TRI^T HOC, SO 4 (239), THANG 4 2011 NGHIEN Cllru VA HQC TAP QunN uim cun NHO GIRO VC ono inivi NGirdi NGUYEN THI THO •'''' Be ldm ro quan niim cda Nho gido vi dao ldm ngUdi, trong bdi viit ndy tdc gid dd[.]
TRI^T HOC, SO (239), THANG 4-2011 NGHIEN Cllru VA HQC T A P QunN uim cun NHO GIRO VC ono inivi NGirdi NGUYEN THI THO •' Be ldm ro quan niim cda Nho gido vi dao ldm ngUdi, bdi viit ndy tdc gid dd dUa vd ludn gidi khdi niem "Dao ldm ngUdi", dao ldm ngUdi qua cdc mdi quan hi (quan hi cua ngudi vdi bdn thdn; quan hi cua ngUdi vdi ngUdi khdc - vdi xd hdi) Theo tdc gid, vdi Nho gido, nhdn, nghia, li, tri vd tin dUpc dat quan hi cua ngUdi vdi chinh bdn thdn minh di tu thdn, de trd thdnh ngUdi qudn td; cbn chinh danh Id yeu cdu dao ddc dUac ddt quan he vdi ngUdi khdc (vdi xd hdi) de moi ngUdi deu thUc hiin dung phdn sU cda minh, ldm cho xd hpi on dinh, phdt triin t ho giao - mdt hpe thuyd't chinh tri, dao dflc ddi tfl Trung Qud'c, trai qua hdn 25 the' ky tdn tai va phat tridn nhflng vdn cdn dd nhfl sfl thach thflc vdi thdi gian Niio giao ve sau da khac nhieu so vdi luc mdi xua't hidn, nhflng nd vdn cd didm chung - dd Id mdt hoc thuyd't ehinh tri, dao dflc eiia giai cd'p phong kie'n Trung Qud'e, chii trfldng dung "Id tri", "dflc tri" de quan ly xa hdi Khdng Txi ndi: "Diing dao dflc lam dfldng Idi chinh tri thi nhfl Bdc Ddu mdt chd nha't dinh ma cac khac diu vay quanh"(Luan ngfl vi chinh, 1)(1) Nhflng nguydn tdc dao dflc eua Nho giao nhfl nhan Id, nghia, tri, tin vfla la ehudn mfle de tiiiu chinh hanh vi ciia ngfldi, vfla la nhflng bidn phap de bao dam cho ehinh tri, nhan nghia dfldc thiic hidn Bdi vay, Nho giao khdng dUa dinh nghia nao ve khai nidm "Dao lam ngUdi", nhUng qua cac tac pham kinh diin, qua tU tudng eua cae dai bieu Nho giao ed t h i tha'y, khai nidm "Dao lam ngUdi" da dupe Nho giao di sau khai thac Dao lam ngxtbi "Dao ldm ngUdi" la khai niem dfldc hinh tfl rat lau, nhflng nay, luan ban ve nd khdng phai la rapt tlieu da cu, ed hu, Bdi le, tU cd ngfldi va xa hdi loai ngfldi thi nhiing mdi quan he gifla eon ngfldi vdi eon ngfldi, ngUdi vdi tu nhidn, ngUdi vdi ehinh ban than minh ludn sinh va vay, "Dao lam ngudi" ludn van hanh Ngay nay, xa hdi cang phat trien, trinh dp nhan thfle cua ngUdi khdng ngiing dUde nang eao, mdi quan he gifla ngUdi vdi tU nhien, xa hdi va chinh ban than minh sinh nhieu van de phflc tap thi "Dao Ikm ngfldi" lai cang dfldc chu y hdn bao gid hd't (*) Ti^n si, Trflcing Dai hoc Sfl pham Ha Noi (1) Ngd vdn Hdn N6m, t.l: Td thU Vien Nghien cflu Han Nom, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hoi Ha Noi, 2004, tr.227 NGUYEN THI THO Khi b^n dd'n "Dao Idm ngfldi", Nho giao nha'n manh dd'n "Dao nhdn", "Dao lam ngUdi" Theo nghia dd, "Dao lam ngUdi" dupe hieu la nguydn tdc chinh tri, \k quy pham dao dflc va luan ly, la dao ly tri qud'c va xii the' ciia ngfldi Ndi each khae, dao ldm ngUdi dUOc hieu la dudng ldi, nguyin tdc dao ddc md ngUdi co bdn phdn gin gia vd tudn theo ddi sd'ng Dd Id nhdn sinh quan, la quan niim sd'ng sach, thudn theo le phdi Nguydn tdc chinh tri la tfl tfldng chi dao vide tri qud'c, binh thidn ha, phan anh he tfl tfldng eua giai cd'p edm quyen Quy pham dao dflc, luan ly theo quan nidm cua Nho giao chinh la tam cfldng, ngu thfldng, trung hid'u, tam tdng, tfl dflc, Dao Idm ngfldi ciia Nho giao bao quat cae mdi quan he xa hdi d radt pham vi ra't rdng Mdt ngfldi cd dao dflc, cd "dao lam ngUdi" la cd sd de ngUdi thflc hidn td't mdi quan he quan he vdi tfl nhidn, flng xii xa hpi, flng xxi vdi chinh ban than minh theo danh phan Nho giao gpi ngfldi dat dfldc cac chuan mflc dd la "ngfldi quan tii", "da'ng trfldng phu" Vdi Khdng tii, ngfldi quan tii khdng thuan chi dia vi xa hdi cua ngudi dd, ma chii yd'u chi phdm chd't dao dflc ma ngfldi dd dat dfldc Ong cho rdng, "Ti Canh Cdng cd rapt ngan cd xe bd'n ehd nhflng sau chd't, dan khdng tha'y cd edng dflc gi rad khen Ba Di va Thue Te ehdt ddi d chan nui Thu Dfldng, nhflng dd'n dan hay cdn ea ngdi "Thanh bd't di phu, diec ehi di di" (that chdng vi giau, chi vi dflc la) Cd le la ndi vi dieu nky chang" (LuSn ngfl, Quy thi, 12)(2) 48 Dao lam ngUc*i qua cac mdi quan he 2.1 Quan hi cua ngUdi vdi bdn thdn Nho giao la hpe thuyd't rd't chu trpng dd'n dao dflc ngfldi, dd cd dao dflc flng xii vdi chinh ban thSn minh Vdi nguydn tdc dao dflc nay, Nho giao coi trpng sfl nghidm khdc vi^c tu than, tich dflc Theo Nho giao, ngfldi quan tii ddi vdi minh trfldc hd't phai I^m nhflng viec khd, sau mdi dupe hfldng qua (Nhan gia tidn nan; nhi hau hoach; kha vi nhan by) (Ludn nga, Ung gid, 20)(3) Dd'n ddi Tdng, Pham Trpng Yem cho rdng, ngfldi khd trfldc thien ha, vui sau thidn la ngfldi cd nhan Khac v6i nhflng ngfldi bd't nhan, ngfldi quan tit, nhan dflc la ngfldi ludn vui ve sdng ba't ky hoan canh nao, dfl la vinh hoa hay ddi nghdo, tung thid'u Hp khdng bi phu quy, danh ldi, giau sang lam lung lac Klii de cap dd'n mdu ngUdi quan til, Khdng Tut thUdng dua nhiing tieu chuan khae nhau, song lai, ngudi quan tii phai dat dUdc chin dieu sau: (1) Nhin thi phai di y nhin cho sang; (2) Nghe thi phai ldng tai nghe cho rd rang; (3) Sde mSt phai gifl cho on hda; (4) Tfldng mao thi phai gifl cho khidm eung; (5) Ndi nang phai gifl bl trung thflc; (6) Lam viec phai trpng sU kinh cdn; (7) Cd dieu nghi hoac tM phai hdi han; (8) Khi gian thi nghi de'n sil hoan nan cd the xay ra; (9) Thay ldi thi phai nghi tdi dieu nghia" (Luan ngQ, (2) Ngu van Hdn Ndm Sdd., tr.513 (3) Ngd vdn Hdn Ndm Sdd., tr.312 QUAN NI$M C O A NHO GIAO vfi DAO LAM NGUdi Quy thi, 10)(4) Theo Khdng Tii, chin diiu phai cd sii hai hda vdi ma dng gpi la "trung dung" De dat dfldc nhflng dieu nay, trfldc hd't ngudi quan ttl phai ren luyen dUde dflc cd ban: Nhdn, Nghia, Le, Tri, Tin Day cung la tfl tfldng xuyen sud't dao Idm ngfldi ciia Nho giao ndi ridng, he thd'ng tfl tfldng Nho giao ndi chung Ngfldi quan tfl, theo Nho giao, phai biet gifl dflc nhan ciia minh, cd the vi nhan raa sat than chfl khdng thd vi than rad hai nhan De gin gifl dflc nhan, ngfldi quan tii phai tfl kiem ehe' minh de tuan theo Id tid't ciia xa hdi (Ludn ngQ, Nhan Uyen, 1), de vflng vang, tram tfl nhfl mii trfldc mpi thfl thach eiia cudc ddi (Ludn nga, Ung gid, 21) "Khac ky phuc le vi nhan", tflc la dieu g^ khdng hdp vdi Id thi diing nhin, dflng nghe, dflng ndi, diing lam Theo Khdng Td, la ngfldi ciing cd ndi sd hai cua minh, ban than dng eiing ndi nhieu dd'n ehfl "sd" (uy); nhflng khdng ed ehd nao, dng khuyen ngUdi ta tham sd'ng sd chd't ca NgUdc lai, dng cdn khuyen ngUdi cd nhan va chi thi phai bid't chpn cai chd't mdt each xflng dang: "Ngfldi ed chi va ngUdi cd dflc nhan khdng tham sdng ma hai ngfldi Hp phai xa than de nhan" Dd dat dUde ta't ca nhiing phdm chd't dao dflc dd, de hanh ddng nhfl mdt ngUdi quan txi giup ddi, Khdng Txi cho rdng, ngUdi quan tfl phai ludn la'y "tu than" lam dau Tu than la cd sd de xay diing nhan each cho minh, d i hanh dao giup ddi (te gia, tri qud'c, binh thien ha) Nhan la dao dflc can ban nhd't eua ngUdi; nd bao ham minh mpi dflc tinh Do vdy, ngfldi ed nhan dong nha't vdi ngfldi hoan thidn nhat, ngfldi quan tii "Ngfldi cd dflc nhan la ngfldi phai nghiem trang, te ehinh, rdng Ifldng, khoan dung, dflc tin, ldng thanh, sidng nang, can man vk biet thi an vdi nara dfle (eung, khoan, tin, man, hue) (Luan ngfl, Dfldng hda, 6)(5) Dd eung la ngfldi bid't ydu ngfldi dang ydu, bid't ghet ngfldi dang ghdt Ngfldi cd dflc nhan cung la ngfldi cd dflc le, vi bieu hien bdn ngoai ciia nhan la Id (khdc ky phuc Id vi nhan) O pham vi qud'e gia, le dupe hieu la vide tuan theo ky cfldng phep nUdc va cac chudn miic dao dflc xa hdi Nghia dflde cac nha Nho dat mdi quan he vdi ldi Hp cd xu hfldng coi nhe Idi ma ehi chu trpng nghia Khdng Tfl cho rdng, "quan td hieu rd ve nghia, tieu nhan hidu rd ve ldi"(6) Do vay, Khong Tfl hay khuyen dieu nghia, cho nghia la rapt dieu can ban de lap than, vide gi hdp vdi nghia thi lam, khdng hpp thi bd Ld, Tin va Nghia gan bd chat che vdi nhau: "NgUdi quan txi la'y nghia lam gd'c, theo Id ma thflc hidn, ndi bdng Idi khidm td'n va hokn bdng thai dp thUc Nhu vay that la quan tfl (Luan ngfl, Ve Linh Cdng, 17)(7) Manh Tfl cdn bai xich Idi hdn, dng chi thd'y cd nghia ma khdng cd ldi Nha vua chi ndi dieu nhan nghia, ta't phai ndi tdi ldi Tri la tri tue, la tri thflc, hiiu bid't cua ngfldi quan txt, la cd sd dd hanh sfl Ngfldi hoan thanh, dat dfldc vide tu than la ngfldi lam trdn, lam diing phan sfl cua minh (4) NgU van Hdn Ndm Sdd., tr.512 (5) NgU van Hdn Ndm Sdd., tr.516 (6) Gian Chi va Nguyin Hien Le Dai cUOng Triet hoc Trung Quw:, t.2 Nxb Thanh nien, Ha Noi, 2005, tr.452 (7) Ngd vdn Hdn Ndm Sdd., tr.485 NGUYEN THI THO (chinh danh) Trdn cd sd ldm trdn phdn sfl cua minh ma md rdng vide lam trdn phdn sU, nhidm vu eiia minh ddi vdi ngUdi khae mpi mdi quan hp Ydu cdu eiia Nho giao vi tidu chuan dao dflc di ngfldi tu than la rd't to^n didn Khdng nhflng d i cao tinh thdn tu than, ban thdn Khong Txi cdn la mpt ta'm gfldng ve tu than Ong mud'n ca xa hdi tu than dd tao radt "vfldng qud'e eiia ngfldi qudn tii" Quan nipm cua Nho giao ve dao lam ngfldi quan he ddi vdi ban than cho de'n vdn cdn nhflng gia tri nhd't dinh, giup chung ta rdn dua ban than, tu dfldng phdm cha't dao dfle, sd'ng dung danh phan eiia minh ngudi, gifla "ky" (minh) va "'nhan" (ngudi) Vdi dng, nguydn tdc ddi xii giiia ngUdi vdi ngudi la xem ngUdi eung nhu minh, cdi gi minh khdng raud'n thi dflng lam eho ngUdi (thi chU ky nhi bdt nguydn, di^e vdt thi fl nhan), minh mud'n lam ndn thi giup ngfldi lam nen, minh mud'n thdnh dat thi giup ngflcfi dat (ky due Idp nhi lap nhan, ky due dat nhi dat nhan) Vdi quan nidra vi "ky" vk "nhdn" nay, Khdng T^ da khang dinh tfl tfldng dao dflc coi ngfldi cua Nho giao Nguydn tdc thii hai ma Khdng Tii de eao la "Trung dung", 'Trung hda" 'Trung hda la cai tinh tfl nhidn eiia trdi dd't, trung dung la cai dflc hanh eua ngfldi ta Trung la 2.2 Quan hi cda ngUdi vdi ngUdi gifla, la khdng thidn lech ve bdn nao khdc (vdi oca hdi) Dung la thfldng Trung dung nghia la Trong xa hpi, eon ngfldi phai tri dung dao Trung lam Id sd'ng thUdng ddng thdi nhieu mdi quan he khae vay"(8) Nghia la dao Trung dung nhau, nhu quan he kinh te', quan he ddi hdi ngUdi diing thai qua ve chinh tri, quan he luan ly dao dflc, minh, eiing diing thai qua vi ngUdi No quan he tdn giao, quan he gia dinh , gid'ng nhu mdi tUdng quan gifla "vkn" quan he kinh td' la cai ddng vai vk "cha't": "Cha't ma trdi hdn van thi tho trd cd ban NhUng tfl sd ky, eac kdch, van ma trdi hdn chd't thi phu nha Nho da khdng quan tam dd'n quan phid'm, van va cha't deu hai hda thi mdi he kinh td', cung khdng quan tam de'n la quan txt (Luan ngfl, Ung gia, 16)(9) cac quan he phap luat, tdn giao Hp Manh Tii da khai quat mdi quan he tuydn bd: "Trong xa hdi, mpi nghe ciia ngfldi xa hdi mdi nghiep deu la tha'p kdm, chi ed quan he cd ban, dd la: quan - than (vua nghe dpe sach Id cao quy" (Van ban giai - tdi), phu - txi (cha - con), phu - phu phdm, hau ddc thU cao) Vi vdy, (chdng - vd), trfldng - a'u (ngfldi Idn tud'i sii tap trung cua cae Nho gia chii yd'u vao Iinh vUc ehinh tri, dao dflc, dieu - ngfldi nhd tudi, anh - em), bdng hflu phu hdp vdi dudng Id'i dflc tri, vdi (ban be) Cd sd eua mdi mdi quan he da quan nidra eho rdng chinh tri, dao dflc dfldc Manh Tii thuyd't minh rd rang: quyd't dinh sU an nguy eiia trieu dinh, "Cha thi cd tinh than rudt thit, vua su dn dinh eiia xa hdi Khdng Txt \a ngudi dau tidn neu Idn mdi quan he gifla eon ngfldi vdi eon 50 (8) Doan Chinh Dai cUcfng lich sCl triei hoc phUdng Ddng CO d^i Nxb Thanh nien Ha N6i, 2003, tr 189-190 (9) Ngd vdn Hdn Ndm Sdd., tr.326 QUAN NIEM CUA NHO GIAO VE DAO LAM NGUdi tdi thi cd nghia, chdng vd thi ed khach bidt, Idn tudi va it tudi thi ed thfl tfl, ban bd thi ed dieu tin" (phu txt hflu than, quan than hflu nghia, phu phu hflu bidt, trfldng §LU hflu tfl, bdng hflu hflu tin)(10) Manh Tii gpi nam mdi quan he la "nhan luan", ed nha Nho gpi dd la "ngu luan" Dd la nam mdi quan he dfldc coi la tidu bidu eho cae radi quan he xa hdi luc bd'y gid Cac mdi quan he ddn ddn quy ve mdi quan he Dd la quan hd vua - tdi, eha - con, chdng - vd, cdn gpi la "Tam cfldng" Day dfldc coi la nhiing mdi quan he gifldng mdi, lam tru cdt cua xa hdi phong kid'n Trung Qud'c tfl thdi Han trd di O giai doan dau, cac nguydn tdc ddi xxi cua nha Nho cdn mang tinh hai chiiu, yeu cdu ngfldi dfldi ed nghia vu ddi vdi ngfldi trdn va ngfldi trdn ciing phai cd nghia vu vdi ngfldi dUdi NhUng vi sau, che* dp phong kid'n tap quyen dUde xac lap, tinh dang ca'p dUde de eao, nguyen tdc iing xxi dan chuyen sang ydu cdu khdt khe vdi ngUdi dudi, ddi hdi ngfldi dudi phai phuc tung vd dieu kien ddi vdi ngUdi trdn Trong mdi quan he gifla vua va bi tdi, nguydn tac dao dfle eua Nho giao, ve ed ban, la quan nhan thdn trung Ca quan vk than diu phai dap flng nhflng ydu cdu sau: Tha nhdt, phai chinh danh Dflng trfldc thflc trang xa hpi rdi ren, Khong Tii cho rdng, dd khdng phai Ik nguydn n h ^ mdt sdm mdt chiiu, ma la mot qua trinh bat ngudn tfl sU sa dpa ciia cae thd' lfle cdm quyen, lam cho "danh" khdng dupe "chinh", tflc la "danh" khdng phu hdp vdi "thUe" Vi vdy, dng ydu edu vua trUdc h i t phai "chinh danh" Chinh danh Id "vua cho vua", nd'u danh bd't ehinh thi ldi ndi khdng dung ddn, ddn de'n vide Idm sai, dd ngUdi vdi ngUdi xa hpi khdng kinh trpng nhau, khdng cdn hda khi, luat phap Idng leo va ngUdi dan sd md't ndi tin cdy, nhd va (Ludn nga, Ta Ld, 3) Khi dan khdng cdn trdng cay, nhd va, thi dan se khdng cdn tin d bdc cam quyin, luc dd du mud'n hay khdng thi xa tdc cung khd tranh be suy sup Tha hai, phai cd sfl tdn trpng ciia ca hai phia vdi Khdng Tii ydu cau: "Nha vua sai khid'n bi tdi thi dfla vao dieu ll, be tdi phung sfl nha vua thi dfla vao diiu trung" (Quan sii thdn di Id, than sU qudn di trung) (Luan ngfl Bat dat, 19)(11) Kd' thfla quan diem cua Khdng Td, Manh TL( cdn manh me hdn, dng khuydn Te Tuyen Vfldng rdng: "Nd'u nha vua xem be tdi nhU tay chan thi be tdi xem nha vua nhU Idng da cua minh; neu nha vua xem be tdi nhU chd ngUa thi be tdi xem nha vua nhU ngUdi dUng nUdc; ndii nha vua xem be tdi nhU co da't tlu b i tdi xem nha vua nhfl ke thu" (qudn chi thi thdn nhfl thii tuc, tdc than thi quan nhfl phuc tam; quan chi thi thdn nhfl khuyen ma, tdc than thi quan nhu qud'c nhSn; quan chi thi than nhu thu gidi, tdc thdn thi quan nhU khau thu) (Manh TvL, Ly Lau ha) (12) Tha ba, ea vua va bi tdi deu dfldc Khdng Txt coi la ngUdi cdm quyin; hp phai dat dUdc ea nhdn dao va thidn dao (10) Ngd van Hdn Ndm Sdd., tr.698 (11) Ngd vdn Hdn Ndm Sdd., tr.253 (12) Nguyen HQu Vui (Chii bi&n) Lich sd triit hoc Nxb Chinh tri Quoc gia Ha Noi, 2004, tr.35 51 NGUYEN THI THO Bcli Id, mdt dng v u a ddng thdi cung p h a i la ngUdi thdy eua dan, p h a i \k ngUdi n h a n dUc nha't t r o n g nhflng ngfldi n h a n dflc Ngfldi l a m ehinh tri ma cd dflc n h a n thi nhfl dflng vao vi tri ciia Bdc ddu, vi tri mk td't ca eac ngdi khac d i u phai hfldng dd'n (Ludn nga, Vi chinh, 1) Vua p h a i d a m bao cho d a n dUdc no a'm, p h a i xay dUng dupe lUc lUdng quan sU hflng h d u va dae bidt, phai cd dupe long tin eua dan Khdng nhflng the', vua p h a i l a m eho d a n giau va bid't giao hda dan(13) Vua s a n g cdn la ngUdi bid't trpng d u n g ngUdi dfle dp, tai nang, p h a i biet rdng Iflpng ddi vdi be tdi ciia minh V u a phai la ngfldi hd't long vi d a n chung M a n h tfl da k h u y e n cac bac v u a chua: "Ngai vui cai vui cua dan thi d a n cung vui cai vui cua minh, ngai lo cai lo ciia d a n thi d a n cung lo cai lo cua minh Vi t h i e n h a m a vui, vi thidn h a m a lo, thd' m a k h d n g lam vUdng thi chUa cd vay" (Manh Ta, LUdng Hue VUdng) Ngoai r a , v u a cdn p h a i thflc hidn chinh sach dien dia cdng bdng, p h a n minh, giam td thud' cho d§.n, cai thien ddi sd'ng n h a n dan Dd cung la nhidra vu trpng yd'u eiia ngfldi cai tri da't nfldc Nho giao k h u y e n v u a khdng ndn l a m d u n g h i n h p h a t dd dp d^n di vao tdn ti t r a t tfl, ma n e n b d n g dflc h a n h Id nghia, vi dflc h a n h cd sfle raanh cam hda ngfldi va l a m cho ngfldi bid't hd t h e n k h i l a m sai: "Dat d a n (dan) bdng chinh p h a p , siia t r i d a n bdng h i n h p h a t , t h i d a n chi t a m t r a n h khdi dupe tdi Idi, chfl k h d n g cd Idng hd t h e n Nd'u d a t d a n b d n g dao dfle, sxia tri b a n g Id giao, t h i d a n k h d n g nhflng cd ldng hd t h e n m a cdn c a m h d a quy 52 phuc"(14) Dflc h a n h va Id tid't d day e h i n h \k nhflng tidu e h u d n ve dfle tinh, la nhflng quy d i n h ve giao tiep, le nghi m a eon ngfldi p h a i cd, p h a i t u d n theo T r o n g dao l a m tdi, K h d n g Td: d i cao chfl "Trung", nhd'n m a n h Idng bid't dn, sfl p h u c tflng, t i n h t h d n p h u c vu hit Idng hd't sfle eua be tdi ddi vdi vua, vdi qudc gia Theo dng, ngUdi lam tdi, lam q u a n trUdc h d ' t p h a i la ngUdi cd diic t r o n g mpi h a n h ddng, cd t h a i dp diing mpi ndi, rapi luc, chfl k h d n g phai n h d n chflc tudc mdi la ldm quan Khi chflng kie'n c a n h xa hdi ed chid'n tranh, h u y n h dd tfldng t a n , M a n h Tii da phe p h a n nhflng k e l a m q u a n ma khdng d u n g d a n h p h d n ciia m i n h , ehi bid't hua theo dieu ac eua vua, phd v u a chi biet siia soan b i n h dao di d a n h chiem nfldc k h a c , gay chie'n t r a n h O n g ket tdi: "Hfla t h e o dieu ac ciia v u a m a khdng can n g a n la tdi nhd, xui giuc d i i u ac cua vua la tdi Idn Nhflng q u a n dai phu thcii n a y deu xiii giuc dieu ac ciia vua, cho ndn bao r d n g q u a n d a i p h u thdi la ngfldi cd tdi ldn"(15) Vdi ldi kd't tdi nay, dng da n e u len tfl t u d n g v i "Dao lam quan": "Khi t h i d n h a ed dao t h i dem dao theo t h a n raa r a lara q u a n Khi thien h a k h d n g cd dao t h i dem t h a n theo dao raa lui ve d dn" (Manh Ta, Tdn tdm ha) Ong cung t h d n g t h d n ndi: ' T h a d bac dudi la dan, k h d n g chiu d e m minh la ngUdi h i i n m a t h d d n g v u a vd dao" (13) Ngii:vdnHdnN6m.Sdd.,iT.429 (14) Ngd vdn Hdn Ndm Sdd., tr.244-245 (15) Doan Chinh Bai cuang lich sH triei hoc phuang Bdng cd dai Sdd., tr.253 QUAN NIEM CUA NHO GIAO VE DAO LAM NGUOI (Manh Ta, Cdo Ta ha) Tfl do, dng da neu ba trfldng hdp ndn lam quan va ba trfldng hdp ndn tfl quan (Sd tflu tam, sd khfl tara) Tha nhdt, ldm quan tha'y cd the hanh dao dfldc Tha hai, lara quan vi giao td' cd Id Tha ba, lam quan vua bie't trpng dung, nudi dfldng Khi lam quan rdi, thi phai trung vdi vua, hd't Idng hd't sfle thd vua, nhflng cung khdng vi vay ma bid'n minh ke "ngu trung" NgUdi Idm tdi trung Id ngudi bid't can gian vua, vua lam dieu trai dao; khdng nhflng thd', cdn cd the phd' trua't ngdi vua, thay vua la ke vd dao Bdn canh quan he vua tdi, gia dinh ciing cd nhieu mdi quan he, nhflng mdi quan he ma Nho giao quan tam nha't, eoi la cd ban nha't, lam rfldng cot cho cac mdi quan he khac la mdi quan he gifla cha va eon, gifla thd' he trfldc va thd' he sau Tieu chuan mdi quan he nay, theo Khdng Tii, la "Phu tfl txi hid'u" Nho giao giai doan sau da day mdi quan he len mflc tuydt doi la "Phu sii txi sfl" (Cha quyd't, phuc tung) Dd dn dinh gia dinh, vai trd eua ngfldi cha "tfl" cung rd't quan trpng, nhflng quan trpng hdn la sfl phuc tung cua ngfldi Do vdy, Nho giao dSc biet de cao Hieu, coi Hid'u la ngudn gd'c cua mpi dflc hanh Nd'u Khdng Td coi dao Hid'u la mdt loai y thflc luan ly eua cai ddi vdi cha me, thi dd'n Tdng Tang Tii (dng Thanh eiia dao Hid'u) da phat tridn dao Hid'u Idn mdt khai niem trflu tfldng, bie'n, mdt nguyen tdc cua mpi dflc khac, la phdm cha't vinh hdng cua ngfldi, la cd sd eua mpi dfldng ldi chinh tri td't dep Pham trfl trung tam hpe thuyd't Nho giao la Nhan, thi Hid'u dupe coi la gd'c rd eua Nhan Hid'u cung cd quan he chat che vdi Trung Theo Nho giao, xa hdi Id sil md rdng radi quan he cha ca nfldc, ca thidn la quan he vua - tdi va md rdng dao Idm con, dao Hid'u pham vi a'y la dao lam tdi, dao Trung Dao Hid'u quan nidm ciia Nho giao cd nhieu ndi dung sau sdc va mang dam tinh nhan van Ngoai ra, Nho giao cdn di cap dd'n dao dflc moi quan he chdng - vp, huynh - de, ban bd, vdi nhflng ydu edu dao dfle rd't cu the Vdi Nho giao, nhan, ll, nghia, tri, tin dfldc dat quan he ciia ngfldi vdi chinh ban than minh de tu than, de trd ngudi quan td, cdn ehinh danh la yeu cdu dao dflc dupe dat quan he vdi ngfldi khac (vdi xa hpi) dd mdi ngfldi thflc hien dung vide, dung phan sfl ciia rainh lam cho xa hpi dn dinh, phat tridn Nhflng quan niem cua Nho giao cho dd'n van edn nguyen gia tri va cd y nghia thdi sfl ciia nd Trong dieu kidn hidn nay, mdi quan he cua ngfldi vdi ngfldi cang dfldc md rdng, xa hdi dang co nhflng bieu hidn xud'ng ca'p vi mat dao dflc, te quan lidu, tham d, tham nhung dang didn bie'n phflc tap, thi tU tudng ve dao lam ngUdi mdi quan he vdi xa hdi cua Nho giao lai cang cd y nghia, gdp phan diiu chinh hanh vi ciia mdi ngUdi de xay diing xa hdi eang td't dep hdn.Q