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<"4&(+<74%9"A(<0"( "#<'4"(+%&38"(&%:(>"(+2>&"49"-('#(%(582'-(>%<0=( M0"(/7&38"<"-(+%&38"( /%#(>"(-"+'9#"-(<7(>"(8"++(<0%#(OKK(&'/47#+(<0'/JR(<0'+(-'&"#+'7#('+(8'&'<"-(&7+<8:(>:(<0"( -'&"#+'7#+(75(<0"(233"4(%#-(87?"4(/7*"4(+8'3+=( 3.4 Process modifications for hydrogels M0"(5%>4'/%<'7#(347/"-24"(574(0:-479"8U>%+"-(>'7&'&"<'/(/'8'%('+(*"4:(+'&'8%4A(>2<(4"]2'4"+(%( 5"?( &7-'5'/%<'7#+=( M0"( &7+<( +'9#'5'/%#<( 75( <0"+"( '+( <0"( &%##"4( '#( ?0'/0( <0"( 378:&"4( '+( ( [...]... magnetic biomimetic cilia under applied load for various values of maghemite nanoparticle loading, f This prediction is in good agreement with measurements by Hill of the relative beat amplitude of human lung epithelial cilia under an applied load (Hill et al., 2010) This data is reproduced in Fig 9 above, in which each set of glyphs represents a single cilium Each data 494 Biomimetic Based Applications. .. use biomimetic sensorsinstruments specifically matched to the physical characteristics of the organism, in this case case to the thermal characteristics To overcome these problems, two types of biomimetic sensors/loggers have been developed: robomussels (Helmuth & Hofmann, 2001; Fitzhenry, et al., 2004) and robolimpets (Lima & Wethey, 2009) These are self-contained, rugged and 502 Biomimetic Based Applications. .. a magnetic field: U mB cos , where is the angle between the magnetic moment and the applied field It can be shown that for the vast majority of magnetic nanoparticle composite materials, ~ 0º; that is, the magnetic moment 486 Biomimetic Based Applications aligns with the applied field rather than with the easy axis of the rod (Evans et al., 2007) Thus, energy is minimized when an actuator bends toward... optimization at a 4% nanoparticle loading; at higher nanoparticle concentrations, the increase in modulus due to the nanoparticle component outweighs the additional magnetization Similarly, it is clear in Fig 5 and Fig 6 that the f = 0.04 sample of this material is predicted to bend at the lowest values of magnetic field and field gradient, respectively 5 Actuation strategies 5.1 Introduction The biomimetic cilia... hand, have been successfully used to actuate magnetic cilia arrays (Evans et al., 2007), and are attractive due to their relatively large fields and ease 488 Biomimetic Based Applications Fig 7 Magnetoelastic ratios as a function of maghemite nanoparticle loading for a maghemite / polyacrylamide magnetic elastomer reported by (Galicia et al., 2003) of implementation A detailed discussion of actuation... negligible in the context of magnetic actuation of biomimetic cilia Constructions of multiple wires such as solenoids or Helmholtz coils certainly generate significantly larger magnetic fields; however these fields are similar in geometry and yet far weaker than those produced by permanent magnets, and will not be considered here 490 Biomimetic Based Applications In the realm of the microscopic, however,... models take into account dynamics such as fluid-structure interactions and polymer viscosity, we will confine ourselves here to a quasi-static model Such a model is 482 Biomimetic Based Applications independent of the application of biomimetic cilia structures and is more than suitable for providing a set of guidelines for the design of magnetic cilia 4.2 Actuation in a uniform field 4.2.1 A simple... Permanently linked monodisperse paramagnetic chains Langmuir, 14(26), 7334-7336 496 Biomimetic Based Applications Galicia, J A., Sandre, O., Cousin, F., Guemghar, D., Menager, C., & Cabuil, V (2003) Designing magnetic composite materials using aqueous magnetic fluids Journal of Physics-Condensed Matter, 15(15), S1379-S1402 Gauger, E M., Downton, M T., & Stark, H (2009) Fluid transport at low Reynolds... in this optimal orientation; then the magnetization required to achieve a bending of is given by the simple expression: 484 Biomimetic Based Applications M 1 f E 2r 0 L 1/2 (5) The applied field can be mapped to magnetization via the full magnetization curve of the chosen nanoparticle In Fig 5, we show the magnetic field required to bend a cilium of radius 100 nm and length 10 microns (typical of epithelial... differences (bias) between each robolimpet measurement and the correspondent body temperature (mean bias: 0.16 ºC) 506 Biomimetic Based Applications A connector cable can be made by stripping one end of a RJ-11 telephone cable and soldering two small alligator clips (Radio Shack, part 270-373) to the green and red wires (pins 3 and 4, respectively) These clips can then be connected to the robolimpet’s . Mechanics: Analysis and Analog VLSI. PhD Thesis, California Institute of Technology. Biomimetic Based Applications 472 Watts L, Kerns DA, Lyon RF, Mead CA. 1992. Improved implementation of. %/<2%<'7#( 755"4+( 58";'>'8'<:( '#( -"+'9#( %#-( Biomimetic Based Applications 474 %338'/%<'7#( <7( %44%:+( 75( &7*'#9( +<42/<24"+=(. 4"]2'4"&"#<=(V(0:-47307>'/(&%9#"<'/("8%+<7&"4(4"+'+<+(+?"88'#9('#(%#( %]2"72+("#*'47#&"#<A(%#-(#%#73%4<'/8"+("55"/<'*"8:("#/%3+28%<"-('#(<0"(0:-47307>'/(&%<4';( %4"(2#8'J"8:(<7(8""/0('#<7(%#(%]2"72+("#*'47#&"#<=(M0"(8%/J(75(+?"88'#9A(07?"*"4A(9"#"4%88:( Biomimetic Based Applications 476 9'*"+(0:-47307>'/("8%+<7&"4+( %(+'9#'5'/%#<8:(0'90"4(&7-282+(<0%#(<0"'4(0:-4730'8'/(3""4+A( ?0'/0(%4"(2+2%88:(5%>4'/%<"-('#(%(+?788"#(+<%<"(%#-(%4"(%>8"(<7(4"&%'#(+7(-2"(<7(<0"(34"+"#/"( 75(?%<"4(%+(%(977-(+78*"#<=( T"(?'88(<0"4"574"(";3874"(<?7(-'55"4"#<(&%<"4'%8+(%+(/%#-'-%<"+(574(&%9#"<'/(&'/47%/<2%<74+=( M0"(