xu NGHE OAT VA NGUOI N6HI IE TANG MA TRONG BDI SJfNG CUA NGOlll THO a eiAl XUAN, TAN KV • Bui IVlinh Thuan Tang ma la mpt hinh thiic tin nguong donq vai trd o\yar\ trpng trong doi song xa hpi gdp phan[.]
x u NGHE - OAT VA NGUOI N6HI IE TANG MA TRONG BDI SJfNG CUA NGOlll THO a eiAl XUAN, TAN KV • B u i IVlinh T h u a n Tang ma la mpt hinh thiic tin nguong donq vai trd o\yar\ trpng doi song xa hpi gdp phan phan anh dac tr\jr\q vax\ hoa, phong tuc tap c^uan co truyen cua timg cpng dong tpc ngudi Bai viet gidi thieu ve nghi l l tang ma cua ngudi Thd a G\a\ Xuan, Tan Ky, Nghe An, qop phan t a i hien phan nao buc tranh sinh hoat van hoa xa hpi tpc ngudi cua ngudi Tho trudc day ndi chung va nqudi Tho a Giai Xuan, Tan Ky hien ndi rieng Qua dua nhung y kien ddng gdp vao chu truanq, chinh each cua Danq va Nha nuac cdng cupc xay dung ddi sdng van hoa moi doi vai cac dan tpc mien nui, nhlm dua mien nui tien kip mien xudi thuc hien hieu c^ua cupc each mang van hoa t u t u d n g rpng khap a cac viing dan tdc thieu sd, t i : gdp phan gin giii va phat huy nhung truyen thdng van hoa tot dep ddi sdng cdng ddng tpc ngudi' ( § \ M^ in tdc Thd li mdt cdng ddng cu din gdm nhieu nhdm dia phuang nhu Keo, Mpn, Cudi, Dan Lai, Ly Hi, Tiy Popng Theo ket qui dieu tra din sd ngiy 1/4/1999, cdng ddng Thd d nudc ta cd 68.394 ngudi (chiem 0,09% dan sd ci nudc), hien cu trii d mien niii Nghe An vi Thanh Hoi, diy vdn li giao diem cua cic ludng di cu xudi ngupc tien trinh lich sir Do nhiing bien ddng lich sir, xa hdi khic nhau, nhiing nhdm ngudi Mudng ttr viing mien Tay Thanh Hoi di chuyen vio phia Nam gap gd vdi ngudi Viet ttr cic huyen ven bien Dien Chiu, Quynh Luu, Thanh Chuang ngupc len hoi nhip vdi cu din dia phuong d diy Nhtmg ngudi tha huong ciing chung cinh ngd ay ngiy mdt boa nhip vio thinh mdt cdng ddng chung - Din tdc Thd (Nguyen Van Huy (2001), tr 162) C) Nghe An, din tdc Thd cd 56.345 ngudi (1/4/1999) sinh sdng d cic huyen NghTa Din, Tin Ky, Quy Hop, Con So 5/2011 Cudng vi Tuong Duong Trong dd, huyen Tin Ky li nai cdng ddng ngudi Thd sdng tap trung ddng nhit, chil yeu d xa Giai Xuin, Tin Hpp vi Tan Xuin vdi sd din 14.642 ngudi, chiem khoing 10% din sd toin huyen Ngudi Thd nai diy dupc chia lim hai nhdm dia phuang vdi mdt sd net khic biet ve ngdn ngtr vi dac trung sinh hoat van hoi ddi sdng cdng ddng tdc ngudi li Thd Mpn vi Thd Cudi Theo gia phi ciia mdt sd ddng hp ngudi Thd nai diy cho biet, Thd Mpn thuc chit vdn li ngudi Mudng di cu tir viing Thanh Hoi vao, Thd Cudi dupc coi li cu din tai chd (Nguyen Dinh Ldc (1993), tr.36) vdi dia bin cu tru cbii yeu li xa Giai Xuan Xua kia, nghi le tang ma cua ngudi Thd d Giai Xuin rit phire tap vi tdn kem, phii giet trau md lpn, cimg bii linh dinh Mdt dim tang d viing Giai Xuin trudc Cach mang thing Tim nam 1945 phii giet tdi 12 triu (Nguyen Van Huy (2001), tr 163) Cting nhu nhieu din tdc anh em khic, hp cbo rang dim tang li nghi le de tien dua linh hdn ciia ngudi chet sang mdt the gidi khic The gidi dd chua phii li bet m i ngudi chet lai tiep tuc mdt cudc sdng mdi Ngudi Thd nai diy cting cd quan niem Jhdng tin KH-CN Nghe An (49) xu NGHE - DAT YA NGUOI ve ngudi cd ba hdn bay via hoac ba hdn chin via nhu ngudi Kinh Vdi nhting quan niem nhu tren, ngudi Thd da chuan bi cho mdt le tang rit chu dio, can than vi ciing rit pbirc tap, tdn kem nham tien dua linh hdn ngudi chet ve vdi the gidi ben Qua trinh chuan bi tang le * Bdo tang Khi gia dinh ed ngudi chet, chu nha lap tire phii sam mdt le nhd gdm: cau, triu vi mdt chai rupn den bao vdi Triim ling' \ Triim ling dinh ba hdi chin tieng trdng (cd ling dinh ddng thdi ca cdng vi trdng) de bio hieu eho ci ling biet ling cd ngudi vira mdi qua ddi Ddng thdi chu nhi cQng phin cdng ngudi di bao tin cho chau, hp hing d nhiing nai xa biet de cung den td chirc tang le, cat dat mpi viec cho dim tang nhu mdi thiy Mo, mdi phudng nhae, lim quan tii, lim nhi md, sam sira io tang, khan tang Biet tin cd ngudi chet, mpi ngudi ling deu den vieng Neu Ii anh em, ba con, thdng gia hoac ban be than thiet thi dem theo bdn chai rupn, mdt thung gao vi mdt lpn de giup gia chu lim cd bin mdi khich den chia budn ciing gia dinh Neu la din ling binh thudng thi den thap nen huong, cd the mang theo tien de bieu chii nhi hoac khdng mang gi ca Nhtmg ngudi den vieng cd the d lai dim tang, phu giiip chii nhi lim mdt sd cdng viec lat vat dim tang hoac chi de chia se lim vai di khdng tang tdc gia dinh * Quan tdi Quan tii dupc lim bang mdt cay gd to bd ddi, sau dd khoet rupt rdng nhu hinh ldng ming Cd quan tii da dupe gia dinh chuin bi tir trudc nhung ciing cd nhieu gia dinh cd ngudi chet mdi len rimg chat cay de lim quan tii Gd de lim quan tii thudng li cic loai gd Sang Vi, Mam, Ldi theo quan niem "Nhdl Sdng So / 1 Vl, nhi cdy Lpi", phia ngoai dupc deo hinh luc lang hoac ddc vit khum khum Quan tii dupc lam don giin, dupe dinh diu phan ngpn va gdc de tien hinh nhap quan khdng bi nhim lin diu va chan ngudi chet, nira dudi thudng cd mdt Id khoet san (dng xi) de nudc ben ri neu nhu quin xic liu ngiy nhi Sau dat thi hii ngudi chet va quan io vio quan tii, ngudi ta cho gan quan tii bang mdt chit keo lim bang cim trdn vdi dit set Khi di chdn, quan tii dupe dat tren siu ddn ngang vi hai ddn dpc, mudi siu ngudi khieng * Lu-cmt Khi mpi cdng viec da chuin bi xong xudi, chii nhi mdi thay Mo chpn gid tdt de lupm xic Chpn dupc gid tdt li tien hinh lupm chir khdng chd chiu ve ddng dii Nhtmg nhi ngheo thudng tien hinh lupm xic d dudi nhi, lupm xong thi "ke cdi ke chdy" de dat quan tai rdi chuan bi de di chdn Vdi nhi giiu thi thi hii dupc tam tira, thay quin io mdi (cdn quin io cti dupe chdn theo), sau dd dupc dua nam tren chiec chieu d gian gitra tren sin nhi, diu quay vio phia trong, mat dap vudng vii trang Luc niy, chii nhi mdi mdi thiy Mo chpn gid tdt de tien hinh lupm * Qudn Thi hai ngudi chet thudng dupe quin tai nhi tir mpt den ba ngiy Xua kia, tue quan xic nhi cd nai keo dii hing thing, thdng thudng li hing tuin, rit mit ve sinh (Ngd Van Le (1998), tr 47) vdi cd bin che chen lien tuc, pbirc tap vi tdn kem Vi vay nhiing nhi ngheo thudng lupm xong rdi di chdn ludn, vi neu quin liu se khdng du dieu kien lim mim cd Ngudi Thd Cudi trudc cd quin thi hai tai nhi den mdt thing de chuin bi day du cho dim tang hoac de dpi chiu ve ddng dii Trong liic quin xic, tip bdn chiec bit xudng dat d bdn gdc ciia quan tii, ddng bio quan niem lim nhu vay de hiit bdt miii hdi tir tir thi bdc Xic quan liu ngiy, bat diu phin hiiy nen nudc chay ra, hp Iiy dng buong hiing de chdn cung xic Khi xic cha me cdn quin nhi, cai an khdng dupc an bing bit mi phii an bdc, an trau ciing phii siic mieng that sach Ddng bao quan niem, xua, cha me nudi tay bdng, tay bdc, an triu phii sue mieng that sach dl mdm cam cho con, biy gid cha me chit, cii phii lim nhu vay de tri an cdng lao cha me Jhdng tin KH-CN Nghe An (50) x u NGHE - DAT YA NGUOI * Nhd ve (nhd md) Nha md dupc lim bang go hoac tre nira, xung quanh dan b3ng nira hoac din giiy, mii Ipp bang tranh, dupc dung len phia tren mp sau chdn cit Tir nhi md dupc dung len cho din hdng, khdng sira sang v i ciing khdng lam lai cii mdi * Nhae tang Nhae dim tang ngudi Thd sir dung cac loai nhae cu nhu trdng, ken, cdng, chieng, sau niy chiu inh hudng ciia ngudi Kinh nen cd them nhi, nao bat Trong ciing, ngudi Thd chi diing trdng, cdng v i chieng Cd mdt dieu dac biet nhae tang ciia ngudi Thd nai diy li nhae thudng cd tiet tau nhanh, manh nham gpi nhd nhtrng boat ddng ciia ngudi chet cdn sdng Mac dii li nhae tang nhung khdng im dam, the luong de nham xua di khdng tang tdc, lim vai bdt ndi budn cho nhting ngudi cdn sdng, tiep them siic manh cbo nhtrng ngudi thin vupt qua dau thuang, mit mit 2, Cac nghi thuc le tang * Le xi vong Nghi le niy dupc td chirc de toin the chiu gia dinh, hp hing va bi ling xdm tien dua linh bdn ngudi chet di mat cic the luc d cdi im, ddng thdi ciu mong cic vi giup dd cho nhanh chdng hoi nhip vdi cudc sdng mdi Diy dupc coi nhu Ie mat ciia ngudi chet ddi vdi the gidi ben Le xi vpng dupc td chiic vao budi tdi trudc ngiy dua tang Thdi diem td chirc phii dupc can cir theo tudi ciia ngudi chet de chpn dupc gid tdt, trinh xay hien tupng triing tang Gid td chirc le xi vpng cd lien quan mat thiet vdi gid dua tang Theo quan niem ciia ddng bio, ban dem td chirc vio miy gid thi ban ngiy den gid dd phii tien hinh dua tang * Mda "lang bang" Miia "lang bang" li mdt trd dien xudng ciia ngirdi sdng de chia tay ngudi Sd 5/2011 chet Diy li nhiing hinh inh tupng trung cbo nhirng trd chai xua ma ngudi chet thudng tham du vi tudng nhd cdng lao ngudi da khuit Nghi le niy thudng dupc td chirc vio hai hoac ba gid sing, chiu ndi ngoai di xung quanh nhi miia nhtrng ddng tic tupng trung Trudc diy, nghi le niy thudng nhiing ngudi thin gia dinh tien hinh nhung chi cd nhiing ngudi ban nhae mdi biet lim * Le thdm anh em (thdm un dddng eng) Trudc mang di chdn, linh hdn ngudi chet dupc dua di tham anh em Day li nghi le de chao anh em hp hing, ling xdm trudc ve the gidi ben Trong nghi le niy, hp hing, ling xdm dupc mdi tbi den va ngudi mdi phii chuin bi mdt biia com de chia tay Ddng bio dimg ram hoac vii ben thinh hinh nhin thay cho ngudi chet Hinh nhin dupc cing bang vdng den timg nhi, nhting ngudi khieng cing phii li chiu ndi tdc, kbdng dupc dimg ngudi ngoii Den mdi nhi, thiy Mo thay mat ngudi chet cim on tinh cim ciia chii nhi v i chio vTnh biet Chu nhi khde ldc ke lai cdng dire ciia ngudi chet vi td ldng tiec thuong ciia minh Tham hp hing, ling xdm xong, ngudi chet dupc dua den ben sdng, cinh ddng, gieng nudc , tai diy nhiing ngudi than gia dinh tbay mat ngudi chet ke lai nbiing ky niem ciia ngudi chet * Le rira bdt Trudc dua tang, gia dinh td chirc le rira bit, chuan bi cic vat dung cin thiet cudc sdng hing ngiy nhu mam, bit, diia, im chen dua theo dim tang v i bd ben md chir khdng chdn cimg Diy la nhting vat dung giri cho ngudi chet de sang the gidi ben sir dung * Le cat tdc phdn tang (cdt xdc) Nghi le niy de nhirng ngudi thin gia dinh tri on cho ngudi chet Nhting ngudi thin theo thii bic lin lugt den trudc bin thd, thiy Mo thay mat ke ve ldng biet on ciia hp ddi vdi ngudi qui cd Khi cimg xong, thiy Mo cat mdt mdn tdc tren diu mdi ngudi Tdc cua tat ci mpi ngudi dupc ddt tai md sau chdn cit xong, * Le "tam kem" Trudc dua tang, le "tam kem" dupc td chirc de cau mong cac thin linh, td tien tha thir vi xoi bd mpi tdi Idi cho ngudi chet trudc ve vdi the gidi Jhdng tin KH-CN Nghe An (si) xu NGHE - DAT YA NGUOI ben Day la nghi le cd y nghTa rira sach mpi tdi ldi de ngudi chet sang the gidi ben dupc binh an, than Thiy Mo thay mat ciu xin cho den dupc thin linh, td tien ddng y thi mdi dupc tien hinh mang xic di mai ting * Dira tang Khi dua tang, quan tii khieng theo hudng diu di trudc, chin di sau den gin md mdi quay ngupc trd lai Hudng md phii chil gia dinh chpn cho thoing dang vi thudng xudi theo ddng nudc chiy Tren dudng nghTa dia, thudng cd cic chang nghi chin Den chang cudi td chiic trd dien diu vit de tudng nhd thdi tha iu ngudi chet da timg chai de vTnh biet * Mai tdng Den huyet, chdn, thiy Mo dot "Id Trieu" ghi rd hp ten, ngiy thing nam sinh vi tdm tat tieu sir ngudi chet Diy nhu mdt td giiy gidi thieu cho Thd cdng de xin gia nhap vao cdi im Chdn xong, biy mdt le ciing de chia tay Ian cudi gitra ngudi sdng vi ngudi chet, cudi cimg nhiing nguoi than gia dinh vii vTnh biet rdi ve * Thd ciing Budi sing sau ngiy mai tang, gia dinh lim le dua cam cho ngudi chet, ddng thdi thiy vat dung nio cin thiet cdn thieu thi bd sung them cho ngudi chet tho that chu dio Mdi ngiy, gia dinh lim mdt mim com ciing dat len ban thd mdi ngudi chet ve hudng Den ngiy thii biy, neu gia dinh cd dieu kien thi lim Ie ddt bii vi cho ngudi chet cdn nhi ngheo chi cin ddt bai vi vi rude len nhap vdi td tien d bin thd chung ciia gia dinh Trong mai ting, ngudi Thd tien hinh "ddo sdu chdn chat" ehii khdng tien hinh bdc md, sang tiiu nhu mdt sd dan tdc khic Ngudi Thd nai day khdng td chirc ciing gid mi chi ciing cho ngudi chet cimg td tien vio cic ngiy rim, ngiy tet Sau ba nam, chau khdng phii de tang Ngiy nay, vdi nhtrng bien ddi manh me ddi sdng kinh te, vin hoi - xa hdi, mat bang dan tri ciia ngudi din ngiy cang dupc ning cao, nhd nhtrng chii truong, chinh sich ciia Ding vi Nhi nudc dupc tuyen truyen rdng rai cdng ddng tdc ngudi Thd vi su giao luu, tiep xuc vin hoi manh me gitra cic tdc ngudi ciing sinh sdng nai diy, tip quin iing xir vdi ngudi chet d ddng bio da thay ddi ding ke Theo nep sdng mdi, nghi Ie tang ma cua ddng bio ngiy da dan giin va da tdn kem ban trude rit nhieu Ngudi Thd khdng cdn giet trau, md lpn Cling bii dai ngiy linh dinh tdn kem Dii cho chiu da cd mat day du hay chua thdi gian quin xic ciing chi cdn tir den chii khdng de lau, mit ve sinh, inh hudng den siic khoe ngudi vi mdi trudng sinh thii Cic nghi le pbirc tap khic ciing dan bi mai mdt hoac dupc dan giin hoi di, nhieu chi mang hinh thiic tupng trung Nhu vay, cimg vdi qui trinh phit trien ciia lich sir, cic phong tuc tap quin ciia ngudi Thd nai diy da cd nhieu bien chuyen Cd nhiing thay ddi mang tinh tich cue, tien bd, nhung ben canh dd ciing da Iim mat dan di bin sic van hoi ciia tdc ngudi Do vay, cic cap chinh quyen vi ddng bio nai day can cd nhiing chinh sieh, nhung bien phip cu the de nham loai bd nhiing hu tuc, ddng thdi giir gin vi phit huy nhiing gii tri tdt dep ddi sdng van hoi tdc ngudi./ Nguai dung ddu, quan ly cdc cdng viec eita ldng bdn Tai lieu tham khao Nguyen Van Huy (chii bien), Buc iranh vdn hod cdc ddn tdc Viet Nam, Nxb Giao due Ha Noi, 2001 Ngo Van Le (ciiu bien), Vdn hod cdc ddn tdc thieu sd a Viet Nam, Nxb Giao due, TP H6 Clii Minh, 1998 Nguyen Dinh Loc, Cdc ddn tdc thieu so a Nghe An, Nxb Nghe An, 1993 Dang van Lung (chii bien), Phong tuc tap qudn cdc ddn tdc & Viet Nam, Nxb Van hoa Dan too, Ha Noi, 1999 Le Ngoc Thang, Lam Ba Nam, Bdn sdc vdn hod cdc ddn tdc Viet Nam, Nxb Van hoa Dan toe, Ha Noi, 1990 Vien Dan toe hoc, Cdc ddn toe it nguai a Viet Nam (Cdc tinh phia Bdc), Nxb Khoa hpc Xa hpi, H^ Npi, 1978 So 5/2011 Jhdng tin KH-CN Nghd An (52)