Sở hữu và hưởng dụng tài nguyên thiên nhiên . Property Rights, Property Rights Regimes and Resource tenure. Elements of Property Rights. Hưởng dụng tài nguyên.
Chapter II Sở hữu hưởng dụng tài nguyên thiên nhiên - Property Rights, Property Rights Regimes and Resource tenure What are Property Rights? • The entitlements defining owners' rights and duties in the use of the resource • Domains where peoples social relations concerning access to, use and control over ´things’ are defined • Property rights define permitted, prohibited, and required uses Elements of Property Rights Access: the right to enter a defined physical property Withdrawal: the right to withdraw the product of the property For example: harvest fuelwood, catch fish, use water, etc Management: the right to regulate internal use and make improvements in the resource Elements of … Exclusion: the right to determine who will have an access right, and how that right may be transferred to others Alienation: the right to sell or lease the collective choice rights of management and/or exclusion • Access, and withdrawal are operational level property rights • Management, exclusion, and alienation are collective-choice level property rights Categories of Position in Property Rights Authorized users Claimants Proprietors Owners Authorized Users Individuals holding rights of access and withdrawal These rights may be transferred to others either temporarily or permanently Their rights are defined by others who hold collective-choice rights of management and exclusion They cannot devise their own harvesting rules Claimants Individuals who possess operational rights plus the collective-choice rights of management They cannot specify who may not have access to resources nor can they alienate their right of management Proprietors Individuals who possess collective-choice rights to participate in management and exclusion Owners Individuals who can sell or lease their collectivechoice rights (i.e rights of management and/or exclusion) 10 • CP regime, through collectively crafted rules, can solve the problems of over harvesting from a threatened or vulnerable resource system and save the resource from depletion 35 Common Pool Resources vs Common Property Regimes “Common pool resource” refers to the physical qualities of resource systems, regardless of the property rights involved The term “property” refers to social institutions that human beings have attached to different resource systems It is not related to any inherent physical/natural qualities of the resource 36 Common Pool Resource (CPR) • A natural or man-made resource system that is sufficiently large as to make it costly (but not impossible) to exclude potential beneficiaries from obtaining benefits from its use (Ostrom, 1990) 37 Resource Systems • Stock variables that are capable, under favorable conditions, of producing a maximum quantity of a flow variable without harming the stock or the resource system itself Examples: a community forest – an irrigation canal – a fishing ground – a pasture – a ground water basin 38 Resource Units Are what individuals appropriate from a resource system Examples: - tons of firewood harvested from a forest, - cubic meters of water withdrawn from a ground water basin or an irrigation canal, - tons of fish harvested from a fishing ground, - tons of fodder consumed by animals from a pasture land 39 Some Points to Remember • A resource system is subject to joint use (i.e can be jointly provided and/or produced by more than one person or firm) but resource units are not jointly used • Access to a CPR can be limited to a single individual or firm, or to multiple individuals who use the resource system at the same time 40 Some Points …… • When multiple users or appropriators are dependent upon a given CPR as a source of economic activity, they are jointly affected by almost everything they • Organizing appropriators for collective actions regarding a CPR is usually uncertain and complex undertaking 41 Important Attributes of Common Pool Resources Difficulty of exclusion: excluding individuals from benefiting from a good is difficult (like public goods) – Implication: use, overuse of common pool goods without investing in their conservation or management 42 Subtractability of the benefits consumed by one individual from those available to others In other words, the resource units harvested by one individual are not available to others – they are subtractable (like private goods) Implication: possibility of resource depletion 43 General Classification of Goods in terms of Exclusion and Subtractability SUBTRACTABILITY Low Difficult Public EXCLUSION Goods Easy Toll Goods High Common Pool Resources Private Goods 44 CPR Dilemma Individuals jointly providing and/or using from CPRs face a universally tragic situation in which their individual rationality leads to an outcome that is not rational from the perspective of the group 45 CPR Dilemma types (Schlager and Ostrom, 1999) Appropriation externalities Technological externalities Assignment problems 46 Appropriation Externalities • This dilemma arises because resource users withdraw resource units from a common stock without taking into account of the effects of their withdrawal (harvesting) upon each other This eventually leads to increment in harvesting costs due to decrease in the stock 47 Technological Externalities • Are produced when resource users physically interfere (directly or indirectly) with each other in harvesting the resource Example: efficiency of fishing may be lowered if crowding of fishermen occurs 48 Assignment Problems • Productive capacity of CPRs across space can be variable (some areas can be more productive than others) Assignment problems arise over who should have access to productive spots and how access should be determined 49 ... attached to different resource systems It is not related to any inherent physical /natural qualities of the resource 36 Common Pool Resource (CPR) • A natural or man-made resource system that is... management and/or exclusion) 10 Hưởng dụng tài nguyên • Natural resource tenure is broadly defined as the arrangements through which people gain legitimate access to natural resources; the conditions... investment on the resource, (ii) permits the right-holder to put the resource to a more productive use Note: right of alienation, however, does not guarantee the survival of a resource 16 Property