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SARS‐CoV‐2 and Post‐Acute Sequelae of COVID‐19 Asso. Prf. Nguyen Van Tri HoChiMinh City TẠI SAO NGƯỜI CAO TUỔI THUỘC NHĨM NGUY CƠ CAO SAU NHIỄM SARC‐CoV‐2 ? Tăng yếu tố đơng máu và Tăng yếu tố viêm là q trình tự nhiên của tích tuổi khơng liên quan đến đa bệnh Am J Med 2009 Jul;122(7):605‐13.doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.01.030 Resources ▪ CDC webpages on post‐COVID: – For the general public: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019‐ ncov/long‐term‐effects.html – Forclinicians:https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019‐ ncov/hcp/clinical‐care/post‐covid‐conditions.html ▪ NIH Workshop on Post‐Acute Sequelae of COVID‐19 – Day1:https://videocast.nih.gov/watch=38878 – Day2:https://videocast.nih.gov/watch=38879 CDC,Centers for Disease Control and Prevention NIH,National Institutes of Health Knowledge of post‐COVID conditions is likely to change rapidly with ongoing research • With extensive research underway, it is likely that evidence‐based treatment practices will evolve over time Nội dung • Định nghĩa • Cơ chế • Chẩn đốn • Xử trí Post COVID‐19 as defined: Long COVID ‘’Signs and symptoms that develop during or following an infection consistent with COVID 19 which continue for more than 12 weeks and are not explained by an alternative diagnosis’’ ‘’it usually presents with clusters of symptoms, often overlapping, which can fluctuate and change over time and can affect any system of the body’’ NICE/SIGN/RCGP Nội dung • Định nghĩa • Cơ chế • Chẩn đốn • Xử trí Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) The predominant pathophysiologic mechanisms of acute COVID‐19 include the following: • Direct viral toxicity • Endothelial damage • Microvascular injury Pathophysiology of post‐acute COVID‐19 • Potential mechanisms contributing to the pathophysiology of post‐ acute COVID‐19 include: • • • • cytopathic damage immunedysregulation inflammatory tissuedamage Microvascularischemia(clot)andinjury ã ẵcasesarethepostintensive caresyndrome LANCET ã Increasedarterialandvenousthrombosis in severe and non severe disease • Microthrombi seen in lungs, heart, liver and kidney Nội dung • Định nghĩa • Cơ chế • Chẩn đốn • Xử trí Listen to and validate patients’ experiences and partner with patients to identify achievable health goals • Most post‐COVID conditions can be diagnosed and managed by primary care • Consider referral to multidisciplinary post‐COVID care centers • Many post‐COVID conditions may be diagnosed based on history and physical exam – Potential harms could arise from excessive testing • Consider conservative diagnostic approach in the first 4 to 12 weeks • Symptoms persisting beyond three months should prompt further evaluation Commonly reported symptoms include dyspnea, fatigue, post‐exertional malaise, and brain fog For clinical features warranting further evaluation, consider broad range of possible post‐COVID conditions A thorough physical examination should be completed • Evaluate ambulatory pulse‐ oximetry with respiratory symptoms, fatigue, malaise • Orthostatic vital signs with postural symptoms, dizziness, fatigue, cognitive impairment, malaise At this time, no laboratory test can definitively distinguish post‐COVID conditions from other etiologies • Lab testing should be guided by clinical findings • A basic panel of lab tests might be considered between 4 and 12 weeks • Consider additional testing if symptoms persist for 12 weeks or longer More evidence is needed to support the utility of specific imaging tests for evaluation of post‐COVID conditions • Some imaging tests may have low yield – CT chest with normal chest x‐rays and normal oxygen saturation – CT pulmonary angiogram without an elevated D‐dimer and compatible symptoms – Brain MRI with brain fog • More specialized imaging studies (e.g., cardiac MRI) might merit consultation with specialists Nội dung • Định nghĩa • Cơ chế • Chẩn đốn • Xử trí For most patients, the goal of medical management is to optimize function and quality of life • Creating a comprehensive rehabilitation plan may be helpful for some patients • Many post‐COVID conditions can be improved through already established symptom management approaches Individual approach