MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAMESE ACADEMY OF FOREST SCIENCES BUI KIEU HUNG ADDITIONAL STUDY ON SOME BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND TECHNICAL M[.]
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND TRAINING AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAMESE ACADEMY OF FOREST SCIENCES BUI KIEU HUNG ADDITIONAL STUDY ON SOME BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND TECHNICAL MEASURES TO GROW (Amomum longiligulare T.L.Wu) IN BA VI DISTRICT, HA NOI CITY SPECIALITY: SILVICUTURAL CODE: 62 02 05 SUMMARY OF FORESTRY PHD DISSERTATION Ha Noi, 2023 The research was completed at the Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences Supervisors: Prof Dr Vo Dai Hai TS Phí Hồng H Chairman: Assoc Prof Dr Trieu Van Hung Reviewer 1: Assoc Prof Dr Pham Minh Toai Reviewer 2: Assoc Prof Dr Hoang Van Thang Reviewer 3: Dr Hoang Thanh Loc The thesis was protected before the meeting of the thesis at the Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, on , 2023 The thesis can be referred at the National Library of Vietnam and The Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences PUBLISHED SCIENTIFIC WORKS RELATED TO THE THESIS Bui Kieu Hung, Vo Dai Hai (2020), Research on intensive planting techniques anh fruit preservation of (Amomum longiligulare T.L.Wu) in a suburb of Hanoi city Vietnam journal of Forest science ISSN 1859-0373, number 1, 2020, page 21.33 Bui Kieu Hung, Vo Dai Hai (2021), Research on morphological characteristics, seed physiology and effect of container component on growth and development of (Amomum longiligulare T.L.Wu) planted in Ba Vi district, Hanoi city Vietnam journal of Forest science ISSN 1859-0373, number 2, 2021, page 3-14 PROLONGE The urgency of research problem The need for "Development of Vietnamese medicine" has been confirmed by the Government to be very urgent, in which the direction of growing Amomum logiligulare species is up to 1,600 (Decision No 1976/QD-TTg dated October 30, 2013) and Programme on developing the domestic pharmaceutical and herbal medicine production industry to 2030, with a vision to 2045 of the Government (Decision No 376/QD-TTg dated March 17, 2021) Hanoi city has a total area of forests and forestry land of 27,162.04 hectares, which plays a very important role in protecting the ecological environment and economic development for the capital Among 176 species of medicinal plants, there are 28 species of High economically valua that are being exploited and developed Ba Vi district has suitable growing conditions for many species, with an average rainfall of about 2,000 mm/year, air humidity of over 80%, and average temperature of about 240C Ba Vi has 35% of its population belonging to the Dao and Muong ethnic minority groups, with a diversity and developed traditional knowledge in the cultivation, processing and use of medicinal plants, with 03 formed herbal cooperatives (Yen Son, Ba Vi, Hop Son) and many individual households, the plan is that by 2025, Ba Vi district will grow 60 of medicinal plants meeting GACP-WHO standards Amomum longiligulare T.L.Wu is a medicinal plant with high economic value However, up to now, the species has not been put into use as a key crop to grow in Ba Vi district, Hanoi city In particular, at present, there is still a lack of technical processes on propagation, planting, collection, etc., leading to low yield and quality To contribute to solving some of the problems mentioned above, the thesis: "Additional study on some biological characteristics and technical measures to grow Amomum logiligulare T.L.Wu in Ba Vi district, Hanoi city” has scientific and practical significance Research objectives 2.1 Theoretical objectives - Additional study on some biological characteristics of Amomum logiligulare grown in Ba Vi district, Hanoi city - Identifying a number of scientific bases for propagation and intensive cultivation of Amomum logiligulare in order to increase fruit yield, content and quality of essential oils in Ba Vi district, Hanoi city 2.2 Practical objectives - Determining the propagation technique of Amomum logiligulare by the method of sowing from seeds and root cuttings - Identifying technical measures for intensive cultivation, collection, preliminary processing and preservation of Amomum logiligulare in order to increase fruit yield, content and quality of essential oils in Ba Vi district, Hanoi city Object and scope of research 