(Luận văn) assessment of the climate resilient livelihoods of hmong’s ethnic in pa co commune, mai chau district, hoa binh province

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY PHAN THI LAN ANH ASSESSMENT OF THE CLIMATERESILIENT LIVELIHOODS OF HMONG’S ETHNIC IN PA CO COMMUNE, MAI CHAU DISTRICT, HOA BINH PROVINCE MASTER’S THESIS VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY PHAN THI LAN ANH ASSESSMENT OF THE CLIMATERESILIENT LIVELIHOODS OF HMONG’S ETHNIC IN PA CO COMMUNE, MAI CHAU DISTRICT, HOA BINH PROVINCE MAJOR: CLIMATE CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT CODE: 8900201.02QTD RESEARCH SUPERVISORS: Prof NGUYEN TUAN ANH Assoc Prof NGUYEN TAI TUE Hanoi, 2023 PLEDGE I have read and understood the plagiarism violations I pledge with personal honor that this research result is my own and does not violate the Regulation on prevention of plagiarism in academic and scientific research activities at VNU Vietnam Japan University (Issued together with Decision No 700/QD-ĐHVN dated 30/9/2021 by the Rector of Vietnam Japan University) Author of the thesis PHAN THI LAN ANH ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Assoc Prof Nguyen Tuan Anh and Assoc Prof Nguyen Tai Tue, my supervisors, for their supervision throughout this dissertation Thank you for accepting me as your student I am indebted to your invaluable support, encouragement, and advice I could not complete this dissertation without your instruction and feedback from the beginning Many thanks to my friends in the MCCD at Viet Nam Japan University for their encouragement Your inspiration has enhanced my confidence to complete this study This thesis is supported by the project, entitled “Research and application of artificial intelligence in monitoring and predicting of radioactive release in mining areas, a case study in Sin Quyen copper mine” of Vietnam National University, Hanoi, code QG.21.19 Finally, I am thankful to my family Thank you to my wonderful my mother-inlaw for leaving hometown to come to Hanoi city to take care of my baby so that I can have more time for studying TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES i LIST OF FIGURES II LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS III CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1.2 Research objectives, questions, and hypothesis 1.3 Subject and scope 1.3.1 Research subject 1.3.2 Scope …………………………………………………………………………………… 1.4 Literature review 1.4.1 International research 1.4.2 National research 1.4.3 Studies in the study site 1.4.4 Key concepts 10 1.5 Overview of research area 13 1.5.1 Natural conditions 13 1.5.2 Natural resources 17 1.5.3 Socio-economic status 19 CHAPTER RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND METHODS 21 2.1 Methodology 21 2.1.1 Research approaches 21 2.1.2 Research methods 22 2.1.3 In-depth interview 24 2.1.4 Focus group discussion 25 2.1.5 Household survey 25 2.1.6 Household case study 27 2.2 Establishing a set of livelihood resilience indicators 27 2.3 Data processing methods 29 CHAPTER RESULTS, DISCUSSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 35 3.1 Current status of livelihood in Pa Co Commune 35 3.2 Climate change impacts in the study site 40 3.2.1 Precipitation 40 3.2.2 Temperature 43 3.2.3 Extreme weather: heat and cold 44 3.2.4 Landslides and erosion 48 3.2.5 Impacts of climate change on livelihood 49 3.3 Assessment of climate-resilient livelihood in the study site .52 3.3.1 Social capital 55 3.3.2 Natural capital 58 3.3.3 Financial capital 59 3.3.4 Human capital 61 3.3.5 Physical capital 63 3.4 Limitations of this study 69 3.5 Recommendations 69 3.5.1 General recommendations 71 3.5.2 Specific recommendations 71 CONCLUSIONS 73 REFERENCES 75 APPENDIX 78 LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 The research objectives, questions and hypothesis Table 1.2 Time, place, research contents of the fieldwork in Pa Co commune Table 1.3 Definitions of livelihood resilience 12 Table 1.4 Average annual temperature 15 Table 3.1 Description of study commune in 2019 35 Table 3.2 Major income of Pa Co commune in 2019 37 Table 3.3 Number of hot days for levels for period 2001-2020 46 Table 3.4 Number of very cold days/ extreme cold days in Mai Chau station for period 2001-2020 46 Table 3.5 Damages caused by natural disasters in Mai Chau 50 Table 3.6 Damages caused by disasters in the past 10 years 50 Table 3.7 Results of livelihood resilience in livelidhood to climate change in the Pa Co commune 52 Table 3.8 Assessment of capacity to adapt to climate change through five sources