Chapter III: Các vấn đề thách thức trong sử dụng tài nguyên thiên nhiên

cac van de thach thu trong quan ly tài nguyên

TĂNG DÂN SỐ VÀ TÀI NGUYÊN THIÊN

NHIÊN

The global food demand scenario:

• By 2050, the global population will be between 10 and 12 billion

as against nearly 6 billion of current population

• These next 50 years will be critically important for sustainable agriculture production If food and fiber production are increased

by 2.5 to 3.0 times at acceptable costs, then achieving sustainability will be a reality there onwards

• Does population growth enhance or inhibit the

opportunities of a country’s natural resource

management?

• Does the answer depend on the stage of development?

• In the recent period of population decline, what are the

possible effects of this decline on natural resources

management?

Population Growth

• Population growth and age structure makes a difference in economic growth (output

level depends on output per worker and the number of labor) and hence in the

condition of natural resources

• Population growth and its composition also affects the level of savings and investment in natural resources

• The negative effect of population growth is the application of law of diminishing marginal

productivity

- Technology have positive effect

- Economies of scale have positive effect

• Relatively high rate of population growth increases the degree of inequality and elite

capture of resources can take place.

• Income inequality results from the effect of population growth on the labor supply

Effects of economic growth on population growth

Stage 1

The period immediately prior to industrialization when the birth

rates are stable and slightly higher than death rates ensuring

population growth

Stage 2

The period immediately following the initiation of industrialization, when death rates fall dramatically with no accompanying change in birth rates The decline in mortality results in a marked increase in life expectancy and a rise in the population growth rate

Stage 3

The period of demographic transition when there will be large

decline in the birth rate which exceed the continued decline in the death rate

Demographic Transition

Economic approach to population

control

• Benefit cost approach

B/C analysis of a population control compared if some government control measure (investment) would maximize efficiency (benefits)

• Micro demographic theory of fertility

The demand for children will, as with more conventional

commodities, be downward sloping which means the more expensive children become, the fewer will be demanded

Economic issues: examples

Các vấn đề pháp lý và thể chế

 How much to decentralize?

• Two school of thoughts :

– a complete and radical devolution of

resource management responsibility and authority to local users

– co-management

Issues ….

 Lack of political will, support, and

commitment.

 Contradictory provisions in relevant Acts.

 Differing values of the resource among

stakeholders

Social issues: examples

– Social exclusion

– Social acceptability

– Gender related issues

– Conflicts and controversies

………….

etc.

Social exclusion

“Situations where least privileged groups of the population experience a combination

of problems, undermining their ability to

fully participate in society and to access

basic social infrastructures” (Paraskevopoulos

et al 2003)

It is a multifaceted phenomenon with 3

principal dimensions: economic, social,

political.

Social acceptability

• Key influencing factors:

– Situational, spatial, and social context

– Institutional and individual trust

– Perceptions of risk

– Forms of knowledge

Research findings on social acceptability

– Natural resource agencies focus too much on the social acceptability of their decisions as opposed to the acceptability of their decision- making processes.

– NRM programs are dominated by the

technical-rational paradigm (which acts to

constrain incorporation of subjective,

qualitative knowledge).

– Our understanding of the social acceptability

of decision-making processes is incomplete and needs further study.

Use conflict: an example

• Multiple uses of water: industrial (cleaning, washing, power supply, heating etc.);

commercial (transport, processing etc);

agricultural (irrigation, animal drinking etc); recreational (fishing, swimming, boating); human personal (drinking, washing,

cleaning etc); wildlife habitat/support

(aquatic species, wetlands etc)

Urban and rural people view the natural environment differently:

An example of forest use conflict between urban and rural people

Conflicting values

• Gender-related issues – e.g men and

women may have different concerns and

options with regard to the management of a natural resource

• The value of biodiversity can be different for different groups within the society (local,

national/regional, global levels) Who are the real beneficiaries of biodiversity

• Role of context, contents and time in conflict

• Conflict Management (CM) means, forums and

Understanding conflict

• Conflict is an active stage of disagreement

between people with opposing opinions,

principles and practices manifested in

different forms (grievance, conflict and

dispute) (Walker and Daniels, 1997).

• According to the stages of transformation of conflict are: (a) Naming, (b) Blaming, (c)

Understanding conflict

• Conflicts can be categorized into four groups

based on its solvability: They are:

– A terminal conflict that seems unsolvable by

agreement and results in a win-lose situation.

– A paradoxical conflict which looks obscure and of

questionable solvability having a lose-lose

outcome.

– A litigious conflict which seems solvable and

produces a win-win or a consensus result.

– An Illusory conflict where disputants want the same

thing but fail to realize it.

