Khóa luận tốt nghiệp văn học nhân vật mang tính tự thuật trong tác phẩm của nam cao

TRCTCJfNG Dfll HOC VO TRtfGfNO TOflN KHOA KHOA HOC CO BAN KHOA LUAN TOT NGHIEP CHUYEN NGANH VAN HOC NHAN VAT MANG TINH TlT THUAT • • • TRONG TAC PHAM CUA NAM CAO Giang vien hiro*ng dan: Sinh vien thuc hien: HO THI XUAN QUYNH LE VAN BE TIT DfilHOCVOTRtTdNQTOfiH THUVIEN Hau Giang, thdng 06 nam 2012 Nhan vat mang tinh tu thudt tdcphdm cua Nam Cao LOI CAM TA De hoan khoa luan tot nghiep nay, chung toi da nhan dugc sir giup do, huong dan tan tinh va tao dieu kien tot nhat de chung toi sdm hoan luan van tu ThS Ho Thi Xuan Quynh Chung toi xin bay to long biet on chan thanh, sau sac toi co Trong qua trinh hgc tap chung toi cung nhan dugc sir chi bao tan tinh cua cac quy thay co viec giang day, dinh huong nghien cuu de tai, each tiep can, nghien cuu va each trinh bay khoa luan, Va chung toi nhan dugc ung ho, tao dieu kien thuan lgi cua Ban giam hieu, cac thay co khoa Khoa hoc co ban va cac thay co o cac phong ban khac cua truong Mot Ian nua chung toi xin gui toi quy thay co loi cam on chan Dong thoi chung toi xin cam on cac dong nghiep, ban be da ho trg, dgng vien va giup chung toi suot qua trinh hgc tap va nghien cuu Cuoi cung, toi xin gui loi biet on chan toi gia dinh, noi da sinh thanh, nuoi duong, dong vien va ung ho rat nhieu thoi gian qua Sinh vien thuc hien (Ky va ghi ro ho ten) Le Van Be Tu* GVHD: Ho Thi Xuan Quynh i SVTH: Le Van Be Tu Nhdn vat mang tinh tu thudt tdcphdm cua Nam Cao LOfI CAM DOAN Toi xin cam doan rang de tai la chinh toi thuc hien, cac s6 lieu thu thap va ket qua phan tich de tai la trung thuc, de tai khong trung voi bk cu dh tai nghien cuu khoa hgc nao Sinh vien thyc hien (Ky va ghi ro ho ten) Le Van Be Tu* GVHD: Ho Thi Xuan Quynh ii SVTH: Le Van Be Tir Nhdn vdt mang tinh tu thudt tdcphdm cua Nam Cao t>HIEU DANH GIA LUAN VAN TOT NGHIEP (Giang vien hw&ng dan) GIANG VIEN HU'dNG DAN: SINH VIEN THlTC HIEN: MSSV: KHOA: TEN DE TAI: NHAN XET CUA GIANG VIEN HUCfNG DAN Danh gia chung qua trinh lam luan van tot nghiep: 1.1 Chuyen can: 1.2 Thai do: 1.3 Khac: Danh gia luan van: 2.1 Dat van de (theo buoc): 2.2 Noi dung chinh: GVHD: Ho Thi Xuan Quynh iii SVTH: Le Van Be Tu Nhdn vdt mang tinh tu thudt tdcphdm cua Nam Cao 2.3 Chu thich, thu muc: 2.4 Hinh thuc trinh bay: 2.4.1 Dung lugng (trang): 2.4.2 Khuonkho: 2.4.3 In an: 2.4.4 Trinh bay: 2.4.5 Chinh ta, ngu phap: Danh gia, xep loai: Danh gia: Xep loai: , thdng nam 20 Giang vien huong dan (Ki va ghi r5 hg ten) GVHD: Ho Thi Xuan Quynh IV SVTH: Le Van Be Tu Nhdn vdt mang tinh tu thudt tdc phdm cua Nam Cao MUC LUC LOflCAMTA i LOI CAM DOAN ii PHIEU DANH GIA LUAN VAN TOT NGHIEP • modAu • hi ! 1 LI DO CHON DE TAl LICHSU'VANDE MUC DICH, YEU CAu 4 PHAM VI NGHIEN CUU PHUONG PTlAP NGHIEN CUU 5.1 Phuong phap phan tich - tong hgp 5.2 Phuong phap he thong 5.3 Phuong phap so sanh 5.4 Phuong phap nghien cuu tac gia 6 KET CAU N0I DUNG CHINH CUA KHOA LUAN CHUONG 1: MOT SO VAN DE CHUNG 1.1 TIEU SU' 1.2 SU'NGHIEP 10 1.2.1 Tnrcrc nam 1945 10 1.2.1.1, De tai ve ngiroi nong dan 11 1.2.1.2 De tai ve nguai tri thuc tieu tu sdn 16 1.2.2 Sau nam 1945 18 1.3 QUAN DIEM SANG TAC CHUONG 2: 19 NHAN VAT TRI THlTC TIEU TU SAN TRONG TAC PHAM CUA NAM CAO 23 2.1 NHAN VAT TRUNG TAM LA TRI THU'C TIEU TU' SAN 23 2.2 HOAN CANH CUA NHAN VAT TRI THUC TIEU TU' SAN 33 2.2.1 Hoan eanh xuat than 33 2.2.2 Hoan canh nghe nghiep 34 2.2.3 Hoan canh cuoc song 35 2.3 NHAN VAT TRI THUC TIEU TU' SAN LA NGU'CJI CO \S6C MO, KHAT VONG GVHD: Ho Thj Xuan Quynh 38 v SVTH: Le Van Be Tu Nhdn vdt mang tinh tu thudt tdcphdm cua Nam Cao 2.4 NHAN VAT TRf THUC TIEU TU' SAN LA NGU'CJl CO Y THUC CAO VE NGHE NGHIEP 42 CHUONG 3: CAC NHAN VAT TRI THUC TIEU TU SAN MANG TINH TU THUAT TRONG TAC PHAM CUA NAM CAO 45 3.1 THE NAG LA NHAN VAT MANG TINH TU' THUAT 45 3.2 CAC NHAN VAT TRI THUC TIEU TU' SAN MANG DANG DAP CUA NAM CAO 45 3.2.1 Ngoai hinh , 3.2.2 Hanh dong, cir chi, dieu bo 46 51 3.3 NAM CAO TU" THE HIEN MJNH TRONG CAC NHAN VAT MANG TINH TU'THUAT 53 3.3.1 Giau tinh cam 53 3.3.1.1 Hieu thdo 53 3.3.1.2 Thuang va 54 3.3.1.3 Quy ban be 57 3.3.1.4 Trongphu nit, yeu tre em 59 3.3.2 Yeu nghe 61 3.3.2.1 Sieng ndng, chdm chi 61 3.3.2.2 Co y thuc trdch nhiem 62 3.4 CAC NHAN VAT TU' THUAT TRONG NHU*NG SANG TAC CUA NAM CAO LUON SONG TRONG NOI TRAN TRCJ 65 3.4.1 Tran no giua thien va ac 67 3.4.2 Tran tro giua hien thuc va li tuong 70 3.4.3 Tran tro giua tinh thuong va sang tao nghe thuat 72 KET LUAN 75 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO GVHD: Ho Thi Xuan Quynh i vi SVTH: Le Van Be Tu Nhdn vdt mang tinh tu thudt tdc phdm cua Nam Cao MdDAU l.LIDOCHONDETAI Luc hgc chuong trinh Trung hgc Pho thong, toi chi dugc tim hieu mot so tac pham truyen ngan cua Nam Cao: Lao Hgc, Dai thua, Chi Pheo, Doi mdt va Mot dam cudi Mac du, tac pham cua ong dugc in sach giao khoa khong nhieu nhung qua nhung tiet giang bai cua thay co thi nhung nhan vat tac pham cua ong da de lai toi mot an tugng sau sac, kho phai Do la hinh anh ngudi nong dan bj tha hoa ve nhan hinh Ian nhan tinh Cuoi cung, hg cung tim lai dugc cai luong thien von co cua minh Hay la hinh anh nguoi tri thuc tieu tu san ngheo bj mieng com, manh ao hang niu chat uoc mo cua hg: "Mot tdc phdm that gia tri, phdi vuat len ben tren tdt cd cdc ba coi va giai han, phdi la mot tdcphdm chung cho cd loai ngudi No phdi chua dung duac mot cdi gi Ian lao, manh me, viva dau dan, Igi viraphan khai No ca tung long thuang, tinh bdc di, su cong binh No lam cho nguai gdn nguai han " [21, tr.348] Day la y nghT cua van si Ho (Dai thua), toi dgc di dgc lai nhieu Ian thi moi hieu hon ban chat cua mot nguoi that sir dam me nghe thuat, xa than vi nghe thuat Nhung cuoi cung, ho vi cuoc song ngheo kho, be tac ma khong the thuc hien li tuong cao dep cua minh Tuy toi dgc nhung tac pham nhieu Ian nhung toi khong cam thay cu ma ngugc lai, no khoi ggi nhieu dieu hay, moi la Moi Ian dgc nhung sang tac cua nha van, toi nhu bj xe long minh boi nhung chat vj chua cay, dau xot ve nhung than phan nguoi dau kho, be tac, bat lire den tan cung cua cuoc song nhu Chi Pheo, Lao Hac, dac biet la cac nhan vat mang voc dang, tinh each cua Nam Cao nhu Thu, Dien, Ho, Moi Ian., i6\ dgc