Khảo sát đánh giá trình độ công nghệ đúc hiện tại và đề xuất định hướng công nghệ đúc trên địa bàn tphcm và vùng phụ cận

Sei KHOA HQC CONG NGHE THANH PHO HO CHI MINH Elk TAI NGHIEN CeU KHOA HOC KHAO SAT DANH GIA TRiNH DO CONG NGHE DOC HICN TAI VA DE XUAT DINH WONG PHAT TRIEN CONG NGIle DOC TREN DIA BAN THANH PHO HO CHI MINH VA CAC TINH PHV CAN THANH PHO HO CHI MINH 2006 NHOM THIjC HIt/sl DE TAI That HQ va ten tti Ddng va Ngodn Nguy8n Ngoc Ha Nguy8n Ngoc Thu' va chdc danh khoa hoc PGS-TS GVC-TS Tien s9 Truong Van Tru'arng GVC-ThS Le Van La GVC- ThS Pham Ngoc Tuin GVC-TS Nguy8n Hii'u Tii Kj, sit Vu Pham Tin Ci.1' nhan Nguy8n Ngoc Hoa Thac si 10 NO Hang y Ky su' 11 VO Van Thinh Sinh vien HOC vi CO quan ding tac Khoa CN Vdt lieu, DHBK Khoa CN Vdt lieu,DHBK Hai Due Luyen kim,TP HCM Khoa CN Vdt lieu,DHBK Nhiem vu Chil nhiem Thanh vien Thanh vien COng tac vien Khoa CN Vdt lieu, DHBK Cong tac vien Khoa Cd khi, DHBK Cong tac vien Khoa CN Vdt lieu, DHBK Cong tac vien Vien kinh te- TP HCM,Pho Cong tac tru'ong phong NC phat vien e-2 mn Lien (loan ban da dia chit Cong tac Mien Nam,Tru'ang phong vien Ky thot-ke'ho4ch Chuyen vien phOng Cong tac QLCN-S6 CN vien Khoa Cong nghe vat lieu Cong tac vien MLJC LUC Md dau Cluidng Nhu du thi trang va dieu kien de phat trien nganh dim at Ho Chi Minh va khu vurc phu On Danh gia Chung 1.1 1.2 Du' bac) thi truing Mix tieu phat trien nganh CKCT va GC kim loci tren dia ban TP va khu vile 1.3 Dinh hu'ong phat trien san phdm ca 1.4 Dinh hu'ang phat trier' cong nghe cO the tao 1.5 Dinh huang v6 to chtrc san xuat 1.6 Dinh hu'ang phat trien nganh &lc TP HCM va khu vilc phu can 1.7 Quan diem phat trien nganh duc 1.7.1 Dinh hitang phat trien san phdm duc 1.7.2 Ve kha nang phat trien nganh duc a khu yip 1.7.3 Su' tac Ong ciia cac ye'u to Ichac 1.7.4 Phan tich SWOT 1.8 Diem manh 1.8.1 Diem ye-u 1.8.2 Ca h6i 1.8.3 Thach thilc 1.8.4 MOt s6 du' an dau hi mdi v6 san xuat ding nghiep da va dang thyc hien 1.9 Dv an san xuat xe bus SAMCO 1.9.1 Du' an san xuat xe minibus MEFA5 1.9.2 Du' an nha may due tap trung 1.9.3 Du' an nha may the tao khuon kim loci 1.9.4 Du' an dau tu' chieu sau nha may A74 1.9.5 IN an dau ttichieu sau cong ty phu ding so" II (NAKYCO) 1.9.6 Dui an dau tu' chieu sau cong ty May va Thith bi hod chat 1.9.7 Dur an ma Ong cong ty Caric 1.9.8 Du' an dau Ca nha may Quy the mdi 1.9.9 Du' an dau til xay dung hoan chinh cong ty cong nghiep tau thug Sai Gen 1.9.10 Du' an au tu' hien dai hod Cong ty Cadivi 1.9.11 Dv' an dau tu' chieu sau cho co so II cong ty the tao dien ca 1.9.12 Dkr an nha may ch6 tao phu tong thie't bi thus/ lu'c 1.9.13 Cac di/ an giai doan sdp tail 1.10 Du' an dau tu' nha may the tao may cong cu s6 II 1.10.1 Tr 7 10 12 13 13 14 14 14 15 16 18 18 19 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 21 22 22 22 22 22 23 23 23 23 1.10.2 1.10.3 1.10.4 1.10.5 1.10.6 1.10.7 1.10.8 1.10.9 1.10.10 1.10.11 1.10.12 1.10.13 1.10.14 Dkf an au tu' nha may the tao dung cu cat Du' an au tu' chieu sau nha may VINAPRO Dkr an dau tu' nha may san xudt banh rang,truc rang va hOp s6 t6,may keo, may ding cu Du' an au tu' mdi nha may san xudt dung cu dien Du' an dau tu' nha may cu dien Dv an dau tu' chieu saki nha may ch6 tao bie'n dp Thu Ddc Dvi an dtlu tu' nha may san xudt vat lieu each dien Du' an au tu' nha may the tao thang may va thie-t bi nang (t?ii,palang dien) Du' an dau tu' chieu sau cho cong ty cong nghiep tau thug Sai GOn Du' an au tai chieu sau cho cong ty &mg tau va cong nghiep hang hii Sai Gen Dki an au tu' and rOng san xudt cho XN cd giao thong Q5 (MEFA) giai doan II Dui an au at mdi nha may san xudt thith bi gia dinh Dy an xay thing nha may the tao va lap rap dOng cd thug tren 1000CV phuc vu (long tau va xudt khgu Cluidng Tong quan v'e' sin xua't diic Vai tro dia nganh &lc 2.1 Phan loai cac phu'Ong phap due 2.2 Mc khuOn cat 2.2.1 Dkic khuon vo mong 2.2.2 Ddc khuon mau chiy 2.2.3 Ddc mau hod 2.2.4 Mc khuon vinh cifu 2.2.5 Ddc ly tam 2.2.6 Dile ap laic 2.2.7 Dde ke't help cong nghe tin hoc 2.2.8 Vat lieu dile 2.3 Gang 2.3.1 Gang xam 2.3.1.1 Gang cau 2.3.1.2 Gang deo 2.3.1.3 Gang gum 2.2.1.4 Thep 2.3.2 Nhom 2.3.3 Do'ng 2.3.4 Trinh tu' cd bin thi& k6 due 2.4 Thie-t k6 2.4.1 Thie't ke va the tao mau 2.4.2 ii 23 23 24 24 24 24 24 25 25 25 25 25 26 27 27 28 28 29 29 30 30 31 31 31 33 34 34 35 35 36 36 37 38 38 38 39 2.4.3 2.4.4 2.4.5 2.4.6 2.4.7 