the pollution environment due to over-exploitation are increasingly threatening the mangroves in this area Because of the increasing impacts of CC on coastal areas, it is necessary to assess the role of mangroves in CC response In particular, the mangrove forests in Dong Rui and Hai Lang have a typical ecosystem of Vietnam's northern region Moreover, Quang Ninh Province is preparing documents to establish Dong Rui Wetland Reserve - Tien Yen District, demonstrating the important role of mangroves in Dong Rui and should be conserved Because of the substantial impacts of CC and the vital role of mangroves in Hai Lang and Dong Rui Communes, I chose the topic: " The role of mangroves in response to climate change in Dong Rui and Hai Lang Communes, Tien Yen District, Quang Ninh Province." This study assesses mangrove forests' role in providing ecosystem services for human society to respond to CC Besides, the study also gives some suggestions to improve the ability of mangroves to respond to CC The study was carried out in two areas with relatively similar natural and social conditions for comparison and analysis 1.2 Study area 1.2.1 Geographical features This study was conducted in two communes Dong Rui and Hai Lang, Tien Yen district, Quang Ninh province (Figure 1.1) These two communes are located in the northeastern region of Vietnam Dong Rui commune has a total natural area of 5045.08 ha, located southwest of Tien Yen district, 18 km away from the district center Dong Rui is a plain commune surrounded by the sea that is a good area for concentrated farming and aquaculture, population development, mangrove planting,