nhung tac pham ve nguoi tri thuc tieu tu san ngheo thi suy nghT khong !uc nao ma khong ban khoan: cac nhan vat trung tarn tri thuc tieu tu san nhu Thu, He, Dien va Do, Hg co mang dang voc, hinh anh cua nha van hay khong? Neu co thi each ma nha van da tu thuat lai ban than minh nhu thi nao? Hoa than minh nhung nhan vat sao? Dieu lai cang thuc giuc toi suy nghT va dan nhieu hon Va toi mong muon mot dip nao se tim loi giai dap thoa dang cho nhung van de ay Nhung khia canh nghe thuat nhung tac pham cua Nam Cao da dugc gioi nghien cuu, sinh vien tim hieu kha sau sac, toan dien Ngugc lai, van de nhan vat mang tinh tu thuat nhung sang tac Nam Cao, cu the la van de doi s6ng noi tarn, tinh each, dien mao, doi song tinh than, hanh dong, cu chi, dieu bo cua cac nhan vat mang tinh tu thuat cua nha van thi trudc chua tim hieu, quan tarn den Vi the, chung toi nhan thuc dugc nhieu van de, khia canh co the tiep can, GVHD: Ho Thi Xuan Quynh SVTH: Le Van Be Tu Nhdn vdt mang tinh tu thudt tdcphdm cua Nam Cao kham pha nhung dieu moi nhung tac pham cua ong Vi vay, a cong trinh nghien cuu nay, chung toi tap trung di sau vao nghien cuu Nhdn vdt mang tinh tu thudt tdc phdm cua Nam Cao Tren tinh than ke thua nhirng cong trinh nghien cuu, tieu luan, nhung bai danh gia, nhan xet cua nhirng nha nghien cuu, li luan - phe binh truoc Mat khac, toi chgn de tai de nghien cuu vi de tai phu hop voi dieu kien va kha nang hieu biet cua ban than Va day cung la co hoi di toi co the tim hieu kT hon ve nhan vat mang tinh tu thuat sang tac cua nha van hien thuc phe phan xuat sac va day cung la djp toi trau doi, cung c6 hon ve kiln thuc, tien cho viec nghien cuu chuyen sau sau LjCH SU VAN DE Nam Cao la mot nhirng nha van tieu trao luu van hgc hien thuc phe phan, giai doan nam 1930 - 1945 Truoc truoc tarn pham Chi Pheo, Nam Cao da sang tac nhieu truyen ngan lang man, tho nhung din tac pham Chi Pheo doi thi ong moi hinh phong each rieng va khang djnh dugc ten tu6i, dau an cua minh gioi doc gia Ban dau, Ong dat ten tac pham la Cdi Id ggch cu Nhung khi, ong gui ban thao den nha xuat ban Thoi dai thi tac pham cua ong bj nha bien tap de quen Mai den 1941, Le Van Truong viet loi tua va doi ten truyen ngan Doi lua xung doi Ong da nhan djnh rang: "Giua luc nguai ta dang ddm minh nhung chuyen tinh ma mong va hiia "phung su" cdi thi hieu tarn thuang cua doc gia ong Nam Cao da manh bgo di theo mot loi rieng, nghia la ong da khong them dim sia den cdi sd thick cua doc gia " [15, tr.299] Sau nay, tac pham Doi lira xung doi dugc in tap Ludng cay (1946) va doi ten Chi Pheo Vi thi ma mai den thap nien 50 cua the ki XX, Nam Cao moi dugc gioi doc gia, nghien cuu, phe binh chu y sau sac va rong rai hon Nam 1952, tac pham cua Nam Cao da tro d6i tugng nghien cuu cua van hoc Tac gia Nguyen Dinh Thi la nguoi dau tien vilt vl Nam Cao voi chuyen luan Nam Cao (1952) Nha van To Hoai voi cac bai Chung ta mdt Nam Cao (1954), Ngudi va tdc phdm Nam Cao (1956) Sau do, cong trinh nghien cuu Ion dau tien ve nhung tac pham, cuoc doi cua Nam Cao la Giao su Ha Minh Due Ong da bo nhieu cong sue, tarn huylt dh cho doi cong trinh: Nam Cao, nha van hien thuc xuat she dugc xuat ban nam 1961 Co le, nhung cong trinh ay da khoi nguon, khai thong cho nhilu cuoc tranh luan, trao doi ve nhung tac pham cua Nam Cao Va dung la nhu thi, nhirng cong trinh tren dugc xuat ban thi co hang loat nhirng chuyen luan nghien cuu vl Nam Cao dugc cong bo, chua kl nhirng bai bao va cac bai viet phe binh le te khac Theo GVHD: Ho Thi Xuan Quynh SVTH: Le Van Be Tu Nhdn vdt mang tinh tu thudt tdcphdm cua Nam Cao thong ke cua cac nha nghien cuu thi da co den hon 200 ten cac bai bao, cac cong trinh viet ve Nam Cao Cac cong trinh moi nghien cuu ve Nam Cao Ian lugt xuat hien, noi bat la quyen Nam Cao, dai van va tdc phdm cua Giao su Ha Minh Due (1997), cong trinh Nam Cao, phdc thdo su nghiep va chan dung cua Giao su Phong Le (1997) va cac cong trinh cua Nguyen Dang Manh {Nha van tu twang va phong each), Vuong Tri Nhan (Nhung hien hoa cua chat nghich di truyen ngan Nam Cao trudc 1945), Chu Van Son da cho chuyen luan Nghe thudt van xudi cua truyen lao Hgc va sau nay, nhieu tac gia khac da nghien cuu ve nhirng sang tac cua ong Qua hon nua the ki, viec nghien cuu ve tac gia Nam Cao da dat dugc nhieu tuu moi Cac nha nghien cuu, phe binh hien dgc lai Nam Cao da khong dung lai d nhirng ket luan san co ma luon co gang khoi sau vao nhung van de moi me nhung sang tac cua Nam Cao Van tren co sd khang djnh ngudi va tai nang cua Nam Cao nhung tat ca da dugc nang len d nhirng van de mdi, vdi nhirng phat hien sau hon, tam dac hon nhu nghe thuat sang tao, gia trj hien thuc va gia trj nhan dao cua nha van the hien nhung bai viet hoac y kien phat bieu tai cac hoi thao ve Nam Cao cua cac nha nghien cuu nhu: Ha Minh Due, Phong Le, Nguyen Dang Manh, Rieng doi vdi mang van de nhan vat mang tinh tu thuat tac pham cua Nam Cao thi chua dugc de cap den Tuy cac nha nghien cuu chi noi den hinh thuc tu truyen irong nhirng sang tac ve de tai ngudi tri thuc tieu tu san ngheo nhung tat ca d dang chung chung va so luge Trong cong trinh Nam Cao, dai van va tdc phdm (1997), Giao su Ha Minh Due da khang djnh khai quat ve hinh thuc tu truyen sang tac cua Nam Cao: "Tren ca sd khai thdc va xdy dung tdc phdm cd tinh tu truyen, Nam Cao da biet chon loc nhung net dien hinh va nang len muc khai quat cd gid tri xa hoi sau sac " [5, tr.90] Cung nam 1997, Giao su Phong Le cho ddi cong trinh Nam Cao, phdc thdo su nghiep va chan dung Giao su da phat hien tu each xuat hien cua Nam Cao sang tac ong: "Cd nguai viet tu truyen nhu tieu thuyit Cd ngudi viet tieu thuyit nhu tu truyen Nam Cao thuoc dang thu hai Doc Igi hdu hit sang tdc cua Nam Cao, thay hinh dnh cua nha van gdn nhu cd mat a khdp moi nai Luc a vi tri nhu Thu, Diin, Ho, Nggn, Du Luc a vi tri mot nhdn vdt phu, di quan sat, nhin ngdm, cam thong, chia se vdi canh ngo nhung ngudi lao dong, tren hai dia ban, hai mdi truang hogt dong chinh la cdi lang Vu Dgi - que ong hodc a mot vung ngogi d pho, nai cd cdi truang tu ong day thue" [11, tr.13] Hay bai chuyen luan Nam Cao cua Giao su Ha Minh Due, dugc in lai tac pham Nam Cao, nha van hien thuc xuat sac cua tac gia