MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HUE UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES NGUYEN HONG THAO MY THE CEFR – C1 LEVEL AS STANDARD-BASED LEARNING OUTCOME: HUE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF FOREIGN LANG
Trang 1MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HUE UNIVERSITY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES
NGUYEN HONG THAO MY
THE CEFR – C1 LEVEL AS STANDARD-BASED LEARNING OUTCOME: HUE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF FOREIGN
LANGUAGES ENGLISH MAJOR STUDENTS’
PERCEPTIONS AND LEARNING STRATEGIES
MA THESIS IN THEORY AND METHODOLOGY
OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING
CODE: 60.14.01.11
SUPERVISOR: ASSOC.PROF PHD PHAM THI HONG NHUNG
HUE, 2016
Trang 2BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO
ĐẠI HỌC HUẾ ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ
NGUYỄN HỒNG THẢO MY
CHUẨN ĐẦU RA TRÌNH ĐỘ C1 THEO KHUNG THAM CHIẾU NĂNG LỰC NGOẠI NGỮ CHUNG CHÂU ÂU: NHẬN THỨC VÀ CHIẾN LƯỢC HỌC CỦA SINH VIÊN
NĂM THỨ TƯ CHUYÊN ANH TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ - ĐẠI HỌC HUẾ
LUẬN VĂN THẠC SĨ LÝ LUẬN VÀ PHƯƠNG PHÁP
DẠY HỌC BỘ MÔN TIẾNG ANH
MÃ SỐ: 60.14.01.11
NGƯỜI HƯỚNG DẪN KHOA HỌC:
PGS.TS PHẠM THỊ HỒNG NHUNG
HUẾ, 2016
Trang 3STATEMENT OF ORIGINAL AUTHORSHIP
The work contained in this thesis has not previously been submitted for a degree or diploma in any university. I certify that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, my thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the thesis itself.
Trang 4ABSTRACT
On the threshold of a new century, the Common Europe Framework of Reference (CEFR) has a remarkable effect on many English language educational systems around the world, and the system of English education in Vietnam is not an exception In 2008, this framework was officially applied in Vietnam with the affirmation of Decision 1400/QĐ – TTG (Socialist Republic of Vietnam, 2008) Particularly, the CEFR has effectively been employed in Hue University College of Foreign Language’s (HUCFL) training scheme in recent years and the C1 level has been considered as a standard – based outcome for English major students Therefore, the crucial purpose of this study is to investigate the perceptions of HUCFL four-year students as well as their language learning strategies applied for attaining the CEFR – C1 level Through the results gathered from 200 participants, several significant pedagogical implications can be put forward helping these students to have prerequisite orientations for obtaining the CEFR – C1 level certificate according to its true worth
Key words: The CEFR-C1 level, perceptions, language learning strategies, language outcome.
Trang 5
Acknowledgements
The journey of conducting this research would not have ever reached out for the ending point without the support of many people who have continuously assisted me in carrying out this thesis It is impossible
for me to forget to say my sincere thanks to all of them
Above all, I would like to express my profound gratitude to my supervisor, Assoc Prof PhD Pham Thi Hong Nhung for her devoted guidance, professional and valuable advice so that I could complete my papers from the very beginning until the end of this study
Secondly, I also would like to express my deepest thanks to my colleagues who work at Center for Quality Assurance of Hue University for giving me the most favorable conditions so as to focus all of my abilities on doing this research
Thirdly, I am greatly grateful to the Hue University College of Foreign Languages students who took part in my questionnaire and interview surveys with enthusiastic assistance Their conscientious information and support with respect to the analysis of the data greatly help me to gather much invaluable data
In addition, I am immeasurably thankful to my respectable teacher
Dr Hoang Tinh Bao, PhD and my trust – worthy friends, especially Duc Tri and Minh Hue from College of Economics and College of Foreign Languages – Hue University for their inspiriting me with the significant ideas for the implementation of this research
Last but not least, I would like to give my special thanks to my beloved family, Mr Duc Dung and Mrs Thanh Trang who have always encouraged and raise me up when I confront with the extremely difficult moments of accomplishing my thesis paper
Trang 6
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUB COVER PAGE i
STATEMENT OF ORIGINAL AUTHORSHIP ii
ABSTRACT iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v
TABLE OF CONTENTS vi
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ix
LIST OF TABLES x
LIST OF FIGURES xi
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. Presentation 1
1.2. Background to the Study 1
1.3. Statement of the problem 3
1.4. Purpose of the Study 4
1.5. Research Questions 5
1.6. Significance of the Study 5
1.7. Structure of the study 7
CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW 8
2.1. Definitions of key terms 8
2.1.1. Learning strategies 8
2.1.2. Language learning strategies 10
2.1.3. Standard – based expected learning outcome 12
2.2. The CEFR and language teaching 13
2.2.1. The CEFR 13
2.2.2. The use of the CEFR in language education 17
2.3. The CEFR in Vietnamese educational system 18
2.3.1. Standard – based expected learning outcome 18
2.3.2. The CEFR and setting standards in English education in Vietnam 19
Trang 72.3.3. The CEFR and the six – level framework for foreign
language competence in Vietnam 20
2.4. The CEFR-C1 as standard-based learning outcome for English major students of HUCFL 21
2.4.1. Descriptions of C1 level 21
2.4.2. The access to the CFFR-C1 level as expected learning outcome 23
2.4.3. Assessment of C1 level 23
2.4.4. Results from C1-level tests 24
2.5. Language learning strategies 24
2.6. Review of relevant studies on students’ perceptions, learning strategies and learning outcome 28
2.7. Chapter summary 29
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY 31
3.1. Presentation 31
3.2. Research design 31
3.3. Participants 32
3.4. Data collection instruments 32
3.4.1. Questionnaires 32
3.4.2. Interview 33
3.5. Data collection procedure 34
3.6. Data analysis methods 35
CHAPTER IV: RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 37
4.1 Presentation 37
4.2 The analysis of the HUCFL students’ perceptions of the C1 level as their language learning outcome Questionnaire 38
4.3 The analysis of Learning Strategies 44
4.4. Summary of chapter 48
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS 49
5.1 Presentation 49
Trang 85.2. Summary of the Study 49
5.3. Results 50
5.4. The pedagogical implications 51
5.4.1. For HUCFL students 51
5.4.2. For language instructors 52
5.5. Limitations of the research and suggestions 53
REFERENCES 55
APPENDICES 60
Trang 9LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
CEFR the Common Europe Framework of Reference HUCFL Hue University College of Foreign Langugaes SILL The Strategy Inventory for Language Learning MOET Ministry of Education and Training
Trang 10
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: The levels of the CEFR (CEFR, 2001, p.23) 14 Table 2: Common Reference Levels: global scale (CEFR, 2001, p. 24) 15
Table 3: The changes of leaning strategies since C1 level was the HUCFL
learning outcome 41
Table 4: General language learning strategies used by HUCFL fourth year
students. 44 Table 5: The frequency in use of the Metacognitive strategies 47 Table 6: The frequency in use of the Social strategies 48
Trang 11LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: Oxford’s direct strategies system (Oxford, 1990, pp. 18 - 21) 26 Figure 2: Oxford’s indirect strategies system (Oxford, 1990, pp. 18-21) 27
Figure 3: “When CEFR-C1 is set as the learning outcome of your
program, what do you know about CEFR-C1?” 39 Figure 4: When did you first know about this learning outcome? 40 Figure 5: Where are the descriptions of C1 level made available to you? 40
Figure 6: Since you knew that you have to get C1 level to be able to
graduate from the university and get the university degree granted, did
your learning strategies change in any way? 41
Trang 12CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Presentation
This chapter presents the background of the study followed by the statement
of problem, the purposes and research questions. Next, this introduction chapter also includes the significance of the study along with the structure of all chapters in the last section.
