Giải pháp nâng cao hiệu quả nhập khẩu vật tư kỹ thuật công binh

BO GIAO DUC VA DAO TAO TRUONG BAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN o0o NGUYEN QUANG SON | TRUONG f)HKT:’3 •Tl.THGflGllflTHUVlEN GIAI PHAP NANG CAO HIEU QUA ■ NHAP KHAU VAT TU KY THUAT CONG BINH LUAN VAN THAC SI QUAN TRI KINH DOANH Chuyen nganh: QTKDCN va XD Ngirdi Inning din khoa hoc : TS.PHAN DANG TUAT Tft S : rso Ha noi nam 2002 Ldl CAM ON Trong qua trinh hoc tap va nghien ctru lam luan van, toi da nhan duqc su hudng din va giup nhiet tinh cua cac Thay giao, Co giao trudng Dai hoc Kinh te quoc dan Toi xin chan cam on Thay giao, Tien si Phan Dang Tuat ngudi da hudng din khoa hoc cho toi; xin cam on cac Thay giao, Cd giao Bo mon, Khoa Quan tri kinh doanh Cong nghiep va Xay dung, Khoa Sau Dai hoc va cac dong nghiep noi toi dang cong tac Bo Tu lenh Cong binh da giup toi hoan Luan van Cong tac nhap khau vat tu ky thuat cong binh la mot nhiem vu mcri, rat kho va phtrc tap, dong thdi kien there ly luan va kinh nghiem thuc te han che, thcti gian nghien cun co han, Luan van khong the bao quat het duqc thien tot hon Toi xin chan cam on MUC LUC Trang PHAN Md DAU CHlTONG 1: Co sd ly luan cua hoat dong xuat nhap khau co che kinh te thi trudng 1.1 Khai niem, vai tro y nghia va cac chi tieu danh gia hieu qua hoat dong xuat nhap khau 1.1.1 Khai niem 1.1.2 Vai tro y nghia cua hoat dong nhap khau nen kinh te quoc dan 1.1.3 Nhung chi tieu danh gia hieu qua hoat dong xuat nhap khau 1.2- Noi dung, hinh thuc co ban cua hoat dong nhap khau 12 1.2.1 Noi dung cua hoat dong nhap khau 12 1.2.2 Cac hinh thuc nhap khau thong dung cac doanh nghiep 1.2.3 Mot so cong cu quan ly hoat dong nhap khau d Viet nam 17 1.3- Cong tac nhap khau vat tu ky thuat quoc phong 1.3.1 Khai niem ve vat tu, thiet bi, phu timg ky thuat quoc phong 1.3.2 Mot so dac diem hoat dong nhap khau VTKTQP CHUONG 2: Phan tich hieu qua nhap khau VTKTCB 19 23 23 23 26 nhung nam qua 2.1 Vat tu ky thuat cong binh va nhdng nhan to anh hudng 26 den nhap khau VTKT cong binh 2.1.1 Vat tu ky thuat cong binh va dac diem nhap khau VTKT cong binh 2.1.2 Nhung nhan to anh hudng den hoat dong nhap khau VTKTCB 2.1.3 Vai tro cua nhap khau vat tu ky thuat cong binh tinh hinh mdi 2.2 Phan tich hieu qua nhap khau vat tu ky thuat cong binh 26 30 35 36 2.2.1 Khai quat tinh hinh nhap khau vat tu ky thuat thdi ky 36 trudc nam 1994 2.2.2 Ket qua hoat dong nhap khau VTKTCB th nam 1995 den 39 nam 2001 2.2.3 Phan tich hieu qua nhap khau VTKTCB 2.3 Danh gia t hurc t rang hieu qua hoat dong nhap khau VTKTCB 42 53 2.3.1 Nhung tuu 58 2.3.2 Nhung ton tai nhap khau VTKTCB 60 2.3.3 Nguyen nhan cua cua nhung ton tai 60 CHUONG 3: Mnt so giai pOnp gagg cao OiUu qua gOpp hOUu 62 vpt tu hy tOupt cogg bigO 3.1 Mnt so digO Oumig cogg tnc gOpp hOUu trogg tOoi giag tdi 62 3.1.1 Dac diem tinh hinh lien quan tdi trien khai cong tac nhap 62 khau cong binh 3.1.2 Phuong huorng nang cao hieu qua nhap khau VTKT CB 63 3.2 Mnt so giai pOnp gagg cao cOat luqgg, OiUu qua Oont dngg gOpp hOUu vpt tu hy tOupt cogg bigO 3.2.1 Tang cudng thu thap thong tin, nghien ciiu thi trudng 66 nhap khau VTKTCB 3.2.2 