MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HUE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES ENGLISH DEPARTMENT RESEARCH METHOD LANGUAGE AWARENESS CONTENT Page 1 English – Vietnamese 3 A Chaparral Prince 3 Hoàng tử[.]
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING HUE UNIVERSITY-COLLEGE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES ENGLISH DEPARTMENT RESEARCH METHOD LANGUAGE AWARENESS Page CONTENT English – Vietnamese A Chaparral Prince Hoàng tử đồng xanh (Trích) Analyse Vietnamese – English 11 Hãy tơn trọng khác biệt văn hóa 11 Respect cultural differences 12 Analyse 13 REFERENCES 16 English – Vietnamese From: A Chaparral Prince By O Henry (1) Nine o'clock at last, and the drudging toil of the day was ended (2) Lena climbed to her room in the third half-story of the Quarrymen's Hotel (3) Since daylight she had slaved, doing the work of a full-grown woman, scrubbing the floors, washing the heavy ironstone plates and cups, making the beds, and supplying the insatiate demands for wood and water in that turbulent and depressing hostelry (4) The din of the day's quarrying was over the blasting and drilling, the creaking of the great cranes, the shouts of the foramen, the backing and shifting of the flat-cars hauling the heavy blocks of limestone (5) Down in the hotel office three or four of the labourers were growling and swearing over a belated game of checkers (6) Heavy odours of stewed meat, hot grease, and cheap coffee like a depressing fog about the house (7) Lena lit the stump of a candle and sat limply upon her wooden chair (8) She was eleven years old, thin and ill-nourished (9) Her back and limbs were sore and aching (10) But the ache in her heart made the biggest trouble (11) The last straw had been added to the burden upon her small shoulders (12) They had taken away Grimm (13) Always at night, however tired she might be, she had turned to Grimm for comfort and hope (14) Each time Grimm whispered to her that the prince or the fairy would come and deliver her out of the wicked enchantment (15) Every night she had taken fresh courage and strength from Grimm (16) To whatever tale she read she found an analogy in her own condition.(17) The woodcutter's lost child, the unhappy goose girl, the persecuted stepdaughter, the little maiden imprisoned in the witch's hut all these were but transparent disguises for Lena, the overworked kitchen maid in the Quarrymen's Hotel (18) And always when the extremity was direst came the good fairy or the gallant prince to the rescue (19) So, here in the ogre's castle, enslaved by a wicked spell, Lena had leaned upon Grimm and waited, longing for the powers of goodness to prevail (20) But on the day before Mrs Maloney had found the book in her room and had carried it away, declaring sharply that it would not for servants to read at night; they lost sleep and did not work briskly the next day (21) Can one only eleven years old, living away from one's mamma, and never having any time to play, live entirely deprived of Grimm? (22) Just try it once and you will see what a difficult thing it is Hoàng tử đồng xanh (Trích) Dịch giả : Diệp Minh Tâm Cuối đến chín tối, công việc khổ nhọc ngày chấm dứt Lena trèo lên phịng Khách sạn Quarrymen Cơ bé làm việc quần quật nô lệ, công việc phụ nữ thành niên: lau sàn nhà, rửa bát đĩa, dọn giường, cung ứng nhu cầu không giới hạn củi nước cho khách sạn xô bồ não nề Mọi chát chúa ngày khu mỏ đá chấm dứt – tiếng nổ phá đá, tiếng khoan, tiếng ken két cần cẩu, tiếng la hét đốc công, tiếng ầm ầm tới lui xe goòng chở tảng đá vơi nặng nề Trong văn phịng khách sạn tầng dưới, ba hay bốn công nhân gầm gừ, văng tục qua ván cờ Mùi hăng thịt ninh, mỡ cháy, cà phê loại rẻ tiền lơ lửng sương mù chán ngán nhà Lena đốt nến ngồi rũ ghế gỗ Cơ bé lên mười một, gầy cịm thiếu ăn Lưng tay chân cô nhức mỏi, nỗi nhức nhối tim làm cô khổ Giọt nước cuối làm đổ cốc nước đè thêm gánh nặng vai cô bé: họ lấy cô truyện Grimm Mỗi tối, dù có mệt nhọc đến đâu, bé nương tựa vào Grimm để tìm an ủi hy vọng Mỗi lần có Grimm thầm với bé hoàng tử hay bà tiên đến, cứu cô khỏi cảnh khốn Mỗi đêm, cô bé lấy lại can đảm sức mạnh từ Grimm Với truyện bé đọc, tìm thấy tương đồng với hồn cảnh mình: đứa trẻ lạc lồi bác tiều phu, gái ngỗng bất hạnh, cô nuôi bị bạc đãi, cô gái bé bỏng bị nhốt túp lều mụ phù thuỷ – tất phản chiếu suốt cho Lena, phụ bếp bị bóc lột Khách sạn Quarrymen Và luôn đến cực thể có bà tiên hiền từ hay hoàng tử dũng cảm đến giải cứu Vì thế, lâu đài ác quỷ, bị giam cầm nơ lệ lời nguyền rủa, Lena dựa vào Grimm chờ đợi, tha thiết muốn thấy sức mạnh lương thiện thắng Nhưng ngày trước, bà Maloney tìm thấy sách phịng bé mang đi, phán công nhân không nên đọc sách ban đêm, họ bị ngủ không hăng hái làm việc ngày hơm sau Có thể cô bé mười tuổi, sống xa mẹ, khơng có thời để nơ đùa, lại sống mà khơng có Grimm? Bạn thử lần xem, bạn thấy khó khăn đến dường Analyse Tense: simple present, past perfect Genre: A story Sentence 1: - Nine o’clock at last : Cuối đến chín tối 🡪 Phrase "cuối đến" expresses the looking forward at the end of long process or period of time This character has been waiting for this moment throughout the day long - The drudging toil of the day was ended công việc khổ nhọc ngày chấm dứt Passive voice Active voice The clause has been transferred from passive voice to active voice to fit in writing style because active voice is usually used in Vietnamese - The drudging toil: công việc khổ nhọc Both “drudging” (with noun: drudgery) and “toil” have the same meaning, that mean very hard working It is translated “khổ nhọc” not “vất vả” because the word “khổ nhọc” has stronger sense and also includes the meaning of the word “vất vả” - The day: defined article because in this context, we can know what is being talked about even if it has not been mentioned before - end: chấm dứt “End” means suspension or termination of something in a certain time Use the word “end” (chấm dứt) not “finish” (kết thúc) because “finish” usually suggests conclusion and “end” suggests finality Sentence 2: Her room : it is a particular, defined room which belongs to Lena Sentence 3: - She had slaved: cô bé làm việc quần quật nô lệ Structure: S+V (past perfect) S+ V+C “Slave” (verb) and “nô lệ” (noun) have the same meaning, that is working very hard all day long “Quần quật” is a frequency adjective It has a negative meaning that is “heavy, continuous, have no respite” In the translation, the word "slave" was not translated briefly but it is expressed by the comparative measure (translated by using paraphrasing) to help the reader feel the hardships that Lena had to suffer - Doing the work of a full- grown woman công việc phụ nữ thành niên Verb phrase Noun phrase - A full- grown woman: use undefined article, it refers to a particular member of a group or class - Scrubbing, washing, making, supplying lau, rửa, dọn Verb-ing Verb There is no verb-ing in Vietnamese - Insatiate: always wanting more and never feeling satisfied không giới hạn: infinite, never stop 🡪 the huge needs and seem to never stop - Turbulent: xô bồ Translators use the word “xô bồ” because it has a negative meaning which is more suitable to describing the untidiness in the story's context than the word “lộn xộn” Sentence 5: Down (preposition) tầng (noun) Sentence 6: - Heavy odours: mùi hăng “Mùi hăng” is often used to describe the unpleasant smell of food, especially burnt food "Mùi hôi" has the same meaning as an unpleasant smell but it is not accurate to express the smell of food Sentence 7: - Sat limply: ngồi rũ 🡪 A fatigue posture which contains hidden desperate - Her wooden chair: defined, specific chair which belongs to Lena Sentence 8: - She was eleven years old Cô bé lên mười - “Mới lên” : It emphasizes that she was too young, too immature to heavy works This phrase has a function to emphasize In source language, sentence and sentence 10 are separated However, in target language, they are translated to Vietnamese in compound sentences with the linking word “nhưng ” which means “but” Structure: S+V (sentence 9) S+V (sentence 10) S1+V1, but S2+V2 Sentence 9: ache nhức mỏi: describes a body’s state Sentence 10: ache nhức nhối: describes a mental state 🡪 With the same word , however in target language, it is described by two words that carry two different nuances There are various word choices , not repeat - But : used for changing the subject - The biggest trouble: use defined article before superlatives Sentence 11 and sentence 12 are simple sentences, but they are translated to Vietnamese in compound sentence The colon (:) the explanation for the previous clause Structure: S+V(sentence 11) S+V (sentence 12) S1+V1: S2+V2 10 Sentence 13: - However: a conjunction , used for adding a statement that seems surprising or has a contrasting meaning - For comfortable and hope tìm an ủi hy vọng preposition phrase verb phrase 11 Sentence 18: Good: hiền từ The word “hiền từ” is usually used to describe a fairy than the word “tốt” 12 Sentence 19: - So: a conjunction is used for saying that something happens because of what you have just mentioned, a result linking word 13 Sentence 20: - But: linking word, used for expressing surprise - Declaring sharply: phán “Phán” refers to the way the superiors make a decision over the inferiors which they could not protest or resist 🡪 This word refers to the ridiculous decision of Mrs Maloney and her patronizing, pompously attitude - That: a conjunction introduces a statement, used after some verbs, nouns, adjectives in order to state an idea, fact or reason 14 Sentence 21: It is an interrogative sentence This question is not to ask but aims to show exclamatory sense Can: in this context, it talks about possibility and ability 10 Vietnamese – English Hãy tơn trọng khác biệt văn hóa (1) Ra nước ngồi tính chuyện làm ăn? (2) Bạn tránh nhiều lúng túng, có lẽ khơng bỏ lỡ hội kinh doanh biết tôn trọng khác biệt văn hóa (3) Thí dụ, đừng chạm tới đầu người Thái Lan, đưa vật qua đầu họ, người Thái quan niệm đầu linh thiêng (4) Bạn tránh dùng hình tam giác Hồng Kơng, Đài Loan Hàn Quốc, người ta cho hình tam giác dấu hiệu xấu (5) Có lẽ bạn muốn sang Phi Châu? (6) Nếu xin nhớ số bị coi xui xẻo Kenya có ngụ ý ma thuật Benin, lại may mắn Tiệp Mỹ (7) Màu đỏ màu tốt Đan Mạch lại tượng trưng cho phù phép chết chóc nhiều nước Phi Châu (8) Chỉ ghé qua Bun-ga-ri thơi sao? (9) Hãy đề phịng, gật đầu có nghĩa “khơng”, lắc đầu lia lại có nghĩa “ có chứ” (10) Nếu khơng đề phịng, bạn lại đồng ý muốn phản đối! (11) Đa số dân tộc nhiều dân Châu Mỹ La tinh lại thoải mái giấc (12) Người Nhật coi việc trễ làm ăn lố bịch giao dịch khác, trễ khơng chấp nhận, mà cịn coi “hợp thời trang” Riêng Guatemala, buổi tiệc trưa vào ấn định có nghĩa có khách đến trước 10 phút, có khách đến trễ 45 phút Hiểu biết tơn trọng khác biệt văn hóa phần định thành công kinh doanh quốc tế Người Việt đủ nhạy bén trước khác biệt văn hóa chưa? 11 Respect cultural differences (1) Going abroad on a business trip? (2) You’ll save yourself some embarrassment and maybe some failed business opportunities if you know how to respect cultural differences (3) For example, you must never touch the head of a Thai or pass an object over it, because the head is considered sacred in Thailand (4) You must avoid using triangular shapes in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Korea-here the triangle is considered a negative shape (5) Perhaps your destination in Africa? If so, remember that the number is considered bad luck in Kenya, and has magical connotations in Benin, although it’s good luck in Czechoslovakia and the United States Red- a positive color in Denmark- represents witchcraft and death in many African countries (8) Only a short trip to Bulgaria? (9) Be prepared-a nod means “no” in Bulgaria and shaking the head side-to-side means “yes” (10) Not prepared, you may agree when you mean to disagree (11) Most nations are very punctual, whereas many Latin Americans have a more relaxed attitude toward time (12) The Japanese consider it rude to be late for a business meeting, but it is acceptable even fashionable to be late for a social occasion (13) In Guatemala, on the other hand, a luncheon at a specified time means that some guests might be ten minutes early, while others may be forty-five minutes late Understanding and heeding cultural variables can partly ensure success in international business Are we Vietnamese sensitive enough to cultural varieties? 12 Analyse: Tense: simple present Genre: A report Writing style: informal - Use second person (e.g: you-bạn) - Use contractions to simplify words (e.g: you’ll, it’s) - Use imperative voice (e.g : Be prepared) - Use short and simple sentences Sentence 1: Ra nước tính chuyện làm ăn? Going abroad on a business trip ? Verb phrase Gerund phrase A business trip : undefined article, refers to a kind of trip Sentence 2: Tránh: save yourself 🡪 To take initiative to bad things not happen to me Lúng túng embarrassment Adjective Noun In Vietnamese, adjectives can stand behind verbs, however in English, adjective just behind the linking verb (to be / seem / appear/ feel / taste / look / keep / get), so in target language, translator has moved from adjective to nouns with the function as the object in the sentence Some embarrassment Some (determiner) is used for referring to things without being specific Không bỏ lỡ hội kinh doanh some failed business Verb phrase Noun phrase Sentence 3: Đừng : you must never 13 Imperative sentence is used to ask for someone else to something In imperative sentences, "you" is a hidden subject The head of Thailand Use defined articles to refer to defined or identified objects Vì: because 🡪 A conjunction that is used for giving the reason for previous clause Người Thái quan niện đầu linh thiêng The head is considered sacred in Thailand Active voice Passive voice Active voice is usually used in Vietnamese writing style, however, English writing style refers to using passive voice Đừng: must never The word “must: has the stronger sense than the word “should not” To indicate the admonition, the warning Sentence 4: Tránh : must avoid the warning In sentence 4, the linking word "vì" is replaced by a hyphen (-) in the target language Both of them have the same function, that is explaining for the previous clause Người ta cho hình tam giác dấu hiệu xấu the triangle is considered a negative shape Active voice Passive voice Passive voice structure in present simple tense: S + BE+ V (pp) (+ BY+O) Because “người ta” is unknown agent, so sentence the structure is : S + BE+ V (pp) The triangle: defined article refers to things which have already been mentioned Sentence 6: Xin nhớ : remember that giving an advice That: a conjunction that is used to state an idea Dù lại may mắn Tiệp Mỹ although it’s good luck in Czechoslovakia and the United State Adjective phrase Clause Because after ALTHOUGH is CLAUSE If there is no subject, the empty subject "it" is often used Sentence 8: 14 Ghé (verb) a short trip (noun phrase) in a very short time Undefined article refers to a kind of trip “ sao” is an exclamatory phrase in Vietnamese However, there is no exclamatory phrase like this in English, so the translator translated by using omission strategy Hãy đề phòng : Be prepared It is an imperative sentence In Vietnamese, the word “Hãy” contains an imperative element; meanwhile, in English, the infinitive form (without to) of the verb is always used in the imperative Gật đầu (verb) a nod (noun) In Vietnamese, a verb can be the subject, but it is a noun or gerund in English It is the reason why the translator has to transfer from verb to noun Sentence 12 Structure: “khơng mà cịn” is used to describe someone, something they have two characteristics (used as the structure “not only but also” in English) But: a conjunction, used for joining two ideas or statements when the second one is different from the first Sentence 13 Có khách đến trước 10 phút some guests might be ten minutes early Có khách đến trễ 45 phút Verb phrase others may be forty-five minutes late Clause Sentence 14 Hiểu biết (verb) understanding (verb-ing) Tôn trọng (verb) heeding (verb-ing) In Vietnamese, verbs can be the subject, but it has to be turned to Verb-ing in English Quyết định Ensure Use “ensure” not “sure” because “ensure” is to make certain that something happens or is done while “sure” is certain to happen 15 REFERENCES Dictionaries: MACMILLAN Essential Dictionary for learners of American English The Little Oxford Dictionary, English – Vietnamese Dictionary http://www.online-literature.com/donne/1007/ http://www.truyenviet.com/truyen-ngan/62-h/4375-hoang-tu-dong-xanh http://www.edufind.com/english/grammar/definite_article.php https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/lsu /content/4_WritingSkills/writing_tuts/linking_LL/ linking3.html http://tratu.vietgle.vn/hoc-tieng-anh/tu-dien/lac-viet/V-V/ch%E1%BA%A5m%20d %E1%BB%A9t.html http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-modals_can_1.htm http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/gerundphrase.htm 16