3.1 Research object The research object of the thesis is the Amomum longiligulare T.L.Wu species 3.2 Research scope * Research content: (1) Regarding biological characteristics: studying morphological, distribution, climatology, physiology, essential oil of in order to increase fruit yield, content and quality of essential oils in Ba Vi district, Hanoi city; (2) Regarding propagation techniques: research on propagation from seeds and root cuttings; (3) Regarding intensive planting techniques: research on planting density, fertilizer application, canopy cover, fruit pruning measures; (4) Regarding harvest: research on collection, preliminary processing and preservation of fruit; * Study area Experiments on soil analysis, propagation techniques and planting were carried out in Ba Vi commune, Yen Bai, Ba Vi district, Hanoi city Scientific and practical significance of the topic 4.1 Scientific significance - Supplementing some information and research results on biological characteristics of Amomum longiligulare in Ba Vi district, Hanoi city, including morphology, distribution and ecology, climatology, physiology, oil content - Identifying a number of scientific bases for propagation and intensive cultivation of Amomum logiligulare in order to increase fruit yield, content and quality of essential oils in Ba Vi district, Hanoi city for expansion 4.2 Practical significance - Identifying a number of consecutive technical measures from propagation, intensive planting to collection, preliminary processing and preservation of Amomum logiligulare fruit in order to increase fruit yield, content and quality of essential oils to be developed in in Ba Vi district, Hanoi city - The research results of the thesis are references for scientific research and teaching at science and technology, education and training organizations Dissertation contributions - Researched additional biological characteristics of Amomum logiligulare grown in Ba Vi district, Hanoi city, including morphology , distribution and ecology, climatology, a/b chlorophyll content and percentage in leaves, photosynthesis intensity, transpiration intensity, water absorption and heat tolerance - Technical measures have been identified for propagation and intensive cultivation of Amomum logiligulare in order to increase fruit yield, content and quality of essential oils in Ba Vi district, Hanoi city Structure and layout of the thesis The thesis is 143 pages long, with 31 tables and pictures; apart from the table of contents, the list of symbols and acronyms, the list of tables of published works, the list of references, etc the thesis is structured into the following main parts: Introduction (5 pages); Chapter 1: Literature review (24 pages); Chapter 2: Research content and methodology (22 pages); Chapter 3: Results and discussion (78 pages); Conclusion, limitations and recommendations (3 pages) Chapter LITERATURE REVIEW The thesis has referred to 109 relevant domestic and foreign documents to summarize and analyze the achieved results and outstanding issues that the thesis needs additional research - Research works in the world and in Vietnam have agreed that the correct scientific name of the species is Amomum longiligulare T.L.Wu,, belonging to the genus Amomum, Zingiberaceae family Biological characteristics have also been studied in some aspects, but so far, there have been no researches on physiological characteristics, a few but not comprehensive studies on ecological characteristics , especially there is no research in Ba Vi district, Hanoi city Therefore, the thesis focused on additional research on biological characteristics (morphology, distribution, climatology, physiology, etc.) to understand more about the species, providing a scientific basis to contribute to promoting its replication and cultivation - Regarding the selection of varieties of the species in Vietnam, which has been recognized as a seed source and granted a plant variety protection certificate, the propagation has also been studied quite methodically: propagation from seeds, root cuttings and tissue culture are feasible, but propagation by tissue culture has not been widely applied Therefore, the thesis only conducts additional research on propagation techniques from seeds and root cuttings to complete the propagation process that can be applied to production practice - The technique of planting, tending, harvesting, preliminary processing and preservation of has been studied by many authors in many different aspects and has achieved some results However, some of the main factors constituting fruit yield such as planting density, fertilizer application, and canopy coverage have not been systematically studied and evaluated In terms of fertilizer application, all authors mentioned fertilizing once a year, while Amomum longiligulare produces flowers season and fruit crops per year, so yield and fruit quality are still low Therefore, in order to increase the yield of fruits with high content and quality of essential oil, it is necessary to have additional research on some technical measures of planting, tending, harvesting, preliminary processing and preservation as a basis for proposing technical solutions for propagation and planting in the direction of goods and sustainability Chapter RESEARCH CONTENTS AND METHODOLOGY 2.1 Research content - Additional study on some biological characteristics of Amomum logiligulare grown in Ba Vi district, Hanoi city - Additional research on propagation techniques of Amomum logiligulare from seeds and root cuttings - Research on some technical measures of intensive cultivation of Amomum logiligulare in Ba Vi district, Hanoi city - Research on techniques of harvesting, preliminary processing and preservation of Amomum logiligulare fruit - Proposing technical solutions for propagation, intensive cultivation, collection, preliminary processing and preservation of Amomum logiligulare in Ba Vi district, Hanoi city 2.2 Methodology 2.2.1 Perspectives, approaches and methods In order to carry out the study, the thesis has an inheritanceoriented approach, evaluating both quantity and quality of Amomum logiligulare fruit, a systematic approach, a chain synthesis, a multidisciplinary approach, and a method-based approach on description of morphological characteristics and study of distribution, climatology, physiology to analysis of content and quality of essential oil 2.2.2 Methods and techniques used 2.2.2.1 Additional research on some biological characteristics of Amomum logiligulare grown in Ba Vi district, Hanoi city a Morphology: According to the method of Nguyen Nghia Thin (2006) with improvements, the descriptive parts included: underground stem, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds b Distribution: - Surveyed in provinces with natural Amomum logiligulare, namely Gia Lai and Quang Nam - Surveyed in provinces with planted Amomum logiligulare, including: Son La, Dien Bien, Lao Cai, Lai Chau, and Quang Nam - Method: Interview combined with field survey on soil type, soil thickness, altitude, climate, vegetation, c Characteristics of soil, topography and climate of the study area - Sampling location: in Ba Vi and Yen Bai communes, Ba Vi district, Hanoi - Soil sampling method: using a specialized drill to drill holes (4 corners and center of plot) with soil depths: 0-10.0cm, 10.1-20.0cm, 20.1-30.0cm at each position of foot, slope, top - Analysis of soil samples carried out according to common methods - Topographical features: Field survey - Climate characteristics: According to Ba Vi hydrometeorological monitoring station d Climatic characteristics of Amomum logiligulare grown in Ba Vi district, Hanoi Set up plots with an area of 9m2 (3mx3m) at the planting site of the pilot production project: “Developing a model of intensive cultivation of Amomum longiligulare T.L.Wu with high yield in Ba Vi, Ha Noi", the follow-up period included: bud period, leaf period, flowering period, fruiting period, fruit ripening period and years climate characteristics (2018-2020) e Physiological characteristics - Determine chlorophyll content (a, b) and ratio (a/b) by colorimetric method of Lichtenthaler, H.K &Wellburn, A.R., (1983) - Determine the intensity of photosynthesis according to the method of Ivanov-Kossovici, (1950) - Determine evapotranspiration intensity by fast weighing method of L A Ivanov et al, (1950) f Method of analysis of essential oil of Amomum logiligulare fruit Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) 2.2.2.2 Additional research on propagation techniques of Amomum logiligulare from seeds and root cuttings a Summarizing previous experience and research results - Synthesize and analyze existing research results - Survey and interview at seedling production facilities: (1) Ngoc Long seedling production facility (Lao Cai); (2) Tam Dao Agricultural Pharmaceutical Joint Stock Company (Vinh Phuc); (3) Tran Phuoc