2.5 2.6 2.6.1 2.6.2 2.6.3 2.6.4 Lam khuon Ndu rot kim loaf Da khuon Xit l vat ditc Gia c6ng cd SO ding nghe san xudt &lc khuon cat Nhting yeu to cash tranh Lao dong Nguyen iieu Nang lacing Cac yeu to khac 39 39 40 40 41 41 43 43 43 43 44 Chddng 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.3 3.3.1 3.3.2 3.3.3 3.3.4 3.4 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 3.5 3.5.1 3.5.2 3.5.3 3.5.4 3.5.5 3.6 3.6.1 3.6.2 3.6.3 Tinh hinh va xu the cia sin xua't dtic tren the gidi Tang quan v6 cong nghiep dtic Trung qu6c Si! phan b6ciia eac xi nghiep Nhu cau ctia Si! phat tridn nganh dtic Du bao nhu du Cong nghiep dtic CHLB Dtk CHLB Dtk la quek gia hang au Chau Au v6 san xudt thep Tinh hinh kinh td Cac linh laic chinh sit dung san pha'm dtic cua DiIc Cong nghiep dile C6ng nghiep dtic CH Czech Vai net v6 Lich sit Tinh hinh hien tai Tang quat ye cong nghiep chic Hai chic CH Czech Cong nghiep chic Th6 Nhi KS, Tinh hinh Chung Xudt nhap khdu Cac doanh nghiep chic khoing nhiing nam 1977-1998 Cong nghiep chic Bi Tinh hinh kinh te Cac s6 lieu cd bin Cac chi phi san xudt Sin xuac,giao hang va nh'an hang Cac nganh tieu thu san phgm &lc caa Bi Cong nghiep chic my Lich sit Dinh hu'Ong phat tridn nganh chic My Dae diem cd bin va nhiem vu cila nganh duc tu'ong lai 47 47 48 49 53 54 54 54 55 55 59 59 60 60 61 61 61 62 63 65 65 65 65 66 68 68 69 70 71 iii 3.6.4 3.6.5 3.6.6 3.6.7 3.6.8 3.6.9 3.6.10 3.6.11 3.7 3.7.1 3.7.2 3.7.3 3.7.4 3.8 Phat tridn thi trtidng Cong nghe vat lieu Qua trinh san xudt Cong nghe mai tradng Ngu6n nhan ltrc-gido duc va dao tao Ldi nhudn va dich vu sac khoe Cac hiep h6i va su'cOng tac Nhan xet Tinh hinh san xudt &lc cua mit s6 qu6c gia khac R:ri D6 Han Qu6c Mexico Dai Loan MOt s6 nhan xet 72 73 74 76 77 77 78 79 80 80 80 80 81 81 Chtidng 4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 4.3 4.3.1 4.3.1.1 4.3.1.2 4.3.1.3 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 4.3.5 4.3.6 4.3.6.1 4.3.6.2 Dieu tra hien trang dtic caa khu vtic ph6 HS Chi Minh Phu'Ong pita') nghien ciru Phdang phap chon mau Phtfong phap tie'n hanh Xi? , s6 lieu Cong nghe dtic Doanh nghiep duc Viet Nam COng nghe duc Trang thi6t bi xu'e5ng dile Nguyen vat lieu thic Nguyen lieu dung lam khuon dtic Nguyen lieu dung khuon cat Nguyen lieu dung lam khuon cat nhu'a va rdau chiy Khuon kim loaf Nguyen lieu dUng de kha',bie'n tinh va hdp kim hod Nguyen lieu kim loci Nhien lieu San pha'm va chdt lu'dng vat dtic Nhan lite va viec phat trien ngu6n nhan lite Nhan laic cila nganh ddc Dao tao ngu6n nhan lite cho nganh dile 83 83 83 83 84 84 84 87 89 94 94 94 94 95 96 96 97 97 101 101 102 ChUcing 5.1 5.2 5.2.1 NguSn nguyen lieu tai cha phuc vu cho Mc Danh gia chung MOt s6 ma cat set tieu bidu Cat lam khuon dtic iv 104 104 104 104 5.2.1.1 5.2.1.2 5.2.1.3 5.2.2 5.2.2.1 5.2.2.2 5.3 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 •5.3.4 5.4 5.4.1 5.4.2 Cat Binh Chau Cat Tan Thang Cat HOng Sdn Set lam khuon Set Tan Uyen Set Song Phan Danh gia met s6 thong s6 cat set lam khuon dtic khu vtic Dong Nam Be Muc tieu Danh gia cat lam khuon Danh gia set lam khuon Danh gi:' h8n hdp cat set lam khu6n Khao sat tinh hinh sti' dung vat lieu lam khuon tai met s6 xi nghiep chic Cong ty Z756 — Be Qu6c pheng Xi nghiep tao ph6i An Lac- Cong ty the to may Sai Gen 104 106 108 109 109 111 112 112 112 122 123 137 137 143 Chddng Dinh Wang cho sit phat trien ctia sin xtat chic tai Ho Chi Minh va khu vdc phu can Barth gia chung 6.1 Thi tru'Ong chic 6.2 C6ng nghe chic 6.3 Nguyen lieu, vat tactic) nganh dtic 6.4 Thie't bi chic 6.5 Nat trien nguem nhan lhtc va dao tao 6.6 TO chic quan l san xuSt 6.7 Vai try cua nha ntrdc va Hiep hOi 6.8 147 Ket luan va kien nghi 155 147 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 DANH MIX CAC BANG BIlgU Trang Muc tieu ve gia tri san xua't cong nghiep cd ch6 tao va gia cong kim loai ten dia ban th6i kSt 2001-2020 Bing 1.2 Du' kie'n to-c d6 tang tru'ang binh quan caa nganh tren dia ban theri 14 2001-2020 So sanh cac phticing philp duc Bing 2.1 Bang 2.2 So sanh cac dac tinh cua cac gang va the') duc S6 lu'dng va su' phan b6 cac xi nghiep duc d Trung Quo-c Bang 3.1 Bing 3.2 Phan tich sin lu'dng chic theo vat lieu sir dung lieu thu san pha'm duc chi y6u th6i 14 1989-1993 Bang 3.3 Cac linh Bang 3.4 Du' bao nhu cau v6 clic cac nam tdi Bing 3.5 IN bao nhu du sin pha'm &lc theo cac