1.2 Background to the Study
In general, the topic related to learners’ learning strategies and the learning outcomes caught much attention of many English educators, book designers and teachers. At an early time, O’Malley and Chamot (1985) conducted a research on the learning strategy applications with the EFL students. According to the study of these two authors, many smaller domains of learning strategies including definitions
of learning strategies, terminology and classification of strategies, the effects of learner characteristics on strategy use, the effects of culture and context on strategy use, explicit and integrated strategy instruction, language of instruction, transfer of strategies to new tasks, models for language learning strategy instruction were thoroughly explored. The crucial purpose of their investigation is to help the students become more effective and successful language learners. A possible explanation for this viewpoint is that a good language learner tends to choose the appropriate strategies that develop their language proficiency in a highly orchestrated way. Therefore, these learners can handily explain the strategies they use and the reasons they employ them. It is believed that O’Malley’s and Chamot’s study apparently contributed much valuable awareness for many researchers who intended profoundly scrutinizing this wide area of learning strategies in the second language acquisition. In this paper of thesis, based on the background of knowledge provided by these two authors, the orientation of defining what language learning strategies are is concisely clarified. Another representative researcher in this aspect
of learning strategies is Rebecca L. Oxford who creates an impressive remark in this sphere of English language teaching and learning. She successfully discovers the
Trang 13values of previous studies and develops many significant theories for investigating
“the language strategies system with the classifications of six types of strategies” and “the Strategy Inventory for Language Learning or SILL – language learning strategy – assessment instrument in the world” (Oxford, 1990). It is almost certain that Oxford’s studies seem to be a milestone to remark the development of the learning strategies areas in the overall view of English education system. Based on her findings (1990), many noticeable works, articles and reports were published aiming at raising the teachers’ and learners’ cognizance of the learning strategies’ importance towards language proficiency. In this study, the definitions of language learning strategies and the taxonomy of these strategieswere cognized as the most pertinent findings.
In recent years, the extreme development of globalization has considerably influenced the changes of English education. Consequently, the studies of language learning strategies and standard-based learning outcome have drawn many considerations of several modern theories of language teaching and learning. The Anna Uhl Chamot’s (2004) study was a noticeable example. Her study not only discussed the issues “language learning strategies”, but also specially accentuated the relation between culture and context in English language using. Through Chamot’s discussion, it is essential to consider applying the CEFR and the Vietnamese six – level framework for foreign language competence to assess the learners’ English proficiency in this paper. In Vietnam, “the language strategies” issue attracted many researchers and Nguyen Thi Thu Ha was a representative for the researchers in this domain. In 2008, her study published in the VNU journal of Science provided the audiences emphasizing the insights about the importance of learning strategies in language teaching and learning. Nguyen’s consideration was the affirmation for the significance of learners’ perceptions of language learning strategies and learning outcomes in Vietnamese context. In fact, it is now a truism
to state that English is spreading rapidly and becoming a predominant language around the world. Therefore, in our S – shaped country – Vietnam, the investment
of 9,378 billion in a 12 – year period from 2008 to 2020, the National Foreign
Trang 14Language Project was regarded as a precise proof for the Vietnamese Ministry of Education and Training concern about the English educational development. The topics related to learning strategies and standard-based learning outcome were diverse and interesting to numerous researchers. This issue in Vietnamese context, however, was still a gap and lacked much attention in this international educational system. As a result, the thesis topic “The CEFR – C1 level as a standard-based learning outcome: Hue University College of Foreign Languages English major students’ perceptions and learning strategies” could be seen as a new and worthwhile investigation. Along with the CEFR C1 level assessment test, the necessary learning strategies and the reality of how these strategies are related to HUCFL students also drew much attention in this study.
1.3 Statement of the problem
It has commonly been assumed in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (2008) that since the “open – door” period, the CEFR has become a standard - based framework for English language scale of assessment adopted in Vietnam. Most crucially, the emphasis on the “Can – do” descriptors of this framework is likely to
be worthwhile for the learners to determine what they are able to do in order to achieve a specific language proficiency level. As can be expected, the C1 level is dealt with an expectation outcome of last-year English major students and seen as a criterion to evaluate the English educational quality of HUCFL as well.
In reality, the English proficiency assessment test has officially been employed as a standard – based outcome in HUCFL’s training scheme since 2013. The 4th year students’ perceptions of the C1 level assessment test were considered
to be significant for both teachers and these students. Their awareness of this level
is useful to gain the appropriate orientation of learning and acquiring the expected English proficiency outcome. Most saliently, to assist the learners in performing the vital language competences, comprehending the English use’s purposes in a certain context, retaining the previous knowledge and promoting their progress in each level of language proficiency, the “ language learning strategies” cannot be ignored.
In a sense, Brown (2000) holds the view that language learning strategies are
Trang 15insisted as momentous factors to determine what specific plans are used by the learners to motivate their language potential and improve the essential competences. Based on six different strategies categories including “memory, cognitive, compensation, metacognitive, affective and social strategies”, together with the Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL), Oxford (1990) indubitably creates an astonishing resonance in the language teaching and learning domains. These strategies are extremely important for contributing the success in one’s second language acquisition. Consequently, a learner who penetrates the language outcomes’ requirements and the effective learning strategies can secure his ends in the learning process. In a detailed range, according to Williams & Burden (1997) when students put more effort to accomplish a learning task, they use specific actions in different ways to complete or solve the task, and this can be characterized
as the process of learning strategy. What is more, to a certain extent, Piccardo and his colleagues also state “certain strategies enable learners to confront difficulties that may appear during an act of communication” in the work “Pathways through assessing, learning and teaching in the CEFR” (Piccardo et al, 2012, p. 22).
From the theoretical foundations above, it is believed that the HUCFL students’ learning strategies applied during their learning process to achieve this level of English proficiency are decisive to be explored through a study. From the following question: “What language learning strategies were used by HUCFL’s English major students to overcome the CEFR – C1 level assessment test?” it is indispensable to conduct a study of investigating the HUCFL students’ perception
Trang 16framework can be adequately discovered. Certainly, recognizing the language learning strategies used by the HUCFL’s 4th students is my most decisive ends. The instructional implications derived from the findings of this investigation are also proposed to help the L2 teachers and students eliminate their drawbacks of C1 level test. Also, these pedagogical suggestions motivate the development of learning strategies with many reasonable orientations.
1.5 Research Questions
These following researcher questions will be answered at the end of this study:
1. What are the 4th year - English major students’ perceptions of the CEFR – C1 level as an expectation outcome at HUCFL?
2. What language learning strategies were used by students to prepare for the CEFR C1 level - English proficiency test?
1.6 Significance of the Study
A research, no doubt, is likely to be meaningless if it does not include any theoretical and practical significance for both learners and teachers. Initially, from
my perspective, this issue can be seen as a noteworthy consideration for the learners who regard the CEFR – C1 level as their language proficiency outcome. It is deliberated as a framework of reference for English helping the learners open the door of their knowledge of languages, cultures, societies and human thoughts. This research also aids to remind someone who has wrong viewpoints about the terms
“assessment” and “test”. Actually, the proofs presented in this study facilitate the learners to comprehend that the CEFR – C1 level is exactly reflected as an assessment process that its measure is deeper and wider than what is revealed in a
“test”. According to the information indicated in “Standards for educational and psychological testing” (1999), furthermore, states that assessment apparently determines the outcome of that process. In addition, the CEFR – C1 level’s insights indicated in this exploration help the learners be aware of the precise prerequisites related to global scales, language learning competences, strategies, and so forth. As
a result, they can specify the correlation between their language learning strategies
Trang 17and the proficiency of this level of CEFR – C1. Vann and Abraham (1990) argue that the useful language strategies employed by an unsuccessful learner and a successful one are definitely different. It means that the effective learners utilize the English learning strategies more regularly than ineffective learners. From my point
of view, understanding what strategies are needed will support the learners to orient their effective manners in order to attain their auspicious objectives.
At the end of this study, several pedagogical implications can be inferred so
as to help the students ensure their awareness of the CEFR – C1 level. In truth, these implications also have considerable significance for teachers to become more conscious of their drawbacks in introducing the CEFR – a vitally important framework of reference for English language to the learners.
In practical, the HUCFL students noticeably appreciate the application of the CEFR – C1 level as an expectation outcome. The reason is that this framework gives them a worthwhile assistance to approach to the new and modern English language educational system globalized all over the world. In other words, the system of English teaching, learning and assessment is no longer limited in our S – shaped country, along with 90 million Vietnamese people. On the whole, it seems to
Trang 18Next, chapter III describes the research methods, participants, as well as the methods of data collection and analysis of this study.
In addition, chapter IV analyzes and discusses the data collected from the questionnaire and interview sections.
Finally, chapter V indicates a summary of the research and conveys the implication for both HUCFL teachers and students for reaching the goal of having a thorough grasp of language learning strategies. At the end of this chapter, the limiteations of this study and suggestions are also demonstrated.
Trang 19
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Definitions of key terms
2.1.1 Learning strategies
Becoming a good language learner is considered as the most crucial purpose
of any EFL learners in their journey of discovering the language knowledge. Up to a point, mastering the influential factors deciding the success of learners’ second language acquisition is indispensable in language teaching and learning. Cook (2001) holds the view that aptitudes, demographic variables, affective variables, learning styles, and learning strategies are variable factors influencing how learners approach the second language. He also discusses that achieving more information about how successful EFL learners are supports the teachers to explore the applicable methods in order to teach their students in a more effective way. In this paper, learning strategies will be shed light on as one of the noticeable factors in second language acquisition.
Jirapa Abhakorn (2008) states that learning strategies in second language acquisition – as conscious actions, have insightful effects on the way individuals approach learning language and how efficient they are. No doubt, during the challenging process of learning, to reinforce and enhance the knowledge, the crucial strategies used by the learners will asset them in getting to the bottom of the difficult tasks. Absolutely, the learners can grasp the answers by themselves and have enough abilities to seize control of their comprehension. It is almost indispensable to understand the definition of the term “strategies”. Defined by the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, “Strategies is a plan intended to achieve a particular purpose, the process of planning something or putting a plan into operation in a skillful way” (2011, p. 1528). Obviously, this term - “learning strategies” draws attentions of many researchers in the English teaching and learning fields, so the existence of numerous definitions are not enigmatic.
