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NONG LAM UNIVERSITY HO CHI MINH CITY FACULTY OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES FUSARIUM VENENATUM Group Lecturers: PhD Biện Thị Lan Thanh Ho Chi Minh City, October 16, 2022 MEMBERS GROUP LIST Nguyễn Lan Anh Nguyễn Thị Lan Anh 21126009 21126014 Phạm Thị Mỹ Hạnh Lâm Ngọc Lan Đỗ Ngọc Bảo Chân 21126054 21126092 21126287 Lê Hoàng Phúc Thạch Vinh Nguyễn Minh Đức 21126162 21126259 21126305 Phan Minh Ngọc 21126426 Huỳnh Thị Diệu 21126032 TOPIC OUTLINE I Characteristic IsI Life cycle III Application of Fusarium venenatum IV Mycoprotein V Harms of the fungus Fusarium venenatum I Characteristics - Scientific classification: Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Sordariomycetes Order: Hypocreales Family: Nectriaceae Genus: Fusarium Species: F venenatum I Characteristics - Fusarium venenatum is a microfungus of the genus Fusarium that has a high protein content - It contains dietary fibre in the form of β-1,3 and -1,6 glucans and chitin, which may also act as a prebiotic - The mycelial hyphae measure 400–700 μm×3–5 μm in m×3–5 μm×3–5 μm in m in diameter and this high length: Diameter ratio means that they are similar in morphology to animal muscle cells The hyphae are mixed with egg albumin or milk protein binder, vegetable fat, flavourings and colourants, in a ratio of ≈90%, hyphae:10% added ingredients, and formed into the required shape I Characteristics - Description and Significance: - Fusarium venenatum is a filamentous, soil-dwelling, non-pathogenic fungi that are widespread in soils across the globe - It is most well-known and studied as the fungus used as mycoprotein in the production of the food product known as Quorn I Characteristics - Genome Structure: + F venenatum has a genome of 38,660,329 bp in length, which is assembled into four chromosomes Current research leaves 37 gaps within the genome The fungus' average gene length is 1388 bp, and the average centromere length of the species is 45 kbp + DNA sequencing has definitively distinguished F venenatum from the pathogenic F graminearum through the presence of three genes in F venenatum that are not found in F graminearum a transcription factor a cholinesterase, and a negative transcriptional regulator Fusarium graminearum on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and macroconidia II Life Cycle - When grown in culture, F venenatum produces multinucleate, multi-septate, banana-shaped spores known as macroconidia - The generalized life cycle of Fusarium spp has both sexual and asexual phases, both of which produce haploid mycelium - Metabolism: Due to the fungus' metabolic processes and its ability to adapt to the large-scale fermentation processes necessary for its production as a food product III Application of Fusarium venenatum - The mycelium of the Fusarium venenatum line is used for the industrial production of proteins for the textile industry - The mold proteins from single-celled organisms are utilized to make synthetic meat using the fungus Fusarium venenatum (products containing mushroom-derived Mycoprotein proteins also known as mycoproteins) Quorn IV Mycoprotein - Fusarium venenatum for mycoprotein production is grown under strictly defined conditions, with temperature, pH, nutrient concentration, dissolved oxygen, and growth rate all maintained constant - Mycoprotein has a good nutritional profile and is high in protein, and dietary fiber, and low in fat Specifically, it contains 11% protein, 3% carbohydrate, and 3% fat Mycoprotein has a full complement of essential amino acids 10 IV Mycoprotein - The production process mycoprotein from F venenatum A3/5 is produced in 150,000 pressure cycle reactors in a continuous flow process - Both temperature (28–30°C) and pH (6.0) are controlled Under these conditions, F venenatum A3/5 has a specific growth rate of 0.17–0.20 h–1, and 300–350 kg biomass/h can be produced 11 IV Mycoprotein Sterile water, carbohydrates (as syrup or molasses), and nutrients are pumped into the bottom of the bioreactor Sterile oxygen (as air) and a nitrogen source (ammonia) is bubbled into the bottom of the bioreactor The aerated mixture rises due to its lower average density Metabolic heat is removed using cooling water coils Waste carbon dioxide and gases are vented at the top of the bioreactor The culture broth, now with a comparatively higher average density, drops into the downcomer A portion of the biomass is harvested and the remainder returns to the bottom of the bioreactor to repeat the cycle 12 IV Mycoprotein - The F venenatum biomass has a nucleic acid content of around 8-9% w/w dry basis which is too high for human consumption To solve this problem, the biomass is heated to 68°C for 15+ minutes, and endogenous RNases break down cellular RNA into 5’-ribonucleotides, which diffuse out of the cell This heating process causes some components of the hyphae to leak out into the surroundings and up 30% of the biomass is also lost in the process - Over the next five weeks, more sterile glucose ammonia gas and oxygen from the air are added to provide the fungus with the right conditions to grow - The fungus grows rapidly doubling its biomass every five hours 13 14 IV Mycoprotein - Growing a continuous culture over an extended period presents an interesting issue: Over time, the fungi are susceptible to mutations Like clockwork, a highly branched mutant of F venenatum will appear after around 100 generations of growth The branched mutant grows better than the parent strain in the continuous culture, and will eventually replace it - And so, at around 1000h (6 weeks) of operation, the reactor is shut down to be re-seeded with a new culture 15 V Harms of the fungus Fusarium venenatum Field experiments were established in the 2018/19 and 2019/20 growing seasons at the experimental station in Neu-Eichenberg, Hessen, Germany to examine the suitability of multiple wheat cultivars for intercropping with peas and the effect of mixtures on diseases Results from field and greenhouse inoculation experiments indicate that F venenatum may be an important pathogen of wheat in Germany F venenatum causing foot and root rot of wheat in Germany 16 V Harms of the fungus Fusarium venenatum - Mushroom spores formed in large quantities will cause health problems such as allergies, and respiratory diseases with symptoms of steam, itching, headache, fatigue, joint pain, gizzard jute, cough, asthma, nausea, etc - Exposure to mycotoxin poison with high concentrations can be caused neurological problems, even death 17 WORK ASSIGNMENT GROUP Lan Anh Nguyễn Making powerpoint 21126009 Lâm Ngọc Lan Do part III 21126092 Nguyễn Thị Lan Anh Do the compilation, team 21126014 leader Do part I 21126032 Lê Hoàng Phúc Thạch Vinh Report section Do part V 21126162 21126259 Nguyễn Minh Đức 18 Huỳnh Thị Diệu Phan Minh Ngọc Do part V Report section 21126305 21126426 Phạm Thị Mỹ Hạnh Do part II 21126054 Đỗ Ngọc Bảo Chân Do part IV 21126287 REFERENCES Fellows, P J (2017) Food biotechnology In Food Processing Technology (pp 387–430) Elsevier Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-1005224.00006-7 Berka, Randy M., Nelson, Beth A., Zaretsky, Elizabeth J., Yoder, Wendy T., and Rey, Michael W "Genomics of Fusarium venenatum: An Alternative Fungal Host for Making Enzymes" Applied Mycology and Biotechnology Volume 4, 2004, p 191-203 Dweba, C.C., Figlan, S., Shimeilis, H.A., Montaung, T.E., Sydenham, S., Mwadzingeni, L., and Tsilo, T.J "Fusarium head blight of wheat: Pathogenesis and control strategies" Crop Protection 2017 Volume 91 p 114-122 Finnigan, T., Needham, L and Abbott, C "Mycoprotein: A Healthy New Protein With a Low Environmental Impact." Sustainable Protein Sources 2017 p 305-325 King, R., Brown, Neil Andrew, Urban, Martin and Hammond-Kosack, Kim E "Inter-genome comparison of the Quorn fungus Fusarium venenatum and the closely related plant infecting pathogen Fusarium graminearum" BMC Genomics (2018) 19:269 O’Donnell, K., Cigelnik, E and Casper, H H "Molecular Phylogenetic, Morphological, and Mycotoxin Data Support Reidentification of the Quorn Mycoprotein Fungus as Fusarium venenatum" Fungal Genetics and Biology (1998) 23, 57–67 Trinci, Anthony P J "Evolution of the Quorn myco-protein fungus, Fusarium graminearum A3/5" Microbiology 1994 Volume 140 p 2181-2188 Wiebe, M "Myco-protein from Fusarium venenatum: a well-established product for human consumption" Applied Microbiology & Biotechnology (2002) 58: 421 Rigorth, K S., Finckh, M., & Šišić, A (2021) First Report of Fusarium venenatum causing foot and root rot of wheat (Triticum aestivum) in Germany Plant disease, 10.1094/PDIS-10-20-2202-PDN Advance online publication https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-10-20-2202-PDN 10 https://cafef.vn/sinh-vat-chang-ai-nghi-den-nay-co-the-chinh-la-sieu-anh-hung-giai-cuu-the-gioi-trong-tuong-lai-20200608144434839.chn 11 https://suckhoecong.vn/mycoprotein-protein-tu-nam-giup-tang-cuong-co-bap-hieu-qua-d66338.html 19 12 https://wiki.ubc.ca/Course:FNH200/2011w_Team05_Mycoprotein#cite_note-mycoprotein-1 THANK YOU FOR LISTENING Don't hesitate to ask any questions! 20