nganh cong nghiep Bang 3.6 T6ng san phgm dtic cua CHLB Disc Bang 3.7 Tinh hinh sit.' dung vat lieu kim loai de &lc Bang 3.8 Cac linh vu'c chi yeu sa' dung gang xam duc Bing 3.9 Cac linh vire sir dung gang cdu va gang deo Bang 3.10 Cac linh vtic sir dung they dtic Bang 3.11 Cac linh vu'c sit dung kim loai mau duc Bang 3.12 So lieu ve cong nghiep duc cong hoa Czech 2002 Bang 3.13 San xua't &lc cila Th6 Nhi KS/ nhitng nam qua Bang 3.14 Tinh hinh xuat kidu san Odin &lc cua Th6 Nhi KS, Bang 3.15 Cac doanh nghiep (lac Th6' Nhi KS, khoiing 1977-1998 Bang 3.16 Nguyen lieu kim loai Bang 3.17 Tang sin lu'dng dtic kim loai ctia Bi Bang 3.18 Sin 'Using the') dlic Bang 3.19 Sin loong gang c#uc Bang 3.20 San phiim gang d6 ben cao (gang cau va gang deo) Bing 3.21 Sin pha'm due kim loai mau Bang 4.1 Thong Ice doanh nghiep duc Viet Nam Bing 4.2 Cac cong nghe due Bang thlic hien Bang 1.1 11 12 32 37 48 50 51 53 54 56 57 57 58 58 58 60 62 63 64 65 66 66 67 67 67 85 87 Bang 4.3 Bang 4.4 Bang 4.5 Bang 4.6 Bang 5.1 Trang thie't bi cd ban caa cac doanh nghiep &lc hien tai Cac loci thie't bi cac doanh nghiep tit the hoax di.:tt hang nu'dc Nguan go'c ciia vat lieu lam khuon cat ciia cac doanh nghiep Clic dac tru'ng ctia sin pha'm chic LdOng nu'dc mat chi Bang 5.2 Ham lacing ban, cat Binh Chau Bang 5.3 Ham hong ban, cat Tan ThAng Bang 5.4 Ham lu'Ong ban, cat Hang Sdn Bang 5.5 Ty le cat tr'en cac ray, cat Binh Chau Bang 5.6 Ty le cat tren cac ray, cat Tan ThAng Bang 5.7 Ty le cat tren cac ray, cat Hang Sdn Bang 5.8 Ma tran quy hoach vdi bie'n ao TYT 22 Bang 5.9 DO b6n nen tu'di yang thd ntat (cat Binh Chau-set Tan Uyen) Bang 5.10 DO ben nen tali vang thd hai (cat Binh Chau-set Tan Uyen) Bang 5.11 DO bOn nen tali yang thd nha't (cat Binh Chau-set Song Phan) Bang 5.12 DO ben nen tu'di viing thd hai (cat Binh Chau-set Song Phan) Bang 5.13 DO b6n nen tu'di viing tha' nhat (cat tan ThAng-set Tan Uyen) Bang 5.14 DO b6n nen tali yang this hai ( cat Tan Tha'ng-set Tan Uyen) Bang 5.15 DO ben nen tali yang thd nha't (cat Tan Thiing-set Song Phan) Bang 5.16 DO b6n nen tali yang this hai (cat Tan Th(ing-set Song Phan) Bang 5.17 DO b6n nen tali yang thd nha't (cat Hong Sdn-set Tan Uyen) Bang 5.18 DO ben nen tu'di yang thd hai (cat Hang Sdn-set Tan Uyen) 89 90 94 98 114 116 116 116 119 120 121 3(1) 124 131 131 132 132 133 133 134 134 135 Bang 5.19 DO ben nen tu'Oi vung thi( nhdt (cat Hang SOn-set Song Phan) Bang 5.20 DO 1,6n nen tdoi vimg that hai (cat Hang Son-set Song Phan) Bang 5.21 Thanh pha'n \fa d6 hat cat loci V4.5 Bang 5.22 Thanh phAn \fa dO hat cat loci V5.5 Bang 5.23 DO ben nen tddi (cat ao) Bang 5.24 DO ben nen kho (cat do) Bang 5.25 Thanh phAn h8n hop cat dem Bang 5.26 DO ben nen tu'di (cat dem) Bang 5.27 DO ben nen kho (cat dem) Bang 5.28 DO thong (cat dem) Bang 5.29 DO ben nen kilo (ruOt) Bang 5.30 DO thong (ruOt) Bang 5.31 K6t qua danh gia dO hat Bang 5.32 K6t qua phan tich phdn Bang 5.33 DO ben nen tu'cli Bang 5.34 DO ben nen kho Bang 5.35 DO thong 135 136 138 139 140 140 141 141 141 141 142 142 144 145 145 145 145 Cat lam khuon la cat thach anh da qua tuydn, c6 ngu6n g6c tit Cam Ranh Cat c6 dO sach cao (VoSi02> 96), ham Wong cac tap chat g6c sat, kiem, sunfua rat Xi nghi'ep sir dung loai cat lam khuon Bang 5.31 Ket qua dcinh gici de) hgt: Cd h4t 1000 011m) 650 400 315 200 160 100 11,4 62,1 12,9 11,1 1,1 0,2 13,0 11,8 12,1 62,5 62,8 62,5 13,1 12,7 12,9 9,6 10,2 10,3 1,0 1,0 1,0 0,1 0,1 0,1 63 day LAn Lfin Lan Trung binh - Cat du'oc k9 hieu: 1C04B Mdc dO tap trung dO hat cat cao (87,5%) ca hat caa cat qua to de chic cac vat dilc bang the') cd nhO Minh (teSt nhat nen sii" dung cat CO2A, CO2B) Do dO hat to, khuOn lai khOng th(c son nen hien tu'ong clay dinh cat cd hoc (thep lOng di vao cac 18 rang c6 thdocl&n tren be mat khuon) rat ph8 bien 5.4.2.2 Set lam khuon: Set lam khuon la set bentonit the c6 nguan g6c tit Lam D8ng Ke't qua thir nghiem ye dO dinh k.et ciia set: DO ben nen tu'oi: 0,28 kGicm2 : qua dap ; DO ben nen kho: 1,32 kG/cm2 : qua tha'p ; DO dinh ket caa set rat thap ding de hieu: day la set tho, chu'a dtrOc xit 19 cd va hod 5.4.2.3 H8n WI) lam khuon: Sau (la khuon, tfing thO khuon se b8 sung rid& va set vao h8n hOp vi tri lam khuon cua minh Viec the tao h8n hdp lam khuon du'Oc thkic hien hoan toan thu cong va khong theo chi dinh De danh gia, cac mau h8n hop du'oc lay d vi tri nen cila