Natural Resource Management, Sustainable Management,Natural Resources,Economical dimension,Sustainability of Natural Resources
QUẢN LÝ VÀ HƯỞNG DỤNG TÀI NGUYÊN 1 Introduction • Natural Resources? • Natural Resource Management? • Sustainable Management? What is Natural Resource Management? • NRM involves interaction (e.g use, preservation, manipulation) of human with natural resources (land, water, forests and biological resources base) • NRM rest on principles of ecosystem dynamics, adequate legal frameworks and property rights arrangements, and respect for customs and traditions governing resource access and use • NRM has major dimensions: ecological, economical, and social Ecological dimension Abiotic component: non-living environment - e.g climate, soil, water Biotic component: Living organisms – e.g plants, animals Economical dimension • Economic viability is the major concern • Involves understanding economic behavior, the costs and benefits of different resource use arrangements Social dimension • Resource use and constraints, including social equity in allocation and use of resources • Institutions governing the use and management of the natural resource • Effect of policies at macro level, legal framework, and property rights arrangement • Reduction of social conflict • Information flow and management • Natural Resource Managers: – require technical skills and knowledge about biophysical processes as well as the social and economic components – need to understand how these different dimensions of NRM interact, and – need to harness existing and new techniques to solve natural resource issues of the future What is sustainability? • A pattern of resource use that can continue without a decrease in future • Criteria for sustainability differ with the difference in resources • Sustainability can be viewed from (i) social, (ii) economical, or (iii) ecological perspective The Concept of “Sustainable Development” Introduced by WCED (1983) WCED definition of sustainable development: “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” Principles of sustainable activity • adaptable to change • integration of ecological, economic, and social factors • does not foreclose options to future generations • based on public support and local solutions • the costs and benefits of resource management are shared by all concerned 10 Why political economy?: an example • Forests have several uses and functions, which often compete with each other: Provide the means of sustenance for locals – food, fuel, fodder, timber – local interests Remember: the local demands/interests are not homogenous!! – may include tribal, landless, poor/rich, commercial users/subsistence users 35 Provide raw materials for industries – construction, furniture, railway sleepers, pulp/paper, packaging – commercial and industrial interests Source of revenue, international agreements, responsibility towards local people – Government interests Biodiversity conservation – scientific/government interest Soil and water conservation -? 36 • Can a single decision-maker (e.g government) decide about how the forests should be used without involving any conflict of interests between the different interest groups? • No the decision takes place through a struggle between vested interest groups The struggle need not be equitable 37 • In cases like the one presented above, simple economic analysis (i.e benefit/cost analysis to judge worth-whileness of the resource use) does not work - political economic analysis of forest use and management is necessary to know: – Under what condition and how certain use (e.g commercial exploitation) took place? – What effect it had? – How the government tried to resolve the conflicts? etc 38 Political Ecology • May be defined as the attempt to understand the political sources, conditions and ramification (phân nhánh) of environmental change (Bryant, 1992) • Combines the concerns of ecology and a broadly defined political economy • Political ecologists acknowledge both nature and society as significantly • Political ecology emphasizes the necessity for our decisions and actions to be sensitive to the interplay of diverse socio-political forces, and the relationship of these forces to ecological changes 39 Application of political ecology in CBNRM: an example • CBNRM involves interrelationships/linkages among communities/user groups, different government agencies, NGOs, and donors and has the following dimensions Group formation process – who took the initiative; how was it decided? Influence on policy-making – whose knowledge matters? Role, responsibility, accountability Consideration to local needs 40 • Power relationships among - different caste (vị trí xã hội), class and gender within the community/user group – Mechanisms of power/leadership transfer – Ethnic, religious, cultural differences – Role of women – Participation of minority ethnic groups 41 • Institutions • Structure of Incentives • How the above affect the resource condition (i.e outcome)? • How changes in resource condition affect the above relationships? 42 Why should NR managers be concerned about political economy/ecology? NRs are embedded in a shared social space where complex and unequal relations are established among a wide range of social actors - actions by one individual or group generate effects far off-site as a result of biophysical and ecological linkages Those actors with the greatest access to power are also best able to control and influence NR decisions in their favor this may lead to CONFLICT 43 Why should NR managers …? Mechanisms of control/influence NR decisions by more powerful actors (e.g state) can be: – Control/monopoly over scientific knowledge –e.g reliance on state-financed/controlled research – Choice of problems to be addressed, the way in which they are framed, and production of scientific information all suite the powerful bureaucratic interests – Dominance of strategic or political factors that have nothing to with NRM 44 Why should NR managers …? Natural resources policy making is a political process where scientific knowledge is usually co-produced by governments and scientific institutions • Policies (and institutions) at international, national, and local levels play crucial roles in the management of natural resources 45 Why should NR managers …? • The policy-makers often separate policy- making from implementation - blame on poor implementation for any failure Knowledge of political economy/ecology help explain these processes and predict outcomes from natural resource management policies 46 Why should NR managers …? NRs are subject to increasing scarcity due to rapid environmental change, increasing demand, and their unequal distribution Some argue that resource scarcity is not necessarily a natural process, rather it is a structural process which has its roots in the established socioeconomic structures that deprive the poor of both effective demand and political influence e.g changes in tenure (such as customary rights) over resources 47 Why should NR managers …? NRs are used by people in many different ways, which also often has symbolic significance (in addition to material utility) Such symbolic dimensions of natural resources lend themselves to ideological, social, and political struggles that have enormous practical significance for the management of NRs (and conflict management) 48 Implication: Policies and decisions must be sensitive to the interplay of diverse sociopolitical forces, and the relationship of these forces to ecological change 49 ... material usage Sustained yields of NRs, social equity, conflict reduction 16 Dimension Envi Sociology NR Sociology Practitioners Liberal arts sociologists Social scientists working with NRM agencies,... rural sociologists Scale/unit of Nation, analysis Metropolitan focus Individuals, community or region, non-metropolitan focus Focus Explaining Improving public environmental policy, minimizing degradation... Background • Societies have complex structures – many interacting individuals tied up with specific social and economic relationships and interdependent structures • Individuals in a society are embedded