Trang 20Learning strategies referred as "behaviours and thoughts that a learner engages in during learning which are intended to influence the learners encoding process” (Weinstein, Mayer, 1986, p. 315) is the affirmation of Weinstein and Mayer. Through this definition, the authors significantly focus on the “behaviours” and “thoughts” used by the learners to elucidate many problematic issues during their learning procedure. Looking back to the Wenden’s definition (1987), the other view of this term – learning strategies is described as “the various operations that the learners use in order to make sense of their learning” (Wenden, 1987a, p. 8 - 9). This almost means that the learners can use several ways to solve a problem or accomplish a task, and this can be viewed as a process of using strategies in learning English language. Incidentally, this standpoint is also attached by O’Malley and his colleagues (1985) when they use the definition of learning strategies as being “operations or steps used by a learner that will facilitate the acquisition, storage, retrieval or use of information” (O’Malley et al, 1985, p. 23). Importantly, in 1990, Oxford emphasized this term’s definition in a more detailed statement that “learning strategies are specific actions taken by the learner to make learning easier, faster, more enjoyable, more self – directed, more effective, and more transferable to new situations” (Oxford, 1990, p. 8). In this definition, the researcher – Oxford sheds light on the actions appropriated by the learners for their English language attainment and these actions are deemed to help them organize their learning more successfully. According to the recent research “Language Learning Strategies: A General Overview” conducted by Abdalmaujod A Hardan (2013), the most essential processes of learning a language are “ what” and “how”
to use it efficiently. Certainly, a manner or a strategy is regarded to be employed in order to obtain the visible aims of learning.
This thesis significantly highlights the definition of the learning strategies as the wise tactics employed by the learners so as to understand, use and maintain their knowledge in a successful way. Thanks to the precise orientations of exploiting learning strategies, the EFL learners are able to control their comprehension, become effective learners and achieve the expected intentions in their learning
Trang 21process. It is discussed in Oxford’s study that “A given strategy is neither good nor bad; it is essentially neutral until the context of its use is thoroughly considered”. In this paper, the learning strategies are used in the certain context which considers the CEFR - C1 level as the students’ standard – based outcome. In fact, the learning strategies are regarded to be favorable when they firstly fit the learners’ objectives. Based on different aims of learning programs, the learners employ particular strategies so as to obtain their desirable results. For instance, with the goals of achieving the C1 level of English language proficiency, the learners selectively apply the pertinent strategies which are different from the tactics used for the IELTS, TOEIC or SAT tests. What is more, the difficulties appearing in learning process are handily tackled by the learners when they use a certain strategy skillfully and widen the range of different strategies. The process of learning doubtlessly becomes more effective for the learners thanks to the apposite strategies.
To a certain extent, thoroughly understanding learning strategies factor of English education helps learners orient their steps in the journey of discovering the insights of second language acquisition. Absolutely, no one can deny the importance of this term – learning strategies deciding the effectiveness of developing learners’ English language proficiency.
2.1.2 Language learning strategies
Since language learning strategies have attracted much attention of many researchers, it is not always easy to describe this term in a single definition. The most perceptible consideration of the language learning strategies was suggested in the research of Oxford and Crookall (1989). They defined this term as:
“actions, behaviours, steps, or techniques – such as seeking out target language conversation partners, or giving oneself encouragement to tackle a difficult language task – used by learner to enhance learning” (Oxford & Crookall, 1989, p. 405).
From this definition, these authors highlight that the language learning strategies – the actions, behaviours, steps or techniques can promote the learners’
Trang 22learning achievement and facilitate the learning process more favorable and effective.
The other viewpoint of language learning strategies is also suggested through the research “Language Learning Strategies: A General Overview” when Abdalmaujod A Hardan (2013), who provides the evidence to show how these strategies affect learners’ achievement through Oxford’s (1990) conclusion:
“Strategies of learning a foreign or second language include specific actions, behaviours, steps or techniques students use often consciously
to improve their progress in apprehending, internalizing, and using the second language. The use of such strategies is related to language achievement and proficiency” (Hardan, 2013, p. 1716).
Furthermore, language learning strategies are decisively classified into six categories according to Oxford and Erhman (1990) namely “cognitive, memory, compensation, metacognitive, mental and social strategies” and each of them has a salient significance in a particular context. No doubt, a successful language learner differs from an unsuccessful one when his strategies of learning are reasonable to apply in a certain task, or an assessment test.
A specific illustration is indicated in the English proficiency assessment test
of the CEFR when it maintains that:
"A strategy is any organised, purposeful and regulated line of action chosen by an individual to carry out a task which he or she sets for himself or herself or with which he or she is confronted” (CEFR, 2001,
Trang 23On the whole, we realize the meaningful values of learning strategies in general, especially in the concrete contexts of CEFR. This explains the reason why this study noticeably accentuates the definition of this factor as strategies contributed from the development of utilizing language to succeed an obvious purpose. To put it another way, language learning strategies are techniques that learners use to improve and promote their development of obtaining the second language. A probable explanation is that the language knowledge is significantly absorbed by means of grasping and applying these strategies. It is crucial to accentuate on the learners’ intention and choice of employing language learning strategies in a certain context. As an illustration, the context of the CEFR-C1 level presented in this study creates an opportunity to exploit the learners’ perceptions and predilection of using language learning strategies.
2.1.3 Standard – based expected learning outcome
We are stepping into a new world with a thriving language education; a noticeable shift related to the conception of language outcome catches researchers’ attention. Needless to say, the emphasis is moving away from the idea of learning input in higher education, namely, the level of students, the number of classes, the study time, and so forth, towards learning outcome. As a matter of fact, determining the definition of this term is regarded to be essential for both educators and learners.
YCCD Academic Senate (2005) defines learning outcome in the terms of the knowledge, skills, and abilities that students have attained as a result of their involvement in a particular set of educational experiences. In effect, this term is also similarly described as the meaningful and vital learning that the learners obtain at the end of a certain time. Similarly, Ramsden (2003) also describes this term through his findings as specific and clear statements of what students are expected
to learn and able to demonstrate at the completion of their program of study. Doubtlessly, we cannot neglect the affirmation of Spady (1994) who pioneered the development of language educational outcomes; he proposes that the ability of revealing learning is the crucial point. This emphasis of learning seems to
Trang 24concentrate on the significance of the language lessons’ content involving the learners’ attainment.
It is momentous to shed light on the definition of learning outcome in this thesis as a description of what a learner has chance to know and able to do at the end of a period of learning. In other words, the learning outcome reflects what the learners in a certain program of education learn. In the context that student learning outcome assessment is nowadays an indispensable part of university accreditation. Consequently, thanks to this assessment of learning outcome, the educators have convincing evidence to improve the teaching and learning methods to acquire the expected results in a long – term educational training.
2.2 The CEFR and language teaching
2.2.1 The CEFR
The Common European Framework of Reference for Language (CEFR) was written by the Council of Europe and published in 2001. It means that the Council
of Europe has developed the CEFR from more than thirty years of studying on language teaching, learning, and assessment. The CEFR was also described as a planning tool, which could provide a “common language” for objectives, methods and assessment in language teaching, and learning, for the diverse languages, this framework could be put into practice in different contexts.
The total purpose of this framework is explained through this following statement:
It provides the means for educational administrators, course designers, teachers, teacher trainers, examining bodies, etc., to reflect on their current practice, with a view to situating and co-ordinating their efforts and to ensuring that they meet the real needs of the learners for whom they are responsible (CEFR, 2001, p. 1).
In fact, to achieve this aim, the CEFR provides the detailed descriptors related to the language knowledge as well as skills in the professional level in a flexible context.
Nowadays, the CEFR not only provided the descriptions of English language
in use among its members of Europe, but also expanded its popularity to many
Trang 25countries around the world. It is almost certain that the CEFR describes a total framework, which presents what an individual needs to learn to have ability to master a foreign language. In other words, the CEFR describes what language learners have to learn to do in order to use a certain language for communicative purposes and what knowledge and skills they have to enhance and develop to create the successful interactions among people. It is affirmed in Simon Broek’s and Inge van den Ende’s article (2013) that this framework forms a common basis for language learning guidelines, qualifications, textbooks, examinations, and syllabuses using for the language achievers. These two authors also suggest that the CEFR was contributed by an action – oriented approach to language application. To satisfy the necessity of the use of language, the CEFR is designed and known as the most predominating language frameworks in the field of second language learning, teaching and assessment. This framework includes three broad bands – A, B and C with six main levels of language proficiency (including these following set of
C Proficient user
C1 Effective operational proficiency or
advanced C2 Mastery or proficiency
The purpose of the CEFR is to encourage the cooperation between both education institutions and Member States in Europe. To put it another way, this framework provides the recognition guidance for language learning with the aim to
Trang 26maintain and develop among European citizens. In addition, it is mentioned in the CEFR (2001, p. 20):
[…] one of the aims of the Framework is to help partners to describe the levels of proficiency required by existing standards, tests and examinations
in order to facilitate comparisons between different systems of qualifications.
Therefore, the CEFR is used as an effective instrument in order to assist the learners in identifying where they are in different levels of English proficiency.
In reality, Jones (2011) states that:
“The CEFR is not only a book, now translated into many languages, which provides a comprehensive discussion of learning, teaching and assessment, and which is complemented by a range of further guides and resources”(Jones, 2011, p. 87).
Nowadays, Jones also avers the fact that the fundamental development in language learning, teaching and assessment indicated through the CEFR is the change from the grammar – translation method to the functional/notional approach and the communicative approach.
The brief philosophy of this English proficiency framework is the capacity to communicate in an international context. Obviously, this framework provides the learners with the diverse descriptors to develop their communication among distinctive levels of English knowledge. For example, in the global representation,
Trang 27C1 Can understand a wide range of demanding, longer texts, and recognise implicit meaning. Can express him/herself fluently and spontaneously without much obvious searching for expressions. Can use language flexibly and effectively for social, academic and professional purposes. Can produce clear, well-structured, detailed text on complex subjects, showing controlled use of organisational patterns, connectors and cohesive devices.
B2 Can understand the main ideas of complex text on both concrete and abstract topics, including technical discussions in his/her field of specialisation. Can interact with a degree of fluency and spontaneity that makes regular interaction with native speakers quite possible without strain for either party. Can produce clear, detailed text on a wide range of subjects and explain a viewpoint on a topical issue giving the advantages and disadvantages of various options.
B1 Can understand the main points of clear standard input on familiar matters regularly encountered in work, school, leisure, etc. Can deal with most situations likely to arise whilst travelling in an area where the language is spoken. Can produce simple connected text on topics, which are familiar, or of personal interest. Can describe experiences and events, dreams, hopes & ambitions and briefly give reasons and explanations for opinions and plans.
A2 Can understand sentences and frequently used expressions related to areas of most immediate relevance (e.g. very basic personal and family information, shopping, local geography, employment). Can communicate in simple and routine tasks requiring a simple and direct exchange of information on familiar and routine matters. Can describe
in simple terms aspects of his/her background, immediate environment and matters in areas of immediate need.
Trang 28A1 Can understand and use familiar everyday expressions and very basic phrases aimed at the satisfaction of needs of a concrete type. Can introduce him/herself and others and can ask and answer questions about personal details such as where he/she lives, people he/she knows and things he/she has. Can interact in a simple way provided the other person talks slowly and clearly and is prepared to help.
Laurens (2006) affirms in the “New Canadian Perspectives: Proposal for a Common Framework of Reference for Languages for Canada”, “the clarity and precision of that communication increases throughout the levels A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2 and descriptors of that clarity and precision build in complexity throughout the levels”. Therefore, the teachers and curriculum planners can rely on the descriptors above in order to determine the complexity of communicative language among individual levels of the CEFR.
2.2.2 The use of the CEFR in language education
According to Walderma Martyniuk (2010), intergovermential co – operation programmes in the language education domain carried out by the Language Policy Division – previously the Modern Languages Section are accountable for conducting a project in order to assist the member states’ academic and professional language of overcoming the boundaries of among diverse working environments.