Phuong Ngan (2000), ong da nhan djnh tinh doc dao ve hinh thuc tu truyen cua GVHD: Ho fhfXuan Quynh SVTH: Le Van Be Tu Nhdn vdt mang tinh tu thudt tdcphdm ciia Nam Cao ddi vdi nghe nghiep Ddi vdi y thiic trach nhiem vdi nghi nghiep thi cd le, Hd va Dien cung la hai nhan vat the hien van de sau sac va rd net nhat Hg da tir minh de quan niem sang tac, cd gang di tren dudng da djnh ay Mac du, hg dlu bj cudc sdng bd chat, niu keo lai Trong tac pham Ddi thira, theo y nghT cua Hd, ngudi nghe sT mudn sang tac mdt tac pham van chuong thi phai biet sue tim tdi, dua vao cai mdi cai la: "Van chuang khdng cdn din nhirng ngudi thg khio tay, lam theo mot vai kieu mdu dua cho Van chuong chi dung ngp nhirng ngudi biit dao sau, biit tim tdi, khai nhirng ngudn chua khai, va sdng tgo nhirng cdi gi chua cd "[21, tr.341] Hd cdn nhdn manh la tac pham van chuang phai phan anh chan thuc va sau sac ddi song kho cue cua nhan dan tren tinh than nhan dao Mdt tac pham van chuong hay, cd gia trj cao, nd phai chua dung ndi dung nhan dao sau sac, nudi dudng ldng tin, tilp them sue manh, nghj lire cho cudc sdng cua loai ngudi: "Mdt tdc phdm that gid tri, phdi vugt lin ben tren tdt cd cdc bd cdi vd gidi hgn, phdi la mot tdc phdm chung cho cd loai ngudi Nd phdi chua dung mot cdi gi ldn lao, mgnh me, vira dau ddn, Igi vira phdn khdi Nd ca tung long thuang, tinh bac di, su cdng binh Nd lam cho ngudi gdn ngudi han" [21, tr.348] Trong Giang sdng, Dien da each li dugc ao tudng va tien gan den hien thuc ddi sdng Dien da nhan dugc cai phu philm, gia tao ma bay lau nay, minh nham mat theo dudi Trong do, cudc song thuc tai dien so sd trudc mat ma minh lai vd tam, hd va khinh re Diln phai thoat li di tat ca ao tudng cua minh va Dien phai trd ve diing hien thuc ma minh dang song, dang tham thia Vi the, Dien da tim dugc cai chan li, cai quan niem sang tac van chuang cho rieng minh: " nghi thudt cd the chi la tieng dau khd kia, thodt tir nhirng kiip ldm than, vang ddi len mgnh me long Diin Diin chdng cdn di ddu cd Diin chang cdn chdn trdnh, Diin cirdiing lao khd, md hdn ddn lay tdt cd nhirng vang ddng cua ddi " [21, tr.l 12-113] Ngudi sang tac khdng phan anh diing nhirng van de dien trudc mat, cac sir kien van ddng xung quanh minh, nhirng ngudi that d ngoai ddi Ngudi sang tao nghe thuat lai td bao che, nhin phien dien, chii quan, vd doan Tat ca dieu la mdt sir ddi tra, Igc lira ma ngudi cam biit can phai tranh Sau nam 1945, Nam Cao tham gia each mang va dl quan niem sang tac mdi Trudc day, Nam Cao ma udc dugc sdng chit, dang hiin tat cudc ddi cho nghe thuat Nhung bay gid, Nam Cao da danh tat ca nhung diiu thieng lieng, kinh nhat cho tap the, cho nhan dan Trudc day, nha van mong dugc viet de lo cho cudc sdng Bay gid thi tam trang ciia ngudi cdng dan dugc phai phdng, dng khao khat dugc song: "Song da rdi hay viet" [21, tr.774] Ong song de cd ca hdi gdp siic vao cdng cudc giai phdng dan tdc Sdng de chuan bj thuc hien li GVHD: Ho Thi Xuan Quynh 64 SVTH: Le Van Be Tu Nhdn vdt mang tinh tu thudt tdcphdm cua Nam Cao tudng cao ca cho minh Sdng de duong dau vdi khd khan, vdi ke thu, lam chu van menh dat nude 3.4 CAC NHAN VAT Tl/ THUAT TRONG NHlTNG SANG TAC CUA NAM CAO LUON SONG TRONG NOI TRAN TRO Trong xay dung hinh tuong nhan vat, ngoai hinh dang, tinh each thi ndi tam ciia nhan vat khdng the thieu dugc Cac nhan vat mang tinh tu thuat ludn dien sir tran trd, xung dot gay gat qua ndi tam cua minh Trong sach Li ludn van hoc, Ha Minh Dlic da dua khai niem ve ndi tam cua nhan vat: "Noi tdm chi toan bd cudc sdng ben cua nhdn vdt, la nhirng tdm trgng, suy nghi, cdm xiic, cdm giac, nhirng phdn ung tdm li cua bdn thdn nhdn vdt trudc nhirng cdnh ngd, nhirng tinh hudng ma nhdn vdt chung kiin hodc thi nghiem tren nhung budc dudng ddi ciia minh" [4, tr.l35] Ndi tam cua nhan vat cd the dugc nha van the hien bang ngon ngu cua chinh minh Nhung each thuc de dien ta ndi tam cua nhan vat phd bien nhat la ddc thoai ndi tam va ddi thoai ndi tam Day la qua trinh nhan vat tu ddi thoai, tu ddc thoai vdi chinh minh Nd dien ta qua trinh tu y thiic ciia nhan vat Chiing dugc thuc hien bdi chinh ldi ndi cua nhan vat Vi vay, nhung ldi ddc thoai va ddi thoai ndi tam dugc am tham, lang le vang len tam tu, cam xiic, suy tu rat thuc ciia cac nhan vat Chinh vi the ma ddc thoai va ddi thoai ndi tam giup chiing ta cd the di vao the gidi ndi tam cua nhan vat mdt each sau sac va kham pha sir bi an ben ciia nhan vat Trong sir nghiep sang tac ciia Nam Cao, thii phap nghe thuat mieu ta nhan vat mang tinh tu thuat nhirng sang tac cua dng thi khdng phai liic nao nha van cung dat van de ngoai hinh nhan vat la yeu td chu dao, nhat Tuy nhien, ddi can thiet, Nam Cao cung the hien tai nang mieu ta ngoai hinh cua nhan vat cung rat sau sac, ggi hinh anh cao Ddi vdi de tai ngudi ndng dan, ddi tugng la nhung ngudi lao ddng ngheo khd, sdng xa hdi tdi tam thi dng su dung thu phap mieu ta ngoai hinh ciia nhan vat nhieu han Chang han, ngoai hinh cua Chi Pheo, thj Nd, Le Van Ru, Lang ran, Trach Van Doanh, Day la nhirng nhan vat cd hinh dang rat thd thien, khac thudng, quai dj Nhung hinh dang dj hinh nhu the, ddi lam chiing ta ghe sg, hdt hoang Tham chi, chiing ta cdn len an each mieu ta thai qua cua nha van Nhung that chat, tac gia mieu ta ngoai hinh cua nhung dua tinh than cua minh nhu vay la nha van mudn td cao cai thuc trang xa hdi liic bay gid: cai xa hdi da day ngudi ndng dan khdng chi bj huy hai ve nhan tinh ma cdn bj huy hai ve nhan hinh Cdn ddi vdi de tai ngudi tri thii tieu tu san, Nam Cao mudn nhan vat cua minh phai trai qua qua trinh tu dau tranh ndi tam giua hien thuc vdi li tudng, giua tinh thuong vdi sang tao nghe thuat va giua thien vdi ac, Tir do, tac gia mdi lam ndi bat len van de ndng hdi ciia xa hdi: cai xa hdi da day nhirng ngudi tri thiic di den budc GVHD: Ho Thi Xuan Quynh 65 SVTH: Le Van Be Tu Nhdn vdt mangtinh tir thudt tdcphdm cua Nam Cao dudng cung ciia sir sdng, hg nhu cang di sau hon vao ddi sdng tiing quan, ngheo ddi, be tac Cudc sdng dd nhu ludn deo dai dang, keo dai cudc ddi hg Vi thi, ma li tri cua hg nhu cang mau thuan va rdi ren hon bao gid hit Hg mau thuan vdi ddi, vdi sir nghiep va tham chi cdn mau thuan vdi chinh ban than minh Vi the, cac nhan vat mang tinh tu thuat cua nha van Nam Cao da bde Id ndi tam rat phong phu, da chieu Qua cac nhan vat cua minh, Nam Cao thi hien tai nang mieu ta ndi tam, mieu ta dien bien tam ly ciia nhan vat Nha van thudng de cho nhan vat tu bde Id suy nghT, tam trang cua minh, tu minh doi thoai vdi chinh minh Diiu nay, tac gia the hien het sue rd ret, sau sac d nhung nhan vat tri thuc tilu tu san mang dang dap cua minh nhu Dien, nhu Hd, nhu Thu, nhu "tdi" Ddi sdng ndi tam, sir suy nghT, tran trd trien mien cac nhan vat tri thuc tilu tu san nay, day vira la dau hieu ciia sir bi kjch cang tang, cung vira dau hieu cua tinh ngudi, sir vuon day cudc sdng Trong kho tang van hgc Viet Nam, cd le, khd cd tac gia nao lai dua nhan vat cua minh den cai dai bi kjch tinh than nhu cac nhan vat sang tac cua Nam Cao Rieng ddi vdi nhan vat tri thiic tilu tu san thi du la tac pham ngan hay dai, it hay nhieu nhan vat, du la hien than ciia nha van hay khdng thi tat ca cac nhan vat deu bde Id nhung suy tu, tran trd cua minh vl ddi song, tinh thuang gia dinh, sir nghiep Khac vdi cac nha van khac, tac gia khdng chi de nhan vat ddc thoai mdt chieu ve mdt van de ma cdn cd sir ddc thoai va ddi thoai ndi tam giua hai mat ciia van de khdng tuong ddng cung mdt thai gian, dja dilm Ddi khi, tac gia cdn de nhan vat phan hai ngudi dl hg tu doi thoai, giang co vdi Vi the, ndi tam cac nhan vat ludn dat tinh trang bao ddng cao Ndi tam cua hg ludn trang thai cang dan nhu mdt sgi day dan Neu tac gia vd y, so suat mdt chut xiu thdi thi sgi day se diit, cung ddng nghTa vdi nhan vat cua minh di theo mdt nga re tieu cue Vi the, tac gia Quang Ba, bai Nhd Nam Cao, nghive may bai hoc sdng tdc cua dng, da nhan xet: "Diing la nhiiu phen Nam Cao da td ngd nghiing, tham chi mudn sa chdn, hut budc Nhung ngudi dgc sau nhirng gidy phut hdi hop cdng thang, cdng cdm thdy khoan khoai thdy dng cudi ciing vdn dung Igi dugc tren bd" [13, tr.208] Hau het cac nhan vat mang tinh tu thuat cua Nam Cao deu ludn song ndi tran trd Vi day cung chinh la each suy nghT, xung dot cua chinh nha van liic bay gid Cac nhan vat ludn cd sir dau tranh giang xe, vat ldn ngon ngdn cua nhirng van de ve cudc sdng ma hg khdng mudn phai ddi mat Cudc sdng thi phai cd nhilu van de, phong phii, nhieu mat, mudn mau mudn ve Vi thi, cac nhan vat mang tich tu thuat ciia Ncim Cao ciing anh hudng rat nhieu tir cudc sdng mau thuan da mau sac GVHD: Ho Thj Xuan Quynh 66 SVTH: Le Van Be Tu Nhdn vdt mang tinh tu thudt tdcphdm cua Nam Cao Cho nen ddi sdng ndi tam cua hg ludn cd sir xung dot, dau tranh gay gat khdng ngung nghi 3.4.1 Tran tro* giira thien va ac Cac nhan vat tu thuat tac pham cua Nam Cao ludn song mdt hoan canh day khd khan, chat vat vdi cudc sdng hang nen hg khdng thi thuc hien dugc nhung li tudng, udc vgng cua minh Vi thi, ndi tam cua hg ludn sdng mau thuan, xung dot Cac mau thuan dd nhu ludn dan xen vao va lam cho cac nhan vat tu thuat sang tac cua Nam Cao cd mdt ddi sdng ndi tam phong phu, da dang Day cung la dieu rat khac so vdi cac nha van cung thai ki Chang han, mdt sd tac pham mang tinh tu thuat cua nha van Thach Lam nhu truyen ngan Hai ve dep thi nha van da xay dung the gidi ndi tam ben cua nhan vat khdng phong phu, da chieu vi nha van khdng dung tren thuc tl ddi song dl phan anh Cac nhan vat mang tinh tu thuat cua Nam Cao ludn dat minh giua ranh gidi cua cai thien va cai ac Chiing nhu ludn rinh rap, bao vay ngudi tilu tu san tri thiic va lam hg nhu dang dao dien, chao dao trudc sir dau tranh tam li Cai thien - cai ac la hai menh de gan nhu phu djnh, triet tieu lan Nhung ddi liic, chiing nhu la hai ke lang gieng than thich, gan gui vdi Khi mdt da Id budc thi de dang cham chan qua phia ben Nhan vat Chi Pheo, tac pham cung ten cua Nam Cao, Chi la mdt ngudi ndng dan luang thien, hiin lanh, chat phac Chi cung cd ma udc gian dj, don so nhu bao anh nha ndng khac tren ddi Nhung chinh bgn quan lai, bgn dja chii va ca che dd thuc dan da biln Chi tir mdt ngudi cd tinh each hiin lanh nhu dat hda mdt quy du cua lang Vu Dai, chuyen lam nghi rach mat an va, dam thue, chem mudn de sinh song Nhung cudi cung, Chi cung tim dugc nggn lua luong thien ngudi minh Rieng ddi vdi tang lap tri thiic thi sir mau thuan lien tiep dien ben ndi tam cua hg Nd ren ri, dau ddn, ddi nd cdn giet chet tinh ngudi hg nhung cuoi cung, hg da tu thiic tinh va thoat dugc dudng tam tdi Cdn doi vdi nhan vat Diln Nude mdt, anh mang bao tam trang uat uc, but rut ve nha: nao la xau ho vdi dng ddi tram, gay go vdi dng thu ki buu dien, mat mdt td giay bac rach, bung ddi, met mdi di bd vl nha, Bao nhieu cai met moi, khd cue nen vao ngudi co thi dm ylu cua anh Roi Diln vl nha, mang ben tai ldi day nghien, cau cd, la het cua ngudi vg Diln thay minh nhu dang dien len va cam thay: "Khd nhu mot chd vay" [21, tr.384] Tir day, cai tan nhan ngudi ciia Dien da dugc phii day Diln bd mat benh dau cua cai va cdn mong cho nd chet di, dung sdng tren ddi Chiing song de lam kho Diln chu khdng cd ich Igi gi cho Dien hit: "Cd thdng dy nira! Nd ciing chet di cho rdnh! Nay dau bung, mai dau bung Nay xin ve, mai xin ve! " [21, tr.383] Cudc song gia dinh da dao sau cai hd khd dau de chdn vui vTnh vien cudc ddi Diln Cd liic, GVHD: Ho Thj Xuan Quynh 67 SVTH: Le Van Be Tu Nhdn vdt mangtinh tu thudt tdcphdm cua Nam Cao Dien cdn td tan ac Dien mudn bd chiing di that xa de me cua chiing chit ddi, chet khat Nhung cudi cung cai ac da khdng thi chem che dugc lau vi chinh tinh thuong, sir luang thien tinh ngudi da trd lai manh me ngudi Diln: "Bdy gid long han chi Igi sir xdt thuang Han thuang vg, thuang con, thuang tdt cd nhung ngudi phdi khd dau Long han thiit tha rudn len, mudn vuan de dp dm lay moi ngudi Mat han dam dia "[21, tr.387] Trong Dai thira, tam trang ciia Hd khdng chju sir tac ddng true tilp tir vg cua minh Vi Tir la mdt ngudi vg rat dju dang, phuc tung chong nhu ngudi day td vdi chii ciia minh Cai ac ngudi Hd cd tir sir ngam ngam, chat chiia biit bao Hd bj ddn ep vao can ma tran cua bi kjch: cudc sdng, sir nghiep, tinh thuang, Hdm nay, can bi kjch dd da tham sau, cay dang hon vi dugc sir trg giup bdi men say ciia rugu thi cai ac tam tri ciia Hd da bj bde phat du ddi hon bao gid het: "Ngay mai minh cd biit khdng? Chi mai thdi! La tdi dudi tdt cd may me minh khdi cdi nhd Tdi dudi tdt, khdng chua mdt dua nao, ke cd be Thdo Id ngoan nhdt May diia diu ddng vdt mdt nhdt cho chet cd! Chiing nd chi biit an vdi hit! Cd me nira, me la minh dy ciing ddng vdt mdt nhdt cho chit cd! Chiing nd chi biit an rdi ngdi dm nhu nhin dm khu khu bgc trirng, khdng chiu lam them viic gi cho cd tiin Chi khd thdng thdi!" [21, tr.343] Hd da nhan tam xua dudi di ngudi vg hien tir, nhung dua tha dai Con vat cdn biet hi sinh mang sdng cua nd de bao ve cho ciia minh Huong chi, Hd la ngudi, la ngudi cha, ngudi chdng thi Hd chang khac nao la loai siic vat va tham chi cdn te hon nd nua Hd dau ddn, xau hd, cho nhung hanh ddng, ldi ndi tan ac ciia chinh minh Hd nguyen rua ban than minh The la, cai luong thien von cd da trd vl ben ngudi ciia Hd Hd an nan, hdi han, cam tay Tir ma roi nude mat Anh giao Thu tac pham Sdng mdn thi ciing cd ddi liic anh ciing diing rat gan, map me ben bd ciia cai ac Liic nay, Thu dang tam trang nit la chan chuong, that vgng Cudc ddi vd vj, te nhat, cai ddi ma ngudi ta cu Igi dung lan de sdng, de ton tai Oanh dua cho thu ba biic thu ciia Dich gui minh Cac biic thu ndi ve can benh tram kha cua Dich Dich sap tir bd di cudc ddi tuoi dep, biit bao mo mdng; tir gia di ngudi yeu thuang nhat cua minh Liic nay, sir vd tinh, lanh nhat cua Thii bdng dung sdng lai, che khuat di cai luong thien vdn cd cua anh Trong ldng cua Thii khdng cd chut ldng thuang nao, lanh cam vdi noi dau ddn, vat va, dau tranh vdi mam benh quai ac de gianh giat sir sdng tung cua ban minh: "Thir chang rd dugc mot gigt nude mdt nao, longy vdn bdi hdi" [21, tr.712] Roi Thii cang gia cd them sir ac tam ciia minh bang hdi lie xa xua cua hai ngudi Khi Thu va Dich cdn d dudi que: "Dich hay bat ngt y, Dich da ldm cho y phdi khdc rdt nhieu ldn Ldn len, cd nhien la hg chdng cdn nghi gi nhiiu din nhirng trd tri xua, mdt GVHD: Ho Thj Xuan Quynh 68 SVTH: Le Van Be Tu Nhdn vdt mang Hnh tu thudt tdcphdm ciia Nam Cao ddi nhdc din, cd hai ciing thang thdn cudi Nhung khdng hiiu sao, liic gan Dich, Thir vdn thdy mdt cdi cdm giac khd chiu khdng cat nghia ndi, mac ddu cdch Dich ddi xir vdi y khdng cd gi ddng trach Hinh nhu hai ngudi khdng ghit nhau, nhung vdn cd mdt cdi gi phdi giu ke vdi Trong sir giao tinh, ho khdng budng thd ho hoan todn " [21, tr.712] Hon nua, Thii cdn nghi ngd benh cua ban minh: khdng biet benh cd nang nhu the khdng? Dich khdng din ndi nao phai chit nhu Dich da tran trdi vdi minh Nhung bdng dot nhien cai tinh ngudi da trd lai ngudi ciia anh Trong liic, chiing ta tudng dau Thii da sa ddi minh vao cai ac, cai tan nhan, cai vd hdn ciia minh rdi Ldng Thii da that lai, tim dau nhdi va rdi tu trach minh: cd nao vi biic thu cua minh ma Dich xiic ddng qua nen benh nang them khdng? Neu nhu Dich khdng chit Rdi Id nhu Dich vl thi sao? Thii cdn mat mui nao de nhin va ndi chuyen vdi ban ciia minh nua Cung liic day, suy nghT ciia Thii hinh mdt y nghT rat tieu cue: Thii nghT niu Dich vl cai trudng thi se lay lai cai chan hieu trudng cua minh, cd thi se khdng can Thii nua va se day Thii ngoai dudng Thu se trd mdt ngudi that nghiep, bao tam huylt, cdng sue, bao mong mdi cua minh chang khac nao gia trang hit sao? Biit bao, suy nghT cu den dau cua Thii Rdi mdt y nghT ddc ac da thoat vut qua cai dau nang triu cua Thii: "Gid Dich chet di!"[21, tr.712] NghT rdi, Thii lai cam thay rat budn rau, dau ddn Thii cam thay minh da hit tinh ngudi, qua ich ky, tan ac: "Long y da can cdi den the u? Yda ich ky, da ddi bgi, da tan nhdn, da khdn ngn den the u?" [21, tr.731] Thii qua ngao Thii dau nhu khdng bat cii noi dau nao tren ddi cd the sanh bang Thu cam thay sir xudng cap tram trgng cua ngudi minh Tam hdn ciia Thu da khd khan, can cdi din thi chang? Thii* dau khdng chi dau cho cai chet gan den ciia ban ma Thu cdn dau cho cai chit mdn cua tinh thuang ben ngudi minh Thu hdi han Thii khdng kiim chi dugc long minh: "Tren maty, mdt chut nude mat bdng ira Tra tra trudc cdi chet ciia mdt ngudi thdn, y ad khdc cdi chit cua chinh tdm hdn minh " [21, tr.713] Qua cac nhan vat Thu, Hd, Dien, chiing ta ludn thay mdt cudc dau tranh ndi tam giang xe, quyet liet ben ciia hg Cd liic, chiing ta lo au, thap thorn cho cac nhan vat vi cd the mdt chut nua thdi thi hg da bj cai ac hda lan vao minh va biln hg mdt ngudi hoan toan khac Dac biet, trudng hop cua Thii, tac gia mieu ta ndi tam qua hon mdt trang giay nhung dng da tao cho nhan vat ludn dau tranh: tir cai thien qua cai ac, tir cai ac qua cai thien, tir cai thien lai qua cai ac, rdi lai tir cai ac trd lai cai thien Chiing ta thay, dd nhu la mdt sir dau tranh lien hoan, mdt lien khiic nhac da am, giau sac thai, cung bac Tdt ca, cho chiing ta thay mdt cudc song mdt cang be tac Cac nhan vat ludn diing trang thai tich cue va tieu cue cudc sdng Bat cii hoan canh, giay phut nao thi hg cung cd thi de dang GVHD: Ho Thi Xuan Quynh 69 SVTH: Le Van Be Tu Nhdn vdt mang dnh tu thudt tdc phdm cua Nam Cao sa chan, trugt nga vao vao dudng tdi tam, tdi ldi va tan nhan Nhung cudi cung, cai thien, thien luang vdn cd ngudi da trd ve diing vj tri, y nghTa vdn cd Nd da chien thang dugc cai xau xa, ddc ac ben 3.4.2 Tran trd' giira hien thirc va li tirdng Tam trang ciia nhan vat mang tinh tu thuat cua Nam Cao la mdt tam trang mau thuan, xung dot giua thuc tai den tdi va udc mdng, li tudng cao dep d tuong lai Hg mudn thuc hien udc ma, li tudng ciia minh nhung vi cudc sdng hien thuc ngheo ddi nen ho khdng the thuc hien dugc Trong tac pham Sdng mdn, ndi tam cua Thu da mau thuan gay gat giua hai khdng gian: gian gian d hien tai la cudc sdng thuc ciia ban than va khdng gian d tuong lai la cuoc sdng li tudng d nha cu Hai Nam Sau khi, San nghe trd Phong din bao la cu Hai Nam cho minh va Thii den trg San ve, ndi vdi Thii van de Thuc chat, tham tam Thii thi ciing rat thich vi la nai d ma udc, li tudng cua bao ngudi Nhung Thii cd giu ldng tu trgng ma ndi gugng vdi ban minh: "If, thi ngudi ta bang long Nhung luang anh mdi thdng dugc bao nhieu Anh thir hdi thang Md xem! Anh nen nhd rang bip nhd ngudi ta sang nao ciing phdi dgp xe dgp di Ha Ndi sam thirc an day nhi! Hg an udng nhu trdi dy!" [21, tr.591] Thu cdn cd bien minh cho li de phan ddi cua minh: "Nhirng Igi cung rdt cd thi ngudi ta ddi mdi thdng ba chuc ddng Ha ha! Anh that Id ngudi Igc quan!" [21, tr.591].Sir tranh dau ndi tam ciia Thii dien khdng dugc bao lau thi Thii da bj khuat phuc bdi mdt cudc sdng phong luu, li tudng, xa hoa d tuong lai Cai khao khat, ham mudn that ben ciia ban than da dugc Thii bgc Id qua chinh suy nghT cua minh: "Y tudng tugng ra, theo nhung ma udc ngdm ngdm ciia long y, can phdng xinh xinh y se a vdi San Nhirng bira diim tdm, bdi dem vao tan phdng riing Nhirng bira an trua, an chiiu vdi cd gia dinh cu Hdi Nam, hay la de chiu han, vdi nhung ngudi tri tuoi thdi Nhirng budi chiiu ngdi udng tra d ngoai hiin, nhin xudng mat ho Nhirng cdu chuyen thdn mat va di ddm ciia nhung cd gai cdm cung Nhirng cdi mui xoa ho theu giiim Nhirng bd hoa ho dem vao Nhirng budi tdi cd trang ciing ho dgo chai hay diia nghich a vudn Nhirng nghi cung hg diin xe hoi di tham cdc ddn diin ciia cu Hdi Nam Va cd nhiin, cd mdt cudc luyin di vdi mdt, hay hai, ba cd mdt liic " [21, tr.594-595] Day khdng chi la udc ma ve cudc sdng li tudng ciia rieng Thu ma cd le bat cii ngudi tri thuc tieu tu san ngheo nao cung tung nudi udc ma, hi vgng dieu dd Dieu khdng phai la xau ma la udc mo chinh dang ve mdi trudng, khdng gian sdng li tudng cua mdi ngudi Nhung chinh cai hien thuc ve than phan, ve cai ngheo ma Thu nhu bung tinh day sau nhung me dai Hinh anh nhirng ngudi than cua Thii da hien va danh thiic cai mdng phong luu ciia Thu trd lai vdi cai thuc tai cua ddi Hinh anh doan ngudi xanh GVHD: Ho Thj Xuan Quynh 70 = SVTH: Le Van Be Tu Nhdn vdt mang tinh tu thudt tdc phdm cua Nam Cao xao, rach rudi cua ba, me, vg, cac em, cac da keo sir that cudc ddi, ngudi Thii trd lai Hien thuc that la chua chat, Thu rat ngheo, rat cue mjch, chi la mdt dng giao khd trudng tu ma thdi thi lam ngudi ta cd thi chap nhan, ddn anh vao cudc sdng cao sang, quy phai, xa hoa cua hg Tam trang cua Thii gid chi cdn la sir that vgng va ddn dau nhin lai udc mo cua minh: "Cu Hdi Nam va nhung chau cu cd bao gid se trgng y din thi khdng? Ho chi la nhirng ke giau, rdt hgm cua, rdt khinh ngudi Ho se danh gid y bang nhirng qudn do, dgc ciia y va se khinh y Vd Igi y se vui long ddng gdp cdi vai nha giau, an chai va phii phiim thi u? Khdng! Y phdi biit trgngy" [21, tr.595] Thii cdn cd udc mo di that xa de md rdng tam nhin, tang them vdn hieu biet nhung hien tai da cudc sdng benh tat da day anh vl que Anh ludn mong mudn minh phai lam dieu gi de cd the giup ich cho ddi, cho xa hdi nhung anh lai khdng lam dugc vi hien thuc com ao, gao tien da khdng cho Thii thuc hien udc ma ay Ddi vdi Dien tac pham Giang sdng thi ciing roi vao canh ngd tuong tu Tam trang cua Dien ciing cd sir mau thuan cudc sdng hien thuc la mdt ngudi cha, ngudi chdng vdi bao be bdn, lo toan va mdt ben la nha van vdi bao udc ma, li tudng cao dep chinh dang ve nghe nghiep Sir den tdi, xau xa, be bdn xa hdi cung vdi sir sang lung linh, huyen ao cua cua anh trang da tao hai khdng gian sdng khac Vdi vai trd la mdt nha van, khdng gian anh trang se la rat can thiet cho cam xiic tinh te sang tac cua Dien Anh trang tiep sue them cho nhung ma mdng, li tudng cua Dien se bay cao, bay xa hon Vdi vai trd la mdt ngudi cha, ngudi chdng thi Dien lai trd ve diing vdi thuc tai ma minh dang sdng, kho dau, lo kiem an tung O hai cai the gidi nhu the da lam cho tam trang Dien khdng liic nao dugc yen binh, nghi ngai Trong tac pham Chi Pheo, anh trang td dep them mdi tinh cua hai ngudi xau xi, thd thien ay Anh trang nhu la nhan triing chung, nhu dang mim cudi cho hanh phuc cua ddi uyen uong Anh trang da phan chieu dugc tinh yeu lung linh, cao dep ciia ddi tinh nhan C) day, chiing ta ciing de dang cam nhan dugc tu tudng rat muc nhan dao cua tac gia: du ngudi cd xau xi, thd kech, ngheo khd den dau thi tinh yeu cua hg van dep, van lang man nhu bao tinh yeu cua nhirng ngudi binh thudng khac tren the gian Cdn ddi vdi anh trang tac pham Gidng sdng, nd la nai de Dien gui nhung udc mo, nhirng van tho bay bdng, day tinh tu cua minh Nhung anh trang khdng giup ich dugc gi cho Dien, khdng the tao cam ao, khdng the lam no da day nhirng ngudi than dang ddi khd cua Dien Tuy Dien ludn dam me, theo dudi li tudng nghe nghiep nhung sudt may nam trdi, niem dam me, li tudng da lam cho Dien chang nudi dugc ban than, vg Dien chang kiem dugc mdt ddng nao Thuc te, Dien, vg cua Dien la mdt ngudi thuc ngoai ddi, hg cung cd nhu cau an, mac, cung phai cd nhu cau tieu GVHD: Ho Thj Xuan Quynh 71 SVTH: Le Van Be Tu Nhdn vdt mang tinh tu thudt tdcphdm ciia Nam Cao xai, Dien cang cang cam thay mau thuan va ludn trang thai trai ngugc nhau: mdt ben la tam trang ludn canh ngheo khd, be tac, uc uat, ngao va mdt ben la tain trang cua udc mo, li tudng cao dep ve nghe nghiep Trudc mdt hoan canh eo le den the, tam trang cua Dien dang bj dao ddng, giang co quyet liet, manh me bdi hai thai cue cua cai thuc va li tudng Dien cam thay nhu tam trang cua sir be tac, ngheo khd nhu cang tham sau vao ldng minh va cai tam trang phan khdi, giau cam xiic, li tudng nhu cang xa tam vdi ciia Dien hon Nhung cudi cung, chinh vi tinh thuong, cudc ddi thuc ma Dien da quay ve vdi ban chat ngudi thuc cua minh, quay ve vdi cai hien tai ma Dien dang sdng, dang hien huu trudc mat: "Chao di! Chao di! Nghi thudt khdng cdn Id dnh trang lira ddi, nghi thudt cd thi chi la tiing dau khd kia, thodt tu nhirng kiip ldm than " [21, tr 112] 3.4.3 Tran trd* giira tinh thirong va sang tao nghe thuat Trong van hgc Viet Nam trudc nam 1945, chua cd nha van nao khac hga ndi tam nhan vat cdng nhu nha van Nam Cao Ong da di sau phan tich, md xe nhieu sd phan nhan vat Thdng qua nhirng sd phan nhan vat thi dng da tu the hien, phan tich cudc ddi thuc cua chinh minh Trong ddi sdng ndi tam ciia nhan vat tri thiic tieu tu san mang tinh tu thuat cua Nam Cao, nha van Hd da the hien mdt trang thai ludn dan vat, mau thuan, dau tranh giira tinh thuang ngudi va sir sang tao nghe thuat chan chinh Tinh thuong va sang tao nghe thuat thi thudng thudng chiing phai song song vdi Mudn sang tao nghe thuat thi ngudi nghe sT phai cd mdt tinh thuang, phai cd cai tam, ldng nhan bao la ddi vdi ngudi, tin yeu va tran trgng ngudi thi mdi sang tao mdt tac pham hay, cd gia trj va di sau vao ldng ngudi Nhung ddi vdi cac nhan vat tu thuat cua nha van thi dieu lai chiia day nhung mau thuan, xung dot Cac nhan vat ludn d tam trang day eo le, trd treu, hg mudn thuc hien tinh thuong thi phai tir bd nghe thuat va hg mudn sang tao nghe thuat thi phai tir bd di tinh thuong ciia minh Hd la nhan vat cd ddi sdng ndi tam rat sau sac Tam trang cua anh ludn tran trd, suy tu va ludn ddi thoai vdi chinh minh, vdi ngudi xung quanh ve nghe viet van Cd lan Hd ndi vdi Tir: "Nay, Tir g Nghi cho ky, ddi tdi khdng ddng khd md hda khd, chinh tdi lam cdi thdn tdi khd, tdi mi van qud nin mdi khd dy thi, ma khd thi khd that, nhung thir cd ngudi giau bgc vgn nao thuan ddi lay cdi dia vi cua tdi, chua chac tdi da ddi Tdi cho rang: nhirng dugc dgc mdt dogn van nhu dogn nay, ma Igi hieu dugc tdt cd cdi hay, thi ddu an mot mdn an ngon din ddu cung khdng thich bang Sudng ldm! Sao thien hg Igi cd ngudi tdi din thi? Minh tinh: ngudi ta td cdi cdnh mdt ngudi nhd qui huong chi mdt cd ba cdu, dung ba cdu! Minh cd hiiu khdng? Ba cdu gian di mot cdch khdng ngd ma hay dugc din nhu GVHD: Ho Thi Xuan Quynh 72 SVTH: Le Van Be Tu Nhdn vdt mang tinh tu thudt tdcphdm cua Nam Cao the " [21, tr.345] Trong ngudi Hd, chiia dung mdt sir tran trd giua ddi sdng hien thuc va sang tao nghe thuat Hd la mdt ngudi cd hgc nen Hd phai suy nghT nhu mdt ngudi cd tri thiic Hd khdng thi bd mac vg dk song cho rieng minh va phung sir cho nghe nghiep cua minh Vdi tu each la mdt nha van, Hd ludn mong mudn tien xa han nghe viet Hd ao udc vilt mdt tac pham ma cd thi lam md het nhung ten tuoi cung thai Hd mudn cd mdt tac pham hay, nhan loai se thudng thiic va se than phuc, ton trgng minh va ten tuoi ciia minh se noi tiing khap the gidi Hd da tung tam sir vdi ban be ciia minh de ndi len cai tam huylt ciia minh ban luan ve tac pham Dudng vi cua nha van Quyin: "Cudn "Dudng ve" chi cd gid tri dia phuong thdi, cdc anh cd hiiu khdng? Ngudi ta dich nd vi mudn biet phong tuc ciia mgi noi Nd chi td dugc cdi bi ngoai ciia xa hdi Tdi cho la xodng lam! Mdt tdc phdm that gid tri, phdi vugt lin bin tren tdt cd cdc bd cdi va gidi hgn, phdi la mdt tdc phdm chung cho cd loai ngudi Nd phdi chua dung dugc mdt cdi gi ldn lao, mgnh me, vira dau ddn, Igi vira phdn khdi Nd ca tung long thuang, tinh bac di, su cdng binh " [21, tr.348] Nhung Hd khdng thi thoat khdi hoan canh sdng hien tai, khdng thuc hien dugc nhung ki vgng ldn nen Hd ludn day diit, dan vat, khd dau Hd chan cudc ddi, chan cai xa hdi va cdn chan ludn chinh ban than minh: "Cdn gi budn han chinh minh Igi chdn minh? Con gi dau ddn han cho mdt ke vdn khat khao ldm mdt cdi gi ndng cao gid tri ddi sdng ciia minh, ma ket cue chang ldm dugc cdi gi, chi nhirng lo cam md du met? " [21, tr.341] Cd ddi liic, Hd mudn tir bo vg di de thuc hien nhung udc mo, li tudng, cao ca cua minh Hd nghT: "Phdi biit dc, biit tan nhdn di sdng cho mgnh me" [21, tr.431] Song liin sau dd Hd thay "Ke mgnh la ke giup dd ngudi khdc trin ddi vai ciia minh " [21, tr.341] Cd le vi trach nhiem, tinh thuang cua mdt ngudi chdng, ngudi cha nen Hd da khdng the nao chien thang dugc ban than minh The la Hd da bl tac, sa nga, biln chat roi tuyet vgng: "Thdi the la het! Ta da hong! Ta da hong dirt rdi" [21, tr.342] Tam trang ciia Hd da bj giang xe du ddi giua mdt ben la sir sang tao nghe thuat va mdt ben la tinh thuong nhan nghTa, dao li lam ngudi Mau thuan ngudi Hd mdi liic cang dugc gia tang them va da chi phdi, am anh cudc song hang cua Hd Khdng gian sdng tu tiing, chat chdi va cung vdi bao thang song kho dau da khien Hd roi vao dudng bi kjch the tham cua ddi Trong sd nhan vat tri thiic tieu tu san mang mang tinh tu thuat ciia Nam Cao thi nhan vat Hd la ngudi bj biln chat tram trgng va sau sac nhat Nhan vat Hd la nhan vat dac biet nhat gidi nhan vat tri thiic tieu tu san cua nha van: ngudi cua tinh thuang cao ca va ngudi ciia hoai bao, udc mo, li tudng cao dep da mau thuan, xung dot vdi Rdi cd liic, ngudi ay cung roi vao sa nga, lam ldi GVHD: Ho Thj Xuan Quynh 73 SVTH: Le Van Be Tu Nhdn vdt mang dnh tu thudt tdcphdm ciia Nam Cao Nha van da trau chudt, ggt diia rat kT cang nhirng ldi ddc thoai va doi thoai ndi tam cua cac nhan vat tri thiic tieu tu san mang tinh tir thuat ciia minh de nham bde Id nhung suy nghT, cam xiic giang xe tir sau tham tam hon cua nha van Cac nhan vat tri thuc tieu tu san ay deu la cac dang hda than khac cua nha van Nam Cao Tac gia da tu the hien minh qua cac nhan vat tu thuat cd chiiu sau ndi tam de bay td nhirng quan diem, suy nghT ve cudc ddi, vl ngudi Tir vj tri ngudi ke chuyen la nhan vat hay vj tri ciia ngudi ke chuyen la chinh tac gia thi hien thuc tac pham dugc nha van the hien rat sau sac qua trinh bde Id ndi tam bao gdm nhung hdi lie, ki niem, nhirng suy nghT tran trd ve cac van dl cudc sdng GVHD: Ho Thj Xuan Quynh 74 SVTH: Le Van Be Tu Nhdn vdt mang tinh tu thudt tdc phdm cua Nam Cao KET LUAN Nam Cao, nhd van hiin thuc xuat sac, day la tieu dl cua quyin sach dau tien nghien ciiu ve nha van Nam Cao ciia Giao su Ha Minh Diic, nam 1961 Day cung chinh la ldi nhan djnh xac dang, sau sac, toan dien nhat ddi vdi mdt nha van da danh chgn cudc ddi minh de di tim cai hay, cai dep cho van chuong nghe thuat Ong khdng chi xuat sac ve phan anh than phan, cudc song ngudi ndng dan ngheo ddi, tha hda ve ngoai hinh, cung nhu tam tinh ma dng cdn rat xuat sac mieu ta hoan canh chan that ve ngudi tri thiic ngheo, suit ddi lo cho cai an, cai mac, rdi lai roi vao bi kjch nghe nghiep, bi kjch tinh thuang ngudi Cd the ndi rang, phan ldn nhirng tac pham vl tang lap tri thiic ciia Nam Cao deu khai thac tir ban than cua tac gia Dieu dugc minh chiing rat rd rang qua chu de quen thudc cua Nam Cao: vilt vl ngudi tilu tu san ngheo, ban cung, bl tac Dd la nhirng hoan canh ma chinh cudc ddi dng da trai qua va chiem nghiem Dac biet, ndi bat nhat la ngudi tri thiic ngheo Tu nhung nha van, nha tha den ngudi chien sT each mang, hg deu mang dang dap, hinh anh ngudi cua dng Vi the ma hinh thiic tu thuat tac pham cua dng, nha van da su dung rdt cdng, sau sac: khdng chi phan anh vl sd phan cua ngudi tri thiic ngheo ma nd cdn mang tam voc cua mdt giai doan lich su cua dan tdc Ong da dam di thang, nhin chinh dien va khdng ngan ngai phd bay, phan anh hit cudc song ciia minh, ciing nhu nhirng ngudi tri thiic xung quanh Vi thi, nhan vat ay di vao van cua dng rat sinh ddng, chan that va the hien mdt ddi sdng ndi tam rat phong phii, da dang Tat ca cac nhan vat mang tinh tu thuat cua Nam Cao cd liic hg cd nhung bieu hien ciia sir ghen tudng, so do, ganh tj, nhd nhen, nhung hg rat la nhan dao, giau ldng thuong ngudi, nhiet tinh, dam me nghi nghiep Trudc hoan canh khd khan, hg cdn cd sir tieu cue ddi sdng ciia minh Vi thi, tam trang cua hg ciing ludn cd sir tran trd, xung dot, dau tranh, khdng thoa thuan: hg ludn mudn lam iihirng dieu tdt dep cho cudc sdng nhung cung cd liic cd nhirng suy nghT, viec lam tieu cue trai vdi li tudng cua minh: hg ludn suy nghT hudng ngudi den cai thien, cai nhan nghTa, bao dung nhung cung cd liic, hg lai lam dieu ngugc lai; hg giau hoai bao, udc mo nhung lai khdng thuc hien dugc udc mo, hoai bao; Cd thi nhan thay, cac nhan vat mang tinh tu thuat cua Nam Cao deu chiia dung nhilu ylu td bi kjch cudc sdng, nhieu mau thuan ndi tai giang xe, hdn loan ngudi Nhung sau nam 1945, tac gia da di theo tieng ggi cua each mang va trd mdt chiin sT each mang: xdng xao, nhiet tinh, hang hai Vi the, ndi tam cua nhan vat mang tinh tu thuat cua Nam Cao gan nhu khdng cdn xung dot, mau thuan gay gat nhu giai doan trudc GVHD: Ho Thi Xuan Quynh 75 SVTH: Le Van Be Tu Nhdn vdt mang tinh tu thudt tdcphdm ciia Nam Cao Cd the nhan thay rang, sudt cudc ddi cam biit cua minh vdi Nam Cao la mdt qua trinh tim tdi, kham pha chinh ban than minh va lay cudc ddi minh dl di sau vao nhirng bi an tam li mang tinh nhan each Ong de nhan vat minh tu van ddng, tu suy nghT, tu tim each giai quyet Dd la nhung ddng gdp ddc dao viec hinh phong each nha van hien thuc tam li, hien thuc nhan ban Nam Cao Ong da gdp phan rat ldn vao qua trinh hien dai hda van hgc cua dan tdc Van dl nay, tac gia Vu Khac Chuang da nhan djnh: "Van hgc hiin thuc phi phdn da cd mdt vai trd nhdt dinh viic hiin dgi hda van xudi ddn tdc, bdi vi tdc gid ciia ddng van hoc ma tieu bieu la Nam Cao da diiu chinh diing hudng vd gdp phdn hoan thien qud trinh ddi mdi van xudi ddn tdc" [2, tr 116] Trong qua trinh nghien ciiu, tim hieu ve nhan vat mang tinh tu thuat nhirng tac pham ciia Nam Cao, chiing tdi da tich luy, hgc dugc nhilu kinh nghiem, kT nang thdng qua qua trinh thu thap, tim kiim tai lieu, cung nhu kT nang vilt, trinh bay mdt bai khoa luan va tac phong ciia mdt ngudi nghien cuu khoa hgc Mac du qua trinh nghien cuu chiing tdi gap nhirng thuan lai vi Nam Cao la mdt tai nang ldn, mdt tac gia tieu bieu cua giai doan van hgc nen cd nhilu cdng trinh khoa hgc nghien cuu, luan van, tieu luan, hdi thao, dl cap din dng cung nhu tac pham cua dng Nhung ben canh do, chiing tdi ciing gap khdng it khd khan vi day la dl tai chua dugc nghien cuu sau Du chiing tdi cd gap khd khan nhat djnh nhung chiing tdi da co gang tham nhap vao nhirng kien true nghe thuat va cd gang tim nhirng net ddc dao, hap dan d ben nhirng sang tac mang tinh tu thuat cua dng Chiing tdi that sir nit thich thii vdi de tai Chiing tdi mudn tim hieu, nghien ciiu sau hon Niu cd diiu kien, chiing tdi se tiep tuc nghien cuu ve nghe thuat mieu ta tam li va nhirng xung dot ndi tam cua cac nhan vat mang tinh tu thuat cua Nam Cao Tir do, chiing tdi se mdt lan nua tim hieu sau sac, nhieu khia canh, da dien hon ve nhan vat mang tinh tu thuat cua Nam Cao nhirng sang tac cua nha van trudc va sau nam 1945 GVHD: Ho Thj Xuan Quynh 76 SVTH: Le Van Be Tu Nhdn vdt mang tinh tu thudt tdcphdm ciia Nam Cao TAI LIEU THAM KHAO • Nguyen Dinh Chii, Tran Hiiu Ta (Chu bien), Nguyen Hoanh Khung, Dang Thanh Le, Nguyen Ldc, Hoang Nhu Mai, Nguyen Dang Manh va Pham van Phuc (2000), Van hoc 11, tap mdt, Nxb Giao due Vu Khac Chuang (2000), Nghi thudt ki chuyen tdc phdm cua Nam Cao, Nxb Van hgc Phan Cu De, Tran Dinh Huu, Nguyen Trac, Nguyen Hoang Khung, Le Chi Dung va Ha Van Due (2009), Van hoc Viet Nam (1900 - 1945), Nxb Giao due Ha Minh Due (Chu bien), Dd Van Khang, Pham Thanh Hung, Pham Quang Long, Nguyen Van Nam, Doan Due Phuong, Tran Khanh Thanh va Li Hoai Thu (1996), Li ludn van hoc, Nxb Giao Due Ha Minh Due (1997), Nam Cao - Ddi van va tdc phdm, Nxb Van hgc Le Ba Han, Tran Dinh Su va Nguyen Khac Phi (Chii bien) (1992), Tir dien thudt ngir van hoc, Nxb Giao due Ho ST Hiep (1996), Nam Cao - Vu Trgng Phung, Nxb Van nghe, Tp Hd Chi Minh Tran Van Hieu (2006), Ba phong cdch trao phung van hgc Viet Nam thdi ki 1930-1945: Nguyin Cdng Hoan, Vu Trong Phung Nam Cao, Nxb Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ndi Tran Thj Hong (2006), Chuyen chua biit vi nhd van Nam Cao, Nxb Cdng an Nhan dan 10 Pham Manh Hung (2001), Thiphap hoan cdnh tdc phdm ciia Ngd Tdt Td, Vu Trong Phung va Nam Cao, Nxb Thanh nien, Ha Ndi 11 Phong Le (1997), Nam Cao - Phdc thdo su nghiep va chdn dung, Nxb Khoa hgc Xa hdi, Ha Ndi 12 Phuong Luu (Chii bien), Tran Dinh Su, Nguyen Xuan Nam, Le Nggc Tra, La Khac Hda va Thanh The Thai Binh (1997), Li ludn van hoc, Nxb Giao Due 13.Nguyen Dang Manh (2001), Nha van - Tu tudng va phong cdch, Nxb Dai hgc Qudc gia Ha Ndi 14 Le Thanh Nga, Tran Thj Hong (Bien soan) (2010), Nam Cao - Nhd van ciia nhirng kiip song mdn, Nxb Kim Ddng 15 Phuong Ngan (Tuyen chgn va bien soan) (2000), Nam Cao - Nhd vdn hiin thuc xuat sac, Nxb Van hda - Thdng tin, Ha Ndi 16 Bui Van Nguyen (Bien khao - chii giai - gidi thieu) (1994), Tha qudc dm Nguyin trdi, Nxb Giao due, Ha Ndi GVHD: Ho Thj Xuan Quynh i SVTH: Le Van Be Tu Nhdn vdt mang linh tu thudt tdcphdm ciia Nam Cao 17 Nhieu tac gia (1997), Nam Cao - Nhd van va tdc phdm trudng phd thdng, Nxb Giao due 18 Nhilu tac gia (2011), Nam Cao - Phi binh vd binh ludn van hgc, Nxb Van hgc 19 Nhieu tac gia (2011), Nam Cao - Tdc phdm vd ldi binh, Nxb Van hgc 20.Bich Thu (Bien soan va tuyln chgn) (1998), Nam Cao ve tdc gia vd tdc phdm, Nxb Giao due 21 Tuyen tap Nam Cao, Nxb Thai dai, 2010 22 Nguyen Duy Tir (2004), Truyen ngan Nam Cao tir lang mgn den hiin thuc, Nxb Thuan Hda 23 Kieu Van (Tuyen chgn - Gidi thieu) (2008), Tha Tu Xirang, Nxb Tong hgp Ddng Nai Dgi HOC V0 TKtfftW TOflN 'thuy GVHD: Ho Thi Xuan Quynh n H SVTH: Le Van Be Tu