the lam khuon Ket qua phan tich cho th'ay phAn caa cac Indu thin nhu' sau: 144 Bang 5.32 Mau Kei qua phan tich phiin Ham luking set, % 10,35 11,25 10,50 Ham hiring mac, % 8,9 7,1 6,85 Bang 5.33 DO ben nen ti t& Mau DO b6n nen turcii, kG/cm2 0,11 0,13 0,10 Danh gia Rh tha-p Rdt thai) Rh thai) Ba ng 5.34 EV ben nen kilo: Mau DO ben nen kith, kG/cm2 1,2 1,1 1,1 Danh gia Rdt thdp Rat thdp Rdt thdp Bang 5.35 DO thong khi: MAu DO thong K 130 146 144 Dinh gia Trung binh thdp Trung binh Trung binh 5.4.2.4 Nh4n xet DO thong cua cac mau d8u khong cao DO b8n nen tddi va dO b8n nen kho ciia cac mAu h8n hop cat Tem d8u rat thdp Qua khdo sat va phan tich, cluing t6i thdy nhimg nguyen nhan sau: - Ham Wong nu'oc h8n hcfp cao; 145 - Quy trinh xii 19 hO'n hop sau da khuon : cac qua trinh tai sinh khong du'oc thtic hien day du nhU :khong qua sang, tuydri tii, khOng có ch6 dO "nta" cat dinh 14 (de boc di ldp set da bi samtit hoa tren b6 mat cac hat cat, loci bO set da giam hoac mat nang dinh k6t); - Chdt lacing set qua thdp 146 CHUPONG DINH HU'ONG PHAT TRIEN NGANH DUC TREN DIA BAN TP HO CHI MINH VA KHU \VC PHU CAN 6.1 Danh gia Chung Nganh &lc tren dia ban ph6 I-16 Chi Minh dang dirt-1g trade nhirng cd hOi va thach thdc to ldn de tai cau talc va phat tridn Thi tracing ve san phdm thic, nhat la cdc san pham c6 yeu cau cao ve chat lildng doi hai nganh dLic phii c6 sir chuyen bien ye chdt lacing Sy phdt tridn nhanh ch6ng cilia cong nghiep dien, dien ti(, &Mg tau, giao thong van tai va xay citing se tao sy d6t bier' san xuat dtic Sit canh tranh se manh me kin tren thi tracing nOi dia, gid nang hidng cang tang va yeu cau cao vd tieu chudn m6i tracing se la nhiing yeu to phii tinh den qua trinh phdt tridn [fu the vd gia nhan cong re va ski' bio h6 hang nOi dia se mat clan Nhdrg tdu nghien cdu khoa hoc va ding nghe luy'en kim aing co vai tro to Ion sd phdt tridn ciia san xuat dilc Ta c6 the neu nhfing dinh Wong chinh cho nganh dLic tren cac pinking dien sau: 6.2 Thi tru'ang dtic (Tham khdo phi lac IV) CO the khang dinh thi tracing dtic se rat phat trien va da clang Ta c6 the tinh den cac san pha'm cila cac nganh sau day : • Cong nghiep cd phan dau den nam 2010 dap dng dude 45-50% nhu du nude, cac nganh cd ch6 tao : may dOng ldc, may gia cong ch6 bien 'long san nhu' mia, diking, thdc an gia sic, cong nghiep thtic phgm, se du'dc Tau to manh me de Oat tridn • Cong nghiep giao thong van tai :thi tracing san xuat to dat 239.000 chi& vao 2010 va 398.000 chi6c \tact nam 2020 vdi tS, le the tao flack trung binh 60% Thi tracing xe may rat ldn, nam 2005 dat 1.9 trieu xe, du bi han ch6 khong cho phat tridn va tY' le not dia hod la 80% Nhu du (long tau bien, tau song la rat ldn Dac biet 10-15 nam tdi 147 c va metro hinh se tao nhu cau ldn vdi nhiing san during sat cao topham mdi ve due • Cong nghiep xay thing : cac thep va gang hdp kim chiu mai mon cao dung san xua't vat lieu xay du'ng nhd (Id, xi mang, may tr6n tang cong sua't xi mang 20 trieu ta'n nam Cac nha cao tang, sari xuat nut sach va clan nude thai cling d6i hoi hOi rat ldn cac san pham dtic • Cong nghiep nang luring : San 111Ong dien 2007 du' kien dat 58.4 t9 KWh va t6c d6 tang la 16%/nam V6n dau tai den 2015 khoang 79.9 t9 USD Tuy chiing to chola c6 kha nang the tao toan b6 cac thiet bi dien (nhiet dien va thus/ dien ) cling nhu' thiet bi khai thac va the bien dau cd ldn, nhtmg de tang ding sat dien 10 nam tdi thi cac phu tong, thiet bi dien vira va nhO se c6 nhu can rat cao • Cong nghiep nhe, san xua't hang tieu dung : cong nghiep det may dau tut 3.9 q USD den nam 2010, (long giAy, san xuh d6 dung gia dinh, deu c6 nhiing nhu cau phat trien manh 6.3 Cong nghk' dtic COng nghe due nen phat trien theo cac dinh hu'ong sau : dung • Dtic khuon cat-set —va nuidc thus/ tinh va dung CO ran nhanh van la cong nghe chu ye'u de chic cac san pha'm gang va thep San lung san phgm dac theo cong nghe c6 the chiem tdi 70% tong san pha'rn duc N6 co u'u diem la re ti6n, ddn gian, c6 the dung cho moi loci san phSm vdi chat Dicing kha Nguyen vat lieu lam khuon c6 san nude • !Mc khuon cat nhu'a ( nOng va lanh) va chgt dinh hfiiu cd , cat (furan) co xu hutting tang len dat chat lacing cao, nhuing viec xii 1$ va mai truting bi xa-u di, gia dau tu' cao Cong nghe clUng cac doanh nghiep co san phdm c6 dinh, c6 hinh clang chi Wet phdc tap, yeti cau d6 chinh xac v6 hinh dang cao, • Due