The series of English proficiency assessment tests explain the reason why North proclaims, “The CEFR levels did not suddenly appear from nowhere” (North,
1996, p. 8). It has commonly been mentioned by the Council of Europe “The Common European Framework is intended to overcome the barriers to communication among professionals working in the field of modern languages arising from the different educational systems in Europe.” (CEFR, 2001, p. 1). Nowadays, this framework not only has an extensive influence in the Europe, but also widely develops all over the world. The most crucial insight of this framework ascertained by Jones in his book “Multilingual Frameworks” is:
The CEFR as a conceptual framework emphasizes the many ways in which context of learning may differ, while its framework of levels, illustrated
Trang 29through set of “Can Do” descriptors, amounts to a claim that despite the differences between contexts of learning they can be usefully compared in terms of a notion of functional language proficiency – the “action – oriented” approach. (Jones, 2011, p. 90).
In fact, the CEFR receives much attention from researchers, educators and English language users who actually realize its long – standing purposes. It is citied
in the Council of Europe (2001) that:
The CEFR – a common framework for learning, teaching, and assessment is desirable to:
- Promote and facilitate cooperation among educational institutions in different countries
- Provide a sound basis for the mutual recognition of language qualifications
- Assist learners, teachers, course designers, examining bodies and educational administrators in situating and coordinating their efforts (CEFR, 2001, p. 5)
From several benefits of applying the CEFR in English language educational system, this project is regarded as an influential tool to measure the levels of English language proficiency in many countries crossing the boundaries of European areas, and Vietnam is not an exception.
2.3 The CEFR in Vietnamese educational system
2.3.1 Standard – based expected learning outcome
According to the considerations of Ministry of Education and Training (MOET) in 2008, the framework of the CEFR will be officially applied and the basic compulsory to reach the aim that 50% of learners will acquire level 3 (B1 level in CEFR) of this framework in 2020. Le said that the CEFR project is conducted according to three main phases:
Phase 1, 2008–2010, prepares conditions for writing and piloting a new language program and spreading it to general school levels. Phase 2, 2011–
2015, aims for widespread implementation of a ten-year language program (starting from Grade 3) for all education levels as well as intensive language
Trang 30training program for different training degrees. Phase 3, 2016–2020, continues the implementation of the ten-year language program nationwide and of intensive language programs to all educational institutions in the national system (Le, 2012, p. 99).
The influential effects of “Globalization” probably change Vietnamese students’ needs of developing the domains of English learning outcomes. Le (2012) also states the fact that Technology and English become “global literacy skills” in the Vietnamese context of the 21st century. As a result, he alludes to the emphasis of Tsui and Tollefson (2007) on these two skills that “in order to respond to the rapid changes brought about by the globalization, all countries have been trying to ensure that they are adequately equipped with these two skills” (Tsui&Tollefson, 2007, p. 1
as cited in Le, 2012, p. 103).
From these points of view above, we realize the importance of English language outcomes in the Vietnamese educational system, nowadays.
2.3.2 The CEFR and setting standards in English education in Vietnam
In 2008, the CEFR was officially considered as the national framework of reference for English language in Vietnamese educational system through the Decision 1400/QĐ – TTG. Prof. Nguyen Ngoc Hung affirms in his writings that “as the CEFR is widely used in Europe and beyond, it is an ideal standard to adopt in Vietnam” (Socialist Republic of Vietnam, 2008). It is a widely held view that the MOET in the context of Vietnam has a durably strategic goal to get the progress in English language learning standards by 2020. According to this project, Vietnamese learners can gain the standard – based of their language-learning outcome planning for their professional learning and workplace. Most crucially, the development of global network promotes all citizens to communicate internationally, and this leads
to the necessity of having a common framework of English language all over the world. In Vietnam, our Ministry of Education and Training always attaches special importance to classify the appropriate levels of English language proficiency and these following categorizations are proclaimed in the article of University of Cambridge, “A quarterly publication reporting on research, test development and validation” (2012) the primary stage (CEFR A1 level), junior high school (A2),
Trang 31senior high school (B1), university students with non-English majors (B2) and university students with English majors (C1). This project is significantly concerned
by many English teachers, educators and researchers in Vietnam. Obviously, most
of them totally concentrate their studies on the adoptability of the CEFR in Vietnamese context, the challenges and solutions for applying this framework, along with the criteria require the English teachers and learners some strategic competences, the language proficiency of English teaching and learning, the attitudes and perceptions, and so on.
2.3.3 The CEFR and the six – level framework for foreign language competence in Vietnam
Based on the CEFR’s form, nowadays, the six – level framework – also known as the Vietnamese standardized framework of English proficiency, was considered as a means to assess the students English proficiency proclaimed by the Ministry of Education and Training thorough the Circular no 01/2014/TT-BGDĐT
in 2014. In fact, it is germane to the CEFR that the six – level aims at creating the unanimous requirements for English language system taught in Vietnam. In certain universities, several teaching and learning programs are also designed relied upon the form of this framework so as to ensure that the students’ achievement satisfies the requirements of English proficiency in the certain contexts. This is regarded as one of the most main point strategies so that Vietnam has opportunities to integrate the English language education into the common stream of the world.
It is also mentioned in the Circular no.01/2014/TT-BGDĐT in 2014 (see
Appendix 1) that there are five fundamental purposes of applying the six – level
framework of English proficiency in Vietnam. First, this framework was used to unite in the requirements of English competences for all languages taught in Vietnamese national education system. Second, the language educators also relied
on this six – level framework to write the teaching program, design or choose the course books, textbooks, lesson plans and several other teaching documents. Most specially, this framework significantly influenced the criterion for assessing, testing and evaluating English proficiency. Furthermore, thanks to this framework, the
Trang 32teachers might choose the appropriate ways of teaching and assessing so that they could help their learners acquire the demands of language training programs. What
is more, the leaners could adequately understand and grasp the requirements of English competences in order to carry out the self – assessment in different levels of knowledge. Finally, this framework created the propitious conditions for cooperating and exchanging of education, especially for recognizing the degree among countries applying the CEFR.
In fact, the framework of English proficiency used in Vietnam is divided into
6 levels from 1 to 6 that are compatible with the CEFR’s levels from A1 to C2 and share several similarities among their levels of English proficiency. For instance, in the CEFR – A1 level (2001), it is presented that the learners:
[…] can understand and use familiar everyday expressions and very basic phrases aimed at the satisfaction of needs of a concrete type. Can introduce him/herself and others and can ask and answer questions about personal details such as where he/she lives, people he/she knows and things he/she has. Can interact in a simple way provided the other person talks slowly and clearly and is prepared to help.
Obviously, these capabilities fit the descriptions of the first level in Vietnamese framework. Generally, the learners can use the basic forms of English language satisfying their communicative needs including introducing themselves and others; response the questions about the places they live, their family/friends, and so forth. Similarly, the other descriptions of these two frameworks also meet the same points in English skill requirements.
In a word, the Vietnamese six – level for foreign language proficiency is relied on the basic references the CEFR application, combining the reality and conditions of Vietnamese teaching, learning and assessment. This framework is an advanced tool for assessing Vietnamese students’ English language proficiency.
2.4 The CEFR-C1 as standard-based learning outcome for English major students of HUCFL
2.4.1 Descriptions of C1 level
Trang 33by a broad range of language, which allows fluent, spontaneous communication” (CEFR, 2009, p. 123). The Council of Europe also labeled this as “Effective Operational Proficiency” level in 2001. Based on this level, the learners have opportunities to use English language smoothly without any hesitation. Importantly, the Council of Europe affirms that a leaner:
- Can express him/herself fluently and spontaneously, almost effortlessly.
- Has a good command of a broad lexical repertoire allowing gaps
to be readily overcome with circumlocutions (CEFR, 2001, p. 36) Moreover, this level of the CEFR – the Advanced English also meets the following global scales with a view to drawing an overall picture of this framework for English language proficiency at the level C1:
- Can understand a wide range of demanding, longer texts, and recognise implicit meaning.
- Can express him/herself fluently and spontaneously without much obvious searching for expressions.
- Can use language flexibly and effectively for social, academic and professional purposes.
- Can produce clear, well-structured, detailed text on complex subjects, showing controlled use of organisational patterns, connectors and cohesive devices (CEFR, 2001, p. 24)
In the same way, the fifth level of the framework for English language proficiency applied in Vietnam also indicates its descriptors through the Circular no.01/2014/TT-BGDĐT (2014). The students are able to comprehend and recognize the implicit meanings of long texts in a wide scope. They also smoothly express their language without any difficulties. Using the language in flexible and effective ways serving for the social, academic, and professional purposes is one of the descriptors of this fifth level of framework. Besides, the abilities to construct the
Trang 34clear and detailed texts related to complex topics, as well as form the writing, connectors and cohesive tool are also required by the fifth level of this framework.
2.4.2 The access to the CFFR-C1 level as expected learning outcome
In real context of HUCFL, all information related to the expected learning out is put in an announcement in the home page of the HUCFL, particularly, in the website of “training programmes”. The information related to the C1 examinations including date/time as well as the list of participants are always put in the important space of the HUCFL’s website.
This information will be up to date in the main page of this website announcing the students the time, place as well as the result of the CEFR – C1 level assessment test.
2.4.3 Assessment of C1 level
Certainly, it is crucial to master the official form of the C1 level test. Based
on the standard structure proclaimed by the Vietnamese Ministry of Education and Training in 2015, the HUCFL principal declared the Decision no. 260/QĐ-ĐHNN about the test application form of the Vietnamese six level framework for foreign language competence (from the level – 3 to level – 5)
The assessment of the C1 level or the fifth level of the Vietnamese standardized Test of English Proficiency is carried out through all four skills, embracing listening, speaking, reading and writing skills. Firstly, in the listening comprehension part, the participants listen to the short information exchange, instructions, announcements, and speeches to answer the given questions. These test takers have forty minutes to solve all 35 questions with options. In addition, in the reading part, the C1 – level participants have sixty minutes to take four texts related
to different subjects and the difficult levels of the texts is from the level 3 to 5 with the number of vocabulary from 1900 to 2050. Furthermore, the students get sixty minutes in order to carry out two writing tasks. Writing a letter/email of 120 words takes one third of the total scores in writing. Besides, the candidates also write an essay of 250 words getting two third of writing scores in order to present the given
Trang 35topics. Finally, these examinees have 12 minutes to perform their speaking skills with 3 parts: oral spoken interaction, discussion and topic development.
All in all, through the form of the C1 level assessment test, it is believed that the participants’ English proficiency can be assessed in a complete way.
2.4.4 Results from C1-level tests
In practice, the English proficiency assessment test has officially been employed as a standard – based outcome in HUCFL’s training scheme from 2013. Obviously, in the first time of applying the C1 level assessment test, the statistical results mostly express a low rate of success in passing this test among students. For instance, from the figures announced on the website of HUCFL on 3th February
2013, there were 29 English major students taking part in this test and only 10 students successfully passed. On 11th May 2014, in the second time of testing, there were 227 candidates registering for the C1 assessment test, and only 30 of them (13%) achieved this kind of certificate. In the nearest examination of the C1 level
on 16th August 2016, the results showed that there were 142 participants taking part
in the C1 test, but only three of them get the 8.5 mark which is relevant to the level fifth of English language proficiency. The numbers of students satisfying the requirements of the C1 assessment test were still in the low levels.
These numbers might partially reflect the students’ limitations to have a thorough grasp of C1 level’s insights; no doubt, we should conduct a study with a view to exploring how HUCFL students are aware of the CEFR – C1 level as an expectation outcome.
2.5 Language learning strategies
In this study, the theoretical background of language learning strategies is relied on Oxford’s (1990) taxonomy, including two main categories: direct and indirect strategies. According to Oxford, the direct strategies are those behaviours that concern the use of the target language and directly assist the progress of language learning process. Meanwhile, indirect strategies refer to more conscious processes that the user not only work with the language itself, but also work with the director who guides, checks, corrects, and encourages the learners’ performance.
Trang 36Direct strategies and indirect strategies are specifically subdivided in two six categories, namely: memory, cognitive compensation, metacognitive, affective, and social strategies.
Oxford and Crookall assume that the memory strategies are as “techniques specifically tailored to help the learner store new information in memory and retrieve it later” (Oxford & Crookall, 1989, p. 404). These strategies are usually related to the verbal with the visual, which is accentuated by Oxford through four reasons:
- The mind’s capacity for storage of visual information exceeds its capacity for verbal material.
term memory through visual images.
- The most efficiently packaged chunks of information are transferred to long Visual images might be the most effective mean to aid recall of verbal material.
- Visual learning is preferred by a large proportion of learners.
(Oxford, 1990, p. 40)
The second class of direct strategies – cognitive strategies are understood by Oxford and Crookall (1989, p. 404) as “skills that involve manipulation and transformation of the language in some direct way, e.g. through reasoning, analysis, note taking, functional practices in naturalistic settings, formal practice with structures and sounds, etc.”. These strategies are used for the following purposes: receiving and sending the messages, analyzing and reasoning the significance of information.
The third class of direct learning strategies is compensation strategies describing to control the use of the language for the aims of comprehension, use and production. Based on these strategies, the leaners can use the guessing abilities to confront with unknown words in the target language.
These categories are concretely described by Oxford (1990) through the following diagram:
Trang 37Figure 1: Oxford’s direct strategies system (Oxford, 1990, pp 18 - 21) Indirect strategies belong to the second class of language strategies according
to Oxford’s taxonomy, including metacognitive, affective, and social strategies.
It was referred by Oxford and Crookall that metacognitive strategies are
“behaviours used for centring, arranging, planning, and evaluating one’s learning.” These strategies assist the learners in going beyond the cognitive support and giving them a chance to work with their own learning process.
Oxford and Crookall also indicate the other strategies of indirect categories – affective strategies as “techniques like self – reinforcement and positive self-talk which help learners gain better control over their emotions, attitudes, and motivations related to the language learning” (p. 404). To support the learners
Trang 38becoming more effective in learning process, these strategies express the abilities of controlling the learners’ emotions as well as attitudes about language learning. The last class of indirect strategies is social strategies known as the tactics used to communicate between and among people successfully. Asking questions, cooperating with others, and empathising with others are the ways the leaners can efficiently absorb a second language.
These indirect strategies are totally explained though the following diagram:
Figure 2: Oxford’s indirect strategies system (Oxford, 1990, pp 18-21) From the description of six categories of language strategies, Oxford (1990) studied and develops the Strategy Inventory for Language Learning (SILL). The next chapters of this thesis will provide the information of using this instrument to collect the data of the study.
Trang 392.6 Review of relevant studies on students’ perceptions, learning strategies and learning outcome
In general, the topic related to learners’ learning strategies and their relationship with language outcomes caught much attention many English educators, book designers and teachers. One of well – known researchers, Rebecca
L. Oxford, creates an impressive remark in this domain of English language teaching and learning. She successfully absorbs the values of previous studies, and simultaneously, lays the foundations for many future researchers who desire to investigate “the language strategies system with the classifications of six types of strategies” and “the Strategy Inventory for Language Learning or SILL - language learning strategy-assessment instrument in the world” (Oxford, 1990). Oxford’s studies seem to be a milestone to remark the development of the learning strategies areas in the overall view of English educational system. At an earlier time, O’Malley, Stewner-Manzanares and Chamot conduct a research on the learning strategy applications with students who use English as a second language through
“Learning strategies in second language acquisition” (O’Malley, Chamot, Stewner – Manzanares 1985). These two authors desire to discover how second languages are learned and the learning strategies’ values in language achievement. In recently, based on Oxford’s (1990) considerations of this issue, many noticeable works, articles and reports are published aiming at raising the teachers’ and learners’ cognizance of the learning strategies’ importance towards language proficiency. Most remarkably, the book “Teaching by principles: An interactive approach to language pedagogy” of Brown (2001) is actually appreciated by many English educators who have serious aspirations to this domain of the second language acquisition. This work sufficiently embraces numerous corners of English teaching
as a foreign language or a second language. Doubtlessly, the learning strategies cannot be neglected in a vast of English teaching and learning knowledge. Nowadays, the constant development of globalization significantly affects the changes of English education. As a consequence, the studies of language learning strategies and proficiency are meaningfully influenced by several modern
Trang 40viewpoints of language teaching and learning, “Electronic Journal of Foreign Language Teaching” of Anna UhlChamot (2004) is an outstanding illustration. This study still discusses the issues “language learning strategies”, but it specially accentuates the effects of culture and context in English language use. It is obvious that this expresses the shifts of learning strategies from theoretical knowledge to the language in use. In Vietnam, “the language strategies” issue attracted many researchers as well. Nguyen Thi Thu Ha’s (2008) study “Learner strategies and language learning” published in the VNU journal of Science provides the audiences with valuable insights about the importance of how to engage the learners with learning strategies.
In effect, although the topics related to learning strategies and language proficiency are diverse and interested by numerous researchers, the issue of how these strategies are in a concrete context – the CEFR – C1 level is still a gap and lacks much attention. Many Vietnamese researchers only highlight their considerations of how the CEFR can be applied effectively, but the matters of the language learning strategies and English proficiency outcomes appearing in the CEFR – C1 level assessment test have not been concentrated in Vietnamese researches yet.
As a result, from my perspective, the thesis topic The CEFR – C1 level as an expectation outcome: English major students’ perceptions and learning strategies at HUCFL can be seen as a new and worthwhile investigation. Along with the CEFR C1 level assessment test, the necessary learning strategies and the reality of how these strategies are related to HUCFL students are also drawn much attention in this study.
2.7 Chapter summary
Through the literature review chapter, the large amount of information related to influential researches in the domains of the learning strategies, language learning strategies, learning outcome and the CEFR – C1 level assessment test as the standard – based outcome were highlighted. Certainly, four main parts covering this chapter are vital reading evidence.