Understanding conflict

• Conflict in society is influenced by the social context (organization and structure of the society), patterns of interaction (escalation or de-escalation), mode (violence, disagreement), time (specific

period of time), belief of conflicting parties and degrees of

incompatibility of their goals and power structures

• In the context of addressing conflict in Natural Resources, two

opposing views are common

– The first more dominant view held by policy makers and planners assumes that there is a uniform single rational system for NRM across all resources which is predominated by assumptions of experts’ authority such as

government departments and their imposition of their conceptions, rules

Study of behaviors of the actors in conflicts related natural resources

• It is very important to identify the key actors involved in the conflicts and the

reasons why they are involved These questions directly lead to the study of

behavior and actions of these actors.

• Legal pluralism covers different types of laws such as state law, folk law, customary law, indigenous law and religious law (Benda-Backmann, 1997) which helps in

understanding the diversity in the role of cultural, social and normative practices within a NRM boundary and/or among NRM boundaries.

• Laws and regulations administered by government are only one of the many forces

to change human behavior and action There are other guiding factors such as

customary practices, religious rules, local norms, economic opportunities and

technological advancement, which considerably influence human behavior in

relation to control, use and management of NR People adopt customary practices locally to address the changing circumstances called “local laws” that greatly

influence NRM in society.

Role of context, contents and time in conflict

• The origin, escalation and resolution of a conflict is highly influenced

by its context Historical, cultural, political, economic, institutional

and social context, power relationships, norms, values, practices and property rights and ownership issues play crucial roles in conflict The degree and intensity of the same conflict can change over time

• Issue of property rights and conflicts in NRM are about access and control and profit from their use Property rights are a central issue

in NR-related conflict NR such as forests or land, traditionally used for one particular purpose are now allocated to other purposes

which rights over such resources also change through government acts or local practices These changes affect or alter the existing

Generally both right-based (legal) and interest based

(alternate) approaches are observed in contemporary conflict management practices.

• Right-based approaches focus on litigation and adjudication

procedures through the courts and police

• In contrast, interest-based approaches look for mediation,

negotiation and other collaborative methods to resolve conflicts

• But many times, right-based claims may also pursue particular

interests and may be settled without reference to rights; and

interest-based conflict can also be settled according to rights

• In managing NR related conflicts, education and the appeal for

appliance to rules are more pragmatic options than coercion and threats

Conflict Management (CM): means, forums and

practices

Conflict Management (CM): means, forums and

practices

Negotiation, mediation in conflict, arbitration in conflict,

adjudication in conflict (third party intervention) and

litigation in conflict are common conflict management

methods observed in managing natural resources.

• Negotiation is a voluntary process that deals with a conflict situation between the negotiating parties on a face to face discussion basis

• Meditation in conflict is the intervention in a conflict resolution, of an acceptable, impartial, and neutral third party who has no decision-

Conflict Management (CM):

means, forums and practices

• In arbitrating conflict, both conflicting parties consent to the intervention of the third party whose judgment they agree to accept in advance

• In adjudication a third party who has the authority to

intervene a dispute intervenes and renders decision with the means s/he has at her/his disposal, and also enforces compliance with the decision.

• Litigation is a formal process which looks for legal solutions when one of the conflicting parties files in court.

Consequences of conflicts to natural resources

and society

• Outcomes and consequences of conflict need to be

critically examined to seek an improvement in a conflict

situation The quality of outcomes and its social

applications are more important than the resolution itself.

• There are generally three types of outcome: lose-lose

(negative), win-win (positive) and win-lose (one party

gains) All three types of outcome depend upon the

severity, complexity and managerial approach of the

conflict It is not always possible for bringing about win-win

using participatory processes Social processes include:

creation of a common platform (forum) for collective action, interactive goal setting, accommodation, shared learning,

vision building from multiple realities, leadership

development, resource mobilization and concerted actions (Roling, 1999).

• In NRM multiple actors are involved and therefore they

construct multiple realities Hence the perspective of looking

at the things broadens on the basis of potential multiple

realities constructed by people through negotiations and

agreements.

Scope for improvement in CM through

social learning

• Soft systems thinking are developed as an alternative way of thinking

in response to the failure of the hard system approaches to deal with the societal problems In the context of the NRM, many conflicts

emerge due to lack of proper attention to soft-system aspects and too strong a focus on hard systems alone

• Adaptive management has emerged as a guiding principle for

sustainable NRM which focuses on interface between society and

natural resources The interactive process associated with adaptive management requires good facilitation and negotiation skills,

institutional interests and flexibility to seek for new ways and

innovative strategies for conflict management Important four steps

Các vấn đề công bằng trong quản lý tài nguyên