mAu chay : chi dung duc cac ciii tie't yeu cau cao ye d6 chinh xac, hinh clang ph& tap va kich thu'dc nho ( < kg) V6n dau tci cao, viec sap thai khO khan ding se han the sit phat trien cua cong nghe • Ddc khu6n hod : \tong 10 nam tdi, cong nghe 148 ding kho phat tridn vi von cao, day chuy6n thie't bi phdc tap, cong nghe chu'a on dinh • Dtic dp lu'c ( cao va thdp) : se daoc phat tridn vdi t6c d8 cao nhdrig nam tdi Cong nghe co von dau W cao, nhu'ng nang sudt cao, chi tiet dat d6 chinh xac va chdt lacing be mat to-t Cong nghe thich hdp &lc nhom, kern, citing va cac hdp kim nhe nha magie, liti, nen khuye-n khich cac doanh nghiep sin xudt phu tong to, xe may, dien va lien tii, d8 gia dung, san xudt theo cong nghe Tom lai, 5-.10 nam tdi, ding nghe cat-set-nu'dc thus/ tinh va CO2 &mg ran nhanh van la cong nghe cha dao Tuy nhien, can phii co nhdng nghien cdu cu thd dd phat huy het u'u didm cua cong nghe Neu ke't hdp vdi nhUng he vat lieu sdn khuon, ch6ng dinh co chdt lacing va sa' dung runt bang h8n hop cat nhaa, thi cac san phfi'm san xudt hoar' toan có tinh canh tranh ve chdt lacing va gia • Gng dung cong ngh'e thong tin san xudt dtic : can nhanh chong nghien cdu dng dung cac phgn mem thi6t ke &lc vao sin xudt Cac tutu vd ding nghe thong tin se xod di khoing cach vd thi traang dtic se rang ma khong chi a nuac ma se- phat tridn ben ngoai the gidi, lei the vd nhan ding, tieu chan moi tru'ang chaa cao giai doan trade mat can phii dacic phat huy 6.4 Nguyen lieu, vat tut cho nganh due Cac xu'ang &lc hien chU y6u xd dung nguyen li6u la sat the') van, ph6 lieu vdi phan va chang loai khong xac dinh VI vay, viec bao dim phan va cd tinh caa sin pha'm &lc la rat kilo khan Chang ta chua CO nha may sin xudt phoi the!) hdp kim nen hAu nha' nguyen lieu dung dd ndu the') hdp kim phii nhap Cac hdp kim trung gian, cac pher6 hdp kim ding phii nhap Gang thai sin xudt nadc cling kh6ng du dap ling, nhdt la ve chUng loai, quy cach VI vay, da den lac chting ta phii au ta xay clang khu vac 1-2 nha may sin xudt phoi thep hop kim vdi nhdng mac thep hdp kim ke't cdu th6ng dung nha : thep cram, the!) cram-mangan, the') silic, , chuyen cung cap nguyen lieu cho cac doanh nghiep &lc cd khi, cong sudt khoing 50 ngan tan/nam cho moi nha may Tich cu'c tim kie'm cac ngu8n nguyen lieu nadc dd b6 xung 149 cho ngutm nguyen lieu sat the') vun nhu' sat x6p, cac loai phero hop kim thong dung nhu' phero silic, mangan, crOm, titan, Ngu8n nguyen lieu cho vat lieu lam khuOn nhttcat, set, cac chat dinh k6t hoan toan c6 the dap itng du nhu cau cho san xuat Nghien ctiu xay dog them mot nha may san xuat vat lieu chu lila tien ti6n tren cd scf nguyen lieu nu'dc nhtt gach cao nhorn, gach crommanhedit, vat lieu cach nhiet dang sdi, bong, 6.5 Thie't bi due • Là ditng nau gang : la thiet bi nau gang c6 hieu suk nhiet cao nhat va gia re nhat Co the dung ngu6n nhien lieu than (Id re tin de nau Cac doanh nghiep c6 dtic gang nen tan dung thiet bi Co the nau la dttOc ca gang xam va gang cau Hau h6t cac 16 kieu dang van hanh tut ch6 tao theo kinh nghiem va mau c6 sin Nen c6 mot nghien ctYu tS% my va thiet ke chugn de nang cao hieu suat sit dung dm loai 16 Trong tru'dng hOp can du gang hOp kim va gang c6 chat lacing cao, co the keit hop nau chay 16 ddrig va tinh luyen 16 trung tan hoac 16 tie'n • 1.6 then :18 quang nau thep loai 6-10 tan : loai thief bi chi nen sit dung Ol cac doanh nghiep san xuat cac san pha'm thic cd ldn nhu' (long tau, &ging sat, xi mang, mia du'dng, de nau the') cac bon va the') hOp Ion, mat bang ring va chi phi bao ve mOi kim thap.Thiet bi c6 von dau tu truting cao Trude mat, khu vtic chi nen co 2-3 doanh nghiep trang bi 16 • L6 trung tan nau thep : la loai thiet bi thOng dung nhat de nau thep cac bon, thep hOp kim cac loai va nau gang chat lu'Ong cao.co dung tich pho2 Wen tit 250-1000 kg, thich hOp cho cac doanh nghiep nho va vita, gia thiet bi khong ngifng xu6ng 10 nam qua Viec van hanh tu'Ong doff de dang, nau du'Oc moi loai thep, gang Gia Bien tang la mot tra ngai cho viec sut dung thi6t bi • Là tan sK ding nghiep : dung nau cac kim loai va hOp kim mau nhu' ding, nh6m, kern, C6 dung tich tiff vai tram kg den hang ngan kg Nen sit dung 10016 duc chuyen dung va boat ldn • 1,6 Bien trd , nau chu k9: chit y6u dung (Vic kim loai mau nhu' nhom, kern, dUng cho cac xu'8rig san xuat boat nho 150 • LO dung nhien lieu