Sanh Agriculture and Forestry Company Limited, (Quang Nam); (4) Agricultural Technical Center of Nam Tra My District (Quang Nam) and (5) Research Center for Non-timber Forest Products - Interviewed 01 leader and 02 technical staff at each unit b Research on propagation techniques from seed - Seed source: Amomum logiligulare seed variety originates from Kon Tum, and transplanted to Ba Vi district, Hanoi - Seed collection and treatment: The main crop at the end of August, incubate the fruit for 2-3 days for even ripening, remove impurities, peel the fruit and remove the seeds Soak the seeds in KMnO4 with a concentration of 0.1% for 30 minutes Treat with warm water at 50-550C for hours, take out to drain and sow on moist sand from 5-7 cm - Sowing time: September The layout of experimental formulas for the composition of potting compound is as follows: CT1: 94% soil + 5% composted cattle manure + 1% NPK (5:10:3) CT2: 89% soil + 10% composted cattle manure + 1% NPK (5:10:3) (control) CT3: 84% soil + 15% composted cattle manure + 1% NPK (5:10:3) In full randomize block, repetitions, 150 trees/repetition c Research on propagation techniques by root cuttings The layout of experimental formulas for the age of the original cuttings is as follows: CT1: month old CT2: months old CT3: months old CT4: months old CT5: 12 months old - In full randomize block, repetitions, 250 plants/ repetition - Potting size 15x18cm, perforated; potting mixture includes: 84% soil + 15% manure + 1% NPK fertilizer (5:10:3) d Data collection: On survival rate, tillering, height, number of leaves on the tree to the stage where the plants are eligible for planting 2.2.2.3 Research on some technical measures of intensive cultivation of Amomum logiligulare in Ba Vi district, Hanoi city *Planting density: Arrange the following experimental formulas in full randomized block, repetitions, 300m2/repetition: + CT1: 15,625 plants/ha (distance: 0.8m x 0.8m) + CT2: 10,000 plants/ha (distance: 1m x 1m) (Control) + CT3: 6,944 plants/ha (distance: 1.2m x 1.2m) - Fresh fruit yield/ha/crop = [(number of fruits/cluster x number of clusters/m2 x average fresh fruit weight) x 10,000], Nguyen Thanh Phuong (2011) * Studying the effect of fertilizers on survival, growth and flowering, results, and yield of Azalea fruit Arrange experimental formulas on fertilizing according to fully randomized block, repetitions, 400m2/repetition: + CT1: No fertilizer (control) + CT2: 2kg manure + 100gNPK (5:10:3) + 100g HCVS + CT3: 2kg manure + 200g NPK (5:10:3) + 100g HCVS + CT4: 2kg manure + 100g NPK (5:10:3) + 200g HCVS * Study on the effect of canopy cover on survival, growth and flowering capacity, results, and yield of Amomum logiligulare Arrange experimental formulas for canopy coverage according to a fully randomized block, repetitions, 300m2/repetition: + CT1: < 0.2 + CT2: 0.2 - 0.3 + CT3: 0.4 - 0.5 - * Study on the effect of technique of pruning the fruit of the Amomum logiligulare: experimental formulas on pruning fruit: + CT1: With pruning fruit 10 the average total P2O5 content is 0.49% in Ba Vi commune and 0.18% in Yen Bai commune, the average total K2O concentration is 0.63% in Ba Vi commune and 0.68% in Yen Bai commune, both of which are average 3.1.3 The climatological characteristics of Amomum logiligulare grown in Ba Vi district, Hanoi City Monitoring results of the climate from 2018-2020 showed that climatic factors (rainfall, humidity, temperature, ) have an influence on flowering time, results and yield of Amomum logiligulare fruit flowers at least 15 days earlier or later Flowering season from midMarch to May, fruit ripening from late July to early September with the main crop and sub-season flowering from July-August, fruit ripening from mid-November every year 3.1.4 Physiological characteristics of Amomum logiligulare grown in Ba Vi district, Hanoi city Amomum logiligulare grown in Ba Vi district, Hanoi city, has a fairly high total chlorophyll (a + b) average of 8.16 (mg/gram fresh leaves) and a high chlorophyll (a/b) ratio range from 0.44 to 0.57, the average 0.51 is very low, which confirms that Amomum logiligulare is a shade-loving plant (Vu Van Vu, 2000) The photosynthetic intensity of Amomum logiligulare is low, ranging from 0.107 to 0.387 mgCO2/dm2/h, because of the influence of canopy cover The intensity of transpiration takes place relatively quickly because the leaf surface of Amomum logiligulare has many stomata, fluctuating from 0.146 - 0.463 g/dm2/h, at 0.05 fertilizer did not have a clear effect on the survival rate of Amomum logiligulare 3.3.2.2 The effect of fertilizer on tillering ability and height growth of Amomum logiligulare The number of branches and the height of Amomum logiligulare in treatment of fertilization was quite high and there was a significant difference, the average was 39.4 branches/m2 and the average height was 169.8 cm, of which the highest was in CT kg composted cattle manure +100g NPK (5:10:3) + 200g HCVS both in terms of number of branches and height growth, an average of up to 42.8 branches/m2, corresponding to an average Hvn of 177.6 cm and the lowest in In the control formula, the average number of branches was only 34.4 branches/m2 and the growth height was 156.2 cm Statistical analysis results, (Sig) tillering and (Sig.) height were equal to 0.000 < 0.05, showing that fertilizer had a significant effect on tillering ability and height growth of Amomum logiligulare 3.3.2.3.Effect of fertilizers on flowering, results and fruit yield Table 3.24: Effect of fertilizers on flowering, results and yield of 30-month-old Amomum logiligulare Flowering ability Fruiting ability Yield of Rate fresh fruit Number Numbe Treatme of (kg/ha/cro of CV(% Sig r of CV( Sig nt fruitin p) flowers/ ) fruits/m %) g (%) m2 After 24 months of age with flowers, 27 months of age with fruits I (main crop) CT1 36,2 12,7 21,3 14,6 58,8 213,0 CT2 46,7 8,6 32,2 9,3 69,0 496,3 CT3 59,1 12,8 0,00 42,4 13,0 0,00 71,7 713,2 CT4 71,0 10,2 50,7 9,9 71,4 765,8 Mean 47,3 11,3 31,9 12,3 66,5 474,2 After 27 months of age with flowers, 30 months of age with fruits I (secondary crop) CT1 15,6 9,8 7,0 14,2 45,1 66,0 10, CT2 20,5 7,4 9,4 51,7 158,8 13, CT3 24,8 12,3 11,2 54,6 221,1 0,01 0,00 15, CT4 29,1 9,0 10,0 52,2 214,4 11, Mean 22,5 9,7 11,2 50,9 165,1 17 From Table 3.24, the following comments: The average number of flowers/m2 of fertiliser treatments in the main crop averaged 47.0 flowers/m2, nearly 2.1 times larger than the number of flowers/m2 of the secondary crop, which averaged only 23.0 flowers/m2 in which the highest value was achieved in treatment with kg composted cattle manure + 100g NPK (5:10:3) + 200g microorganisms averaged up to 71.0 flowers/m2 and the lowest value was in control CT with an average of 36.0 flowersm2 Similar to the sub-crop, the treatment with kg composted cattle manure + 100g NPK (5:10:3) + 200g organic microorganismsreached the highest value with 29.0 flowers/m2 and the lowest value was in the control with an average of only 16.0 flowers/m2, the average number of flowers of the formulas reached 23.0 flowers/m2 The results of the analysis of variance, (Sig.) were equal to 0.00 and 0.01 respectively, both < 0.05, there was a difference significant difference in number of flowers/m2 between treatments The average number of fruits/m2 of the main crop in the four treatments averaged 32.0 fruits/m2, an increase of 2.75 times compared to the secondary crop, in which the treatment with kg composted cattle manure + 100g NPK (5:10: 3) + 200g organic microorganisms reached the maximum average of 51.0 fruits/m2 and the lowest value of control treatment was only 21.3 fruits/m2 Similarly for the secondary crop, the treatmentof kg composted cattle manure + 100g NPK (5:10:3) + 200g organic microorganisms achieved the highest average of 15.0 fruits/m2 and the lowest in the control program with an average of only 7, fruit/m2 The results of analysis of variance (Sig.) were respectively equal to 0.00 < 0.05, concluding that fertilizer has a significant effect on the ability to produce fruit of Amomum logiligulare The fruiting rate of fertiliser treatments in the main crop was quite high, with an average of 66.5%, 1.31 times higher than the result rate of the secondary crop, in which the highest rate is achieved in treatment with kg composted cattle manure + 200g NPK (5:10:3) + 100g microorganisms on average average rate of 71.7%, followed by treatment with kg of manure + 100g of NPK (5:10:3) + 200g of organic microorganisms averaged 71.4%, and the lowest was the control treatment with only 58.8% Similarly, in the secondary crop, the highest gain was achieved in the program of kg of composted cattle manure + 200g of NPK 18 (5:10:3) + 100g of microorganisms on average up to 54.6% and the lowest in the control treatment was only 45.1% Fresh fruit yield/ha/year in fertilizer treatments ranged from 279.0 to 980.2 kg/ha/year, of