of capital 67 i LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Map of Pa Co commune, Mai Chau district, Hoa Binh province Figure 1.2 Landscapes in Pa Co commune 17 Figure 1.3 Hang Kia and Pa Co nature reserve 18 Figure 2.1 Framework of the thesis 21 Figure 2.2 Climate-resilient livelihood framework 27 Figure 3.1 Livelihoods in Pa Co commune 36 Figure 3.2 Major income sources of households (%) 37 Figure 3.3 Hmong space and Tourist 38 Figure 3.4 Annual variation of rainfall at Mai Chau station 41 Figure 3.5 Change of total annual precipitation in Mai Chau (2001-2020) 42 Figure 3.6 The annual variation of the number of heavy rainy days 42 Figure 3.7 Trend of heavy rainfall days in period 2001-2020 43 Figure 3.8 Annual variation of temperature at Mai Chau station in the period 2001-2020 43 Figure 3.9 Change of average temperature in Mai Chau (2001-2020) 44 Figure 3.10 Average number of hot days per month according to levels in the period 2001-2020 45 Figure 3.11 Change in the total number of hot days at Mai Chau station in the period 2001-2020 45 Figure 3.12 The number of days of extreme cold/severe cold per year at Mai Chau station in the period 2001-2020 47 Figure 3.13 The changing trend of the total number of cold days at Mai Chau station in the period 2001-2020 48 Figure 3.14 Landslide along the way to Pa Co Commune 48 Figure 3.15 Household’s perception on the impacts of natural disasters (%) 49 Figure 3.16 Radar map of indicators of five capitals of Tourism livelihood resilience 54 Figure 3.17 Proportion of support from neighbor 55 Figure 3.18 Local people Participate in the social community 56 Figure 3.19 Local people Participate in the social community 57 Figure 3.20 Local people owning farmland 59 Figure 3.21 Local people access to bank account 60 Figure 3.22 Income of Tourism households 60 Figure 3.23 Education level of Tourism households 62 Figure 3.24 The local people participate in training course of production 63 Figure 3.25 Road status under bad weather 64 Figure 3.26 Distance from household to water resources and the nearest market 64 Figure 3.27 Local people owning essential equipment for production 65 Figure 3.28 Climate resilience assessment in Pa Co 66 ii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Abbreviations Full contents CC Climate change DFID UK Agency for International Development IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change FC Financial Capital HC Human Capital LR Livelihood Resilience NC Natural Capital SC Social Capital iii CHAPTER INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Climate change has been affecting natural resources and the environment, and the socio-economic activities of many countries worldwide The Earth's climate has been changing, and failure to keep warming below 2°C might make the changes irreversible and lead to devastating consequences which have impacted the poorest and most vulnerable, particularly impoverished women, endangering their livelihoods (UNDP, 2017) Vietnam is one of the countries in the world that are severely affecting by climate change (MONRE, 2016) The most often publicized effect of climate change is sea-level rise, which has consequences such as crop and arable land loss due to saltwater intrusion and storm surges in the coastal zones (IPCC, 2014) However, the susceptibility of Vietnam to the effects of CC is not limited to the coastal regions Currently, there is inadequate understanding of and support for addressing the implications of CC on disadvantaged (and minority) communities in Vietnam's vast rural and mountainous regions In the Northern mountainous areas, CC has reduced rainfall during some seasons, causing more severe droughts in some areas Furthermore, natural catastrophes are particularly dangerous on steeply sloping land and land prone to cause the landslides and soil erosion Due to high levels of poverty, poor infrastructure, limited access to technologies, and an increased reliance on natural resources, the effects of climate change are projected to be more severe in mountainous areas in Vietnam In the high mountainous areas, opportunities to develop sustainable and resilient livelihoods are limited The rural poor's livelihoods and well-being are strongly reliant on natural resources, making them particularly vulnerable to environmental deterioration and climate change's effects Furthermore, developing countries like Vietnam have insufficient capacity to assist their poor rural populations in adapting to a changing environment As a result, a good adaptation strategy to climate change will be