va king : dung rat] d6ng, nh6m va cac kim loci mau khac Chi phi nang lacing re hen dien, nhu'ng gay nhitm mOi truting Phu'eng htidng chung : can c6 nhang nghien cdu vt qua trinh trao cl6i nhiet cac 16 flu, ding nhu' v6 cong nghe, cho sit dung hdp 19 nhat ve nhiet 16 Nen tan dung cac ngu6n nhiet re tin de nau chay kim loci, cac dien nang citing de tinh luyen va bitn tinh 6.6 Phat trien nguiin nhan ltic va dao tao Day la van fit chitin lt.t0c c6 tinh chat guy& dinh stt phat tridn ctia nganh Viet Nam dang co "t9 le yang" vd can s6, ngu'di dang d6 tu6i lao dOng chitm 45% dan s6 Tuy nhien, s6 lao d6ng qua dao tao ngh'e nghiep rat thap, chi khoang 25% Can tan dung thdi cd dao tao nght cho ngu'di lao d6ng Vt mat lau clai, chtIng ta kh6ng n1-1E-Mg phai dao tao nhan hic cho nhu cau nu& ma hu'ang tdi dao tao de xuat khSu, hoa nhap vao khu vu'c Chung ta hoar' toan c6 thd xuat khdu mot luring ldn lao citing c6 tay nght vd dtic di cac nu'dc nhu' Nhat Ban, Dai Loan, Han Qu6c, tharn chi sang M9, vi nhu cau lao dOng nganh la rat ldn • Tru'dc tien la dao tao nght nghiep, cong nhan nganh diic hien hau nhu' khong clack dao tao vt nght Nhu cau cua doanh nghiep rat ldn, trung binh la 5-10 lao dOng cho doanh nghiep vita va nhO Nhu vay, m8i nam, can hang tram cong nhan chtec dao tao nght Nhu'ng tren thttc t6, hien kh6ng cd sCr nao dao tao cong nhan chic, cac tradng nght khong dao tao dif0c thi6u ngutri theo hoc Chu yeu tinh chat ding viec nang nhoc, moi tradng lao d6ng nhitu d6c hai va rui ro, lao cl6ng mang tinh thu cong, lacing dap nen khong hap dan ngutri hoc Nha nu'dc va doanh nghiep can c6 chinh sach khuytn khich ngutri hoc nhu' cho vay tin dao thu hitt ngutri hoc Ngoai ra, tao, tre gitip hoc b6ng, giam tin hoc phi can co chinh sach bao him xa h6i, nang cao phtic 10i cho ngutii lao dOng, bao ve st?c khoe, M6t phtteng an kha thi nhat la dao tao theo dia chi, ke't hdp giira doanh nghiep va nha truttng Nen tri dao tao ding nhan nganh due tai cac cd sc cla dao tao nhu' Tru'dng Cao clang ky that Cao Thang, L9 Tu' Trong, CO Luyen kim Sai GOn, • Dao tao Icy su' va chuyen gia : cac 1(9 su' can phai clu'ec dao tao a 151 chuyen sau de lam chu du'dc cac cong nghe duc Dac biet la thiet ke ddc va cong nghe vat lieu lam khuOn Hien ang khong c6 tru'dng dai hoc nao dao tao nhu' vay Dac biet can phai dao tao cac k9 su' dLic nArn vdng duc cac vat lieu mai, cac cong nghe tien tin nha ket hdp tin hoc va thiet Ice ddc Viec ciao tao lai, dao tao nang cao a-mg can du'dc thu'c hien theo cac hdp d8ng vdi doanh nghiep • Co cac chinh sach v6 an sinh xa hoi cho ngu'di lao dOng nghe thuOc nhOm nghe lao dOng Ong nhoc va dOc hai, nhu' bao hiem y te, bao hiem tai nan va benh nghe nghiep, co the clack nghi hu'u tru'oc thdi han, mua c6 pha'n tru dai doanh nghiep, tao dieu kien ve nha c3 nhu' cho thue, ban tra gop, de ngu'di lao Ong yen tam lam viec Trong mot thdi gian dai, nganh cd the tao khong phat tridn, ngu6n nhan lac chic dao tao khong kiem dadc viec lam , ban than lai la nghe khong hap (ran tinh chat clang nhoc cua cong viec, vi vay ngu6n nhan lute duc bi suy giam va thieu but nghiem Dieu d6 khOng nhdrig tac Ong xau den hien tai, ma anh haat-1g rat lau dai tudng lai Bien phap kha thi la dao tao theo dia chi va dao tao lc& hdp gia nha tradng va doanh nghiep 6.7 rd chdc va quin ly sin xual yeu la mot bO phan nha may cd V6 mat to chtic, cac xu'Ong duc chi') khi, hach toan khong dOc lap Trong san xuat duc chda nhieu y6u to rui ro khach quan va chi quan v6 t5t le pile pham Cac trang thiet bi va cong nghe cu k9, lac hau nen nang suat lao dOng nganh duc thap, chu yeu la lao (Ring chan tay Trong hoan canh do, vdi mdc lacing trung binh khoang 1.300.0000 den 1.500.000d la hoan toan khong hap d'an ngu'di lao Ong Cac )(ding diic can du'dc hach toan dOc lap, thu'c hien the khoan san phgrn tren cd s8 clau ta mdi thiet bi va cong nghe, cai thien dieu kien va m6i tru'dng lam viec cila cong nhan Quy mO cac )(ding chic nen mdc vda va nhO Cac xu'eing duc nhO vdi tang tri gia khoang < t5t deing, to chdc theo hinh thdc gia Binh vdi so nhan cong < 10 ngu'di Cac cong nghe va thiet bi nnic dO trung binh ( ndu gang 16 &Trig, hoac trang bi 16 trung tan 250-500 kg, to di'en tr6 hoac dau nau kim loci mau, sii dung cong nghe 152 khuon cat ddt set hoac khuOn kim loai) Cong slat < 500 tdninarn San pha'm la cac mat hang gia dung, cac chi ti6t duc c6 hinh dang ddn giin, duc my nghe Cac Wang duc quy m6 vita c6 tang gia tri 30-50 is d6ng So nhan cong < 50 ngu'6i Day la cac xuang c6 ti8rn nang nhdt san sudt, nen khuyen khich cac xu'ang quy m6 Cac thiet bi va cong nghe m(rc tien tien nhu' 16 trung tan 500-1000 kg, may phan tich nhanh dau 16, c6 phOng thi nghiem vat lieu lam khuon, phan tich kim arcing va cd tinh Cong nghe dtic ngoai cat —set -nu& thus/ tinh va CO2 , c6 the sit dung cac cong nghe chic chinh xac nhu' khuon mAu chiy, khuon hod khi, khuon cat nhtta, Cong sudt cua xu8ng dtic khoing 1000-1500 tan /nam Sin phgm la cac mat hang c6 hinh dang phdc tap, yeu cau cao v8 vat lieu, to chdc kim tu'dng va cd tinh Cac xu'ang dtic c6 quy mo ion se kh6ng nhieu arcing lai Vdi von da'u tut khoang > 100 t5r, lacing cong nhan > 100 ngu'di, san lu'dng > 2000 tdn/nam, c6 the &lc cac vat dtic 16n khoing vai dn Co the trang bi 16 h6 quang dien Xu'ang &lc loai chi thich hdp cho nganh dong tau, du'6ng sit, mia Ming Khoing 3-5 nha may cho toan vimg M6t loai Wang duc Oa ding nen khuyen khich 1a Wang due chuyen dung Muc tieu la san xudt mot s6 nhom mat hang, mot s6 vat lieu xac dinh D6 la cac xu8ng &lc ap lu'c nhorn, kern, cac xu'ang duc chinh xac theo cong nghe mau chay, dtic ep, &lc composite, ban lOng, Ve mat quin 1)% san xudt, can co b6 phan giam sat va quan 1S/ ding nghe Cac khau can giam sat chat the la thiet ke- dtic, nguyen vat lieu dAu vao, vat lieu lam khuon va lam khuon M'Ot nhi-rng van de quan ve quan is san xudt 1a Can ban hanh cac tieu chan nganh va tieu chua'n quac gia v8 cac tieu chuSn san xudt duc Cac tieu chan can theo xu hutting hoa nhap vdi the gidi va du'dc cap nhat hang nam 6.8 Vai tro cua nha nit& va IWO ht)i Vai trb ctia uha nu'dc : nha nu'dc va chinh quy8n cac cap dOng vai tro quan trong viec quin 15, vi m6 va ban hanh cac chinh sach h6 trd cho doanh nghiep phat trien Chi y6u tren cac mat sau : 153 UBND ph6 va cac tinh • Vd dinh hu'ong phat trien : Chinh ban hanh cac dinh hutting phat trien cho cac nganh, c6 chinh sach u'u dai, -u la khuy'en khich dau tu' va ngoai node d6i vdi nganh due, chi' ye thud vadat dai, xay dein g cd sd tang H6 trd cho vay dai phat trien th8ng qua cac quy dau NI& • la cho vay dai han khoa hoc cong nghe, thu'c • Tang cu'ong chi cho ding tac nghien hien cac de tai nghien ctatu ling dung, nhat la cac de tai nghien cCiu lien nganh H6 trd viec dao tao ngu6n nhan Itic va chuyen gia Xay citing • cac cd sei nghien ciiu khoa hoc hien dai de c6 the tao du'dc cac cong nghe mdi phu hdp H6 trd doanh nghiep viec xii 19 va bao ve mOi tru'dng Ngoai • cac khu the xua't, khu cong nghiep tap trung, can c6 quy hoach fang nghe, cho cac doanh nghiep nhd va vita van c6 the nam xen ke khu dan cd ma van bao dam kh6ng gay nhie'm moi tru'dng - pha'm • Ban hanh cac tieu chua'n 1(9 thuat, chat luting san H6 trd xuc tie'n dau tut, phat trien thuvng mai, quang cao va xua't • khu san ptigm H6i Duc-Luyen kim Viet Nam (HOi khoa hoc Vai trO cua cac Hi“) ta)i : va Luyen kim Viet Nam) la mot nhiing H6i nganh kst that Viet Nam, da co hdn 50 nam lap H6i co tap nghe ddi sdm ritat a chi chuyen nganh "Kim loci" c6 uy tin milk Chi H6i tai ph6 H6 Chi Minh cling co nhidu vien tham gia Tuy nhien, ding nhu' nhidu H6i khac thu'6c Lien Hiep hoi, cac host d6ng van mang tinh mat cac quy the can thi& de thilc day hoat d6ng cua nganh tran, chola c6 H6i (Chi h6i) can gitlp cac doanh nghiep Vert cac link vtic chinh sau chuyen gia • Vd dao tao ngu6n nhan laic, htia'n luyen chuydn giao cong nghe, trao doi • Gidi thieu cac cong nghe, mOi thOng tin gia'a cac vien Tham gia dinh hutting Oat trien nganh, xay dung cac tieu chugn Icy • that cho nganh i Bao ve cac quy6n ldi cua cac vien Hiep h6 • • Xay du'ng thtldng hieu va xuc tie'n thadng mai 154 KET LaNI VA KIEN NGHI 11101 trang Hien trang cila sin xuat ddc ph6 H6 Chi Minh va khu vtic phu can van tinh trang kern phat tri6n, the hien qua thi6t bi va ding nghe da phan lac hau, cac san pha'm lam thu6c trinh d6 trung binh Cac cong nghe duc chinh xac, thic cac vat lieu có mac cOn it Dtic chi tiet bang thep, nhat la thep hdp kim chola dat yeu cau v8 pha'n va to chdc Mdc d6 phe phgm cOn ci ink cao Nguem nhan hfc, nhat la ngu6n nhan lulc a qua dao tao thap va có xu hu'ong gia hod Cac ngu6n nhan laic nham tre hoa dOi ngir can b6 k9 thuat d8u khong có Khong có cac Vien, Trung tam chuyen nghien cdu de phat trien ve khoa hoc va cong nghe ciia nganh.e'u lam han the rat ldn viec dtta nhanh cac ti6ri bo khoa hoc va cong nghe vao san xuat, nhat la cac cong nghe Dieu kien lao dOng Ong nhoc, d6c hai va thu nhap caa ngu'di lao dOng nganh diic rat thap VI vay, rat kho khuyen khich nien hoc ngh8 Gid nguyen lieu va nang ltidng tang nhanh thdi gian vita qua ding inh hu'eing den su' phat trien cua nganh Cdc nguo'n phe lieu nUdc an can kiet Cac hdp kim trung gian d8u phii nhap khgu Trong khu vu'c có nang - khai thac ngu6n nguyen lieu tai ch67 phuc vu cho san xuat vat lieu lam khuon Tim nang Nganh dtic ph6 H6 Chi Minh va khu vu'c phu can dang dtIng tru'dc cd h6i rat ldn de phat trie'n vi : • Viet nam da tr8 thanh vien chinh thac cua WTO, Chinh phi] co cac chutng trinh rat ldn de Oat trien cac nganh cong nghiep tai khu vuc, nhat la cong nghiep ch6 tao cd va giao thong Day la thi trutng guy& dinh cho nganh due phat trien • Dang có mot Ian song au tu' mdi cua cac doanh nghiep ntidc ngoai 155 den Viet Nam Xuat hien xu hutting dau tit san xuat nu'oc ngodi cdc nganh ding nghiep nang cua cac nu'ac cong nghiep phdt tridn, d6 c6 nganh duc Nhat la Nhat Ban, Han Qu6c, Dai Loan, kern theo la cac ding nghe due va thie't bi chic mai dtrOc data vao Cling se hinh mot doi ngCt cong nhan duc co tay nght du'Oc dao tao • Co di8u kien thuan loi vd lieh sit, dia IY, hau va cac ngu6n tai nguyen cua khu vale de c6 the phat tridn nganh dtic Co truydn th6ng san xuat hang hod Nhat la c6 mot dOi ngil cac doanh nhan rat nang clOng nu& va ki8u bac) dinh cd a nu'ac ngoai • Nhan thi.ic ve vai tro cua sari xuat dtic cac nha quan 1y, doanh nghiep da (6 rang hon Nh ng van a an lam ro them • Cdc cong ty c6 von &Au tut trUc tie-p cua nu& ngoai (FDI) c6 san xuat dtic bat (tau phat tridn mph, trinh 010 cong nghe, quan lY va thie't bi tu'Ong d6i lien tidn Hien sari pham cua ho thick xuat•khau va xuat khau tai ch8 Ho c6 nhirng &rig gop nhat dinh thtic day sat phat tridn cua nganh nhu'ng chung to chola the th6ng ke du'Oc • An toan lao Ong cling nhu' tinh hinh sac khoe cua ngu'ai lao dOng nganh ddc Can phai c6 mot chinh sdch va bien phdp kiem tra v6 an town lao dOng cho nhorn ngtrai lao Ong nang nhoc va rui ro • Tim kiem nhling mo hinh de co the 118 trO cho cac doanh nghiep dtic nh6 va vita phat trien nhif : tai chinh, thue dat , h8 tro cong nghe, ngu8n nhan cua • Can Wang viec kiem sodt moi tru'ang va yeu cau phat tridn nganh dtic Co cac bien phdp bao ve tich ckfc tit dau 156 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO UBND TP HCM, Sei COng nghiep- Chum-1g trinh muc tieu pith trien nganh cd ph6 HO Chi Minh giai doan 2001-2005- TP HCM 11/2002 SO' GTCC TP HCM- Cong ty Cd O to Sai Gon- De an chitin hiOc phat trien cong nghiep to TP HCM- TP HCM 16/7/2004 Quye't dinh 188/2004/QD-TTg cua Thti tu'ong chinh phu phe duyet "Quy hoach 'That trien cong nghiep ph6 H6 Chi Minh den nam 2010 có tinh den aam 2020 Quye't dinh 186/2002/QD-TTg cua Thu tu'dng chinh phu phe duyet chitin lu'oc phat trien nganh cd Viet Nam den nam 2010, tam nhin den 2020- 26/12/2002 Quyet dinh 177/2004/QD-TTg phe duyet quy hoach phat trien nganh cong nghiep to Viet Nam den nam 2010, tam nhin den 2020- 05/10/2004 Quye't dinh 134/2001/QD-TTg phe duyet quy hoach tong the ph& trien nganh thep den nam 2010- 10/9/2001 B6 gido duc va dao tao- NM-Mg dieu can biet ve tuydn sinh dai hoc va cao clang nam 2005- NXB Giao dyc-2005 United States International Trade Commission- Foundry Products : Competitive Conditions in the U.S Market- USITC Publication 3771 May 2005 AFS- Metalcasting Industry Technology Roadmap- January 1998 10.Industry Canada- Canadian Metalcasting Technology Roadmap- March 2000 11 AFS- Beyond 2000: A Vision for the American Metalcasting IndustrySeptember 1995 12 World Technology Evaluation Center (WTEC)- Advanced Casting Technologies in Japan and Europe- March 1997 13.International Committee of Foundry Technical AssociationsInternational Atlas of Casting Defects- 1993 14.w ww.cp v org.v n 15.www.moi.gov.v n I 6.www.vneconomv.com.vn 157 17 www.foundry-china.com 18 Www.subcontractsolutions.com 19 www.ilo.or.a 20 Numata Shigeru, Kuroda Sumio — Proposal on Plan for Development of Mechanical and Machine Manufactoring Industry in Ho Chi Minh City & Neighboring Area — JICA 22 April 2002 21 Horie- Xeminar "Cong nghi4 duc cua Nh4t13An"- Dai hoc Iwata-2005 158