which the highest was achieved in the treatment with kg composted cattle manure + 100g NPK (5:10) :3) + 200g organic microorganisms averaged up to 980.2 kg/ha/year and the lowest in control, average fruit yield was only 279.0 kg/ha/year 3.3.3 Effect of canopy coverage on survival, growth and fruit yield of Amomum logiligulare 3.3.3.1 The effect of canopy coveager on the survival rate of Amomum logiligulare The survival rate of 6-month-old Amomum logiligularewas very high in treatments with canopy coverage, 94.1% on average, of which the highest in treatment with canopy coverage was 0.4 - 0.5 on average, up to 95.7% , then to treatment with canopy coverage of 0.2 - 0.3 on average 96.5% and lowest at treatment with canopy < 0.2, the average survival rate was only 91.5% Results of analytical variance, value χ2 equals 0.061 > 0.05, showing that canopy cover had not a significant effect on the survival rate of Amomum logiligulare after months of age 3.3.3.2 Effect of canopy cover on tillering ability and height growth of Amomum logiligulare The tillering ability of purple sclera in treatments with canopy coverage is quite high, averaging 37.3 branches/m2, the highest in treatment with canopy coverage 0.05, the canopy cover had not a significant effect on the tillering ability of Amomum logiligulare The average height growth (Hvn) of Amomum logiligulare in treatments canopy coverage reached 138.6 cm, of which (Hvn) was highest in treatment with canopy canopy 0.4-0.5 up to 149.0 cm, followed by treatment with the average canopy coverage is 0.2-0.3 cm and 145.7 cm on average and the lowest treament with canopy coverage 80%, average rainfall ≥ 1,800 mm, average temperature 23-25oC, canopy cover from 0.2 - 0.3, no extreme weather phenomenon The content of total chlorophyll (a+b) in the leaves of Amomum logiligulare on average was 8.44 (mg/gram fresh leaves) and the 23 chlorophyll a/b ratio was very small, averagely 0.51, Photosynthesis intensity of leaves is low from 0.107 - 0.387 (mgCO2/dm2/h), transpiration intensity is fast, fluctuating from 0.146 to 0.462 g/dm2/h, leading to low water absorption andt poor drought tolerance at below 50oC This is the basis to confirm that Amomum logiligulare is a shadetolerant plant Amomum logiligulare has flowering and fruit crop/year, the main crop blooms in April-May, the fruit ripens in July-August and the secondary crop blooms in July-August, and the fruit ripens in November-December Climatic factors affect the climatic phases, which can be as fast or as slow as 15 days Amomum logiligulare grown in Ba Vi district, Hanoi city has a high essential oil content, an average of 4.82% which is 3.21 times higher than that mentioned in the Vietnam Pharmacopoeia V, which regulates the content of Amomum logiligulare essential oil at ≥ 1.5% In essential oils, there are up to 13 important compounds and accounts for a high percentage * Propagation techniques from seeds and root cuttings: Seeds collected in August, sown on sand, transplanted into nutrient pots with size 10x15cm, composition of 94% topsoil + 5% manure + 1% NPK (5:10:3) months tending, tree height ≥ 30 cm, at least green leaves, good growth, no fungal diseases Original cuttings months old, 20-30 cm long, with part of roots from 3-4cm, transplanted into a nutrient pot with size 15x18cm, composition 89% topsoil + 10% manure + % NPK(5:10:3) months tending, plant height ≥ 45cm, have at least green leaves, plant grows well * Regarding technical measures to grow Amomum logiligulare: In the research content of the thesis, Amomum logiligulare is grown in Ba Vi district, Hanoi city with a density of 6,944 trees/ha, canopy cover 0-2-0.3; fertilizing kg of manure/hole + top dressing (695 kg of NPK (5:10:3) + 1,390 kg of microorganisms)/ha/2 times/year, the plants grow well, the average yield is 980,2 kg of fresh fruit/ha/year, the average content of essential oil in the fruit is 4.82%, there are 13 main and important chemical compounds in the essential oil * the technique of collecting, preliminarily processing and preserving Amomum logiligulare fruit 24 - Amomum logiligulare fruit is collected in batches/crop, the main crop is between July and August, the secondary crop is between November and December Removal of impurities and classification of fruit: Grade fruit with diameter from ≥ 0.8cm, The fruit is firm, the spines are even, the type fruit has a diameter of 0.5-0.79cm, the average fruit and the type fruit has a diameter of