Lua chon thi trudng, mat hang va doi tac nhap khau 67 VTKTCB 3.2.3 Tang cudng kiem tra danh gia chat luong hang hoa nhap 71 khau 3.2.4 Tang cudng g uan ly g ia c a 73 3.2.5 Xay dung ke hoach nhap khau dai han VTKT Cong binh 75 3.2.6 Hoan thien bo may nhap khau 78 3.2.7 Hoan thien nghiep vu nhap khau 811 3.3 Mnt so hieg ggOi vdi NOa gudc, Bn Quoc pOogg KET LUAN 85 DANH MUC TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 88 DANH MUC BANG BIEU, S0 DO Trang BIEU Bieu 1: Ccf cau nhap khau Viet nam Bieu 2: Ket qua nhap khau VTKTCB 40 Bieu 3: Hieu qua nhap khau trang bi, khf tai cong binh 42 Bieu 4: Hieu qua nhap khau thiet bi dau tu chieu sau 45 Bieu 5: Hieu qua nhap khau phu tiing XMCB 48 Bieu 6: Hieu qua gia tri nhap khau trang bi, khf taicong binh 50 Bieu 7: Hieu qua gia tri thiet bi dau tu chieu sau 51 Bieu 8: Hieu qua gia tri nhap khau phu timg XMCB 52 Bieu 9: Tinh hinh thi trudng nhap khau 53 Bieu 10: So sanh hieu qua tai chinh nhap khau VTKTCB 55 Bieu 11: Trang thiet bi tham gia lam kinh te 57 Bieu 12: Bang danh gia tong hop hieu qua cua nhom thi trudng 71 SO DO So 1: To chirc tham dinh va phe duyet hop dong nhap khau 34 So 2: Phan nhom thi trudng vu khf trang bi ky thuat CB 70 So 3: Thap mo hinh phan cong mat hang XNK theo tang N.vu so NHUNG CHC VIET TAT TRONG LUAN VAN BQP Bo Quoc phong BTL Bo tu lenh CB Cong binh DTCS Dau tu chieu sau KTQS Ky thuat quan su KTCB Khf tai cong binh VKCB Vu khf cong binh VKTBKT Vu khf trang bi ky thuat VKTBKTCB Vu khf trang bi ky thuat cong binh VTKT Vat tu ky thuat VTKTCB Vat tu ky thuat cong binh VTKTQP Vat tu ky thuat quoc phong XHCN Xa hoi chu nghia XMCB Xe may cong binh Luan van thac sy PHAN Md DAU Tinh cap tin cd cua de tai Vdi nhung thang loi to ldn gianh duoe the ky 20, dat nude ta tu mot nen kinh te ngheo nan, lae hau da bude vao thdi ky mdi - thoi ky day manh eong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa - theo dinh hudng xa hoi ehu nghia, ket hop ehat ehe xay dung va bao ve to quoc XHCN, phat trien kinh te - xa hoi vdi tang euong quoe phong - an ninh Vdi ehue nang doi quan ehien dau, eong tae va san xuat, quan doi nhan dan phai la lue luong nong eot eua nen quoe phong toan dan, eua eong euoe bao ve su nghiep eong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dat nude Do do, eung vdi su nghiep doi mdi dat nude, tang euong sue manh eua quan doi, Binh ehung Cong binh eung dang duoe xay dung theo hudng eaeh mang, ehinh quy, tinh nhue, tUng bude hien dai, dap Ung yeu eau nhiem vu xay dung va bao ve To quoe Tfeh eue xay dung Binh ehung Cong binh tro binh ehung ky thuat, bao dam trang bi, bao dam ky thuat xe may eong binh theo hudng eong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa la mot yeu eau eap baeh Hau het trang bi quan su eong binh hien eo ehu yeu la Lien xo (eu) san xuat Trude day, Ban vien tro eho ta de danh My, den ehat luong da xuong eap nhieu nen viee bao dam trang bi ky thuat eho eong binh het sue quan va eap thiet Trude day, viee bao dam trang bi, tai ky thuat eho Cong binh eung nhu o eae quan binh ehung khae la nguon vien tro ehu yeu eua Lien xo va eae nude XHCN bang eae hiep dinh vien tro khong hoan lai va vay no dai han Ngay nay, tinh hinh the gidi da eo nhieu bien doi, Lien xo va eae nude XHCN Dong Au tan ra, eae nude khoi hiep ude VACXAVA khong ton tai nua nen tu 1990 tro lai day, nguon vien tro quan su khong eon Tinh hinh bao dam TBVTKT nhat la phu tung dae ehung quan su tro nen rat kho khan dan den viee hoae la phai xoay so tu san xua't, hoae la phai tu tim eaeh ehay vay mua sam o nude ngoai Viee to ehue san xuat phu tung, VTKT o nude rat kho khan, may moe eua ta da qua eu, het thoi gian khau hao, ehinh xae rat thap, eong nghe Nguyen Quang Son - Cao hoc QTKD K8 Luan van thac sy lac hau, thieii qui trinh cong nghe moi, hon nua trinh cong nhan ta thap, nen chung ta chi co the san xuat cac chi tiet don gian Con lai phan Ion cac trang thiet bi, vat tu ky thuat chung ta phai tim moi each mua sdm cua nude ngoai Chinh vi vay hoat dong xuat nhap khau cang tro nen dac biet quan trong, khong the thieu duqc Tuy nhien, nude ta ngheo, kinh phi bao dam cho quan doi cho cong binh rat han che nen hoat dong nhap khau VTKT phai duqc can nhSc, tfnh toan mot each ky ludng cho vua tiet kiem vira cd hieu qua cao nhat, dap ling duqc yeu cau nhiem vu bao dam trang bi ky thuat cho Binh chung Cong binh Doi vdi Binh chung Cong binh, hoat dong nhap khau VTKT la mot van de mdi, chua duqc nghien cuu day du Hon nua, viec sir dung kinh phf duqc phan bo phai lam dat hieu qua cao, dap ung tot nhat nhu cau ve so' luqng va chat luqng, de sir dung hqp ly khoa hoc, tranh ton kho lang phf Xuat phat tir nhu cau thuc ti£n cap bach tren, vdi tu each la mot can bo si quan tham gia cong tac tao nguon, bao dam VTKT cho xe may, trang bi cong binh toi chon de tai: "Giai phdp nang cao hieu qua nhap khau vdt tuky thuat edng binh” lam luan van Thac sy kinh te Muc dich nghien cuu cua luan van Mot la, he thong hoa ly luan hieu qua xuat nhap khau noi chung, hoat dong xuat nhap khau quo'c phong, va dac biet la hoat dong nhap khau vat tu ky thuat cong binh Hai la, phan tich danh gia hieu qua hoat dong nhap khau cua cong binh thdi gian qua, rut cac ket luan can thiet Tren co sb do, de xuat cac giai phap nham nang cao hieu qua hoat dong nhap khau VTKT cua Binh chung Cong binh thdi gian tdi Doi tirong va phain vi nghien cuu cua luan van 3.1 Doi tttffng Luan van chon hoat dong nhap khau VTKTCB de nghien ciru v£ co che to chiic, chinh sach va cac nhan to anh hudng 3.2 Pham vi Cong tac quan ly xuat nhap khau cua Bo Quo'c phong, di sau vao hoat dong nhap khau VTKT d Binh chung Cong binh: Thuc trang, ket qua, uu diem, ton tai, nguyen nhan va cac giai phap nang cao hieu qua nhap khau Nguyen Quang Scfn - Cao hoc QTKD K8 Luan van thac sy Thbi gian til 1995 den 2001 Chung loai hang hoa: vat tu ky thuat cong binh Phuong phap nghien ciiu Trong qua trinh nghien cun, luan van sir dung tong hop cac phuong phap: phuong phap vat bien chirng, vat lich sir, phuong phap thong ke, phuong phap quy nap, phan tlch so sanh, doi chieu cac sir kien, tong hop cac so lieu, tong hop mo hinh hoa de danh gia toan dien thuc trang va dua cac giai phap hieu qua Nhtfng dong gop cua luan van - He thong hoa nhung van de ly luan co ban ve hieu qua kinh doanh xuat nhap khau - Di sau vao phan tlch, danh gia hieu qua hoat dong nhap khau quoc phong, dac biet cua cong binh co che kinh te thi trirbng - Dua mot so giai phap nang cao hieu qua nhap khau VTKTCB Ket cau cua luan van Ngoai phan mo dau va ket luan, luan van gom chuong: Chuong 7: Co so ly luan cua hoat dong xuat nhap khau co che kinh te thi trirbng Chuong 2: Phan tlch hieu qua nhap khau vat tir ky thuat cong binh nhirng nam qua Chuong 3: Mot so giai phap nang cao hieu qua hoat dong nhap khau vat tu ky thuat cong binh Nguyen Quang Sun — Cao hoc QTKD K8 Luan van thac sy CHJONG CO sd LY LUAN CUA HOAT DONG XUAT NHAP KHAU TRONG CO CHE KINH TE THI TRUONG 1.1 KHAI NIEM, VAI TRO Y NGHIA VA CAC CHI TIEU DANH GIA HIEU QUA HOAT DONG XUAT NHAP KHAU 1.1.1 Khai niem Thuong mai quoc te la qua trinh trao doi hang hoa gitra cac nude thong qua buon ban nhSm muc dfch kinh te de thu loi nhuan Trao doi hang hoa la mot hinh thirc cua cac mdi quan he kinh te xa hoi va phan anh str phu thuoc lin giua nhung ngudi san xuat, kinh doanh hang hoa rieng biet cua cac quoc gia Thuong mai quoc te la linh virc quan nham tao dieu kien cho cac nude tham gia vao phan eong lao dong quoc te, phat trien kinh te va lam giau cho dat nude Ngay thuong mai quoc te khong chi mang y nghia don thuan la buon ban ma la su phu thuoc tat yeu cac quoc gia vao phan eong lao dong quoc te V'l vay, phai coi thuong mai quoc te nhu la mot tien dd, mot nhan to phat trien kinh te nude tren co sd lira chon mot each toi uu sir phan eong lao dong va chuyen mon hoa quoc te Bi quyet cong chien lirqc phat trien kinh te cua nhieu nude la mo rong thi trirdng quoc te va tang nhanh xuat khau hang hoa qua che bien cd ham luong chat xam va ky thuat cao Xuat nhap khau hang hoa - dich vu la sir trao doi hang hoa - dich vu giua cac quoc gia thong qua hanh vi mua ban Str trao doi la mot hinh thirc cua mdi quan he xa hoi phan anh sir phu thuoc vd kinh te giua cac nha san xuat hang hoa rieng biet cua cac nude Nhu vay, xuat nhap khau hang hoa - dich vu la viee dau tu eong sue, tien cua de thirc hien hoat dong xuat nhap khdu hang hoa - dich vu nham thu loi nhuan Xuat nhap khau hang hoa - dich vu la noi dung co ban cua kinh doanh thuong mai quoc te Xuat nhap khau hang hoa - dich vu dirqc thirc hien theo quy luat eung cau thi trirdng, ngudi mua va ngudi ban hay ngudi xuat khau va Nguyen Quang San - Cao hoc QTKD K8 Luan van thac sy chuyen trach vdi chi phf hap ly thi mdi nhan duqc nhung thong tin khach quan va trung thirc, cao han het ngoai nhtrng bien phap, co che thaim dinh rat can nhung can bo chien si cd "tarn" hoat dong quan ly gia cung nhtr thirc hien nhap khau e Quan ly hoat dong dau thau nhap khau VTKTCB - Trtrdc het cac co quan quan ly can phai xay dung dtroc danh muc cu the nhtrng hang hoa phai dau thau, tranh dung nhtrng khai niem chung chung khien cac nha chu dau tir rat kho khan van dung tao mot danh muc nao phai dau thau thi lai chi dinh thau ngirqc lai - Phan chia cac goi thau phai duqc tfnh toan ky cang cd tinh den thdi gian thirc hien, bdi nam tai chinh bat dau tir 1/1 den 31/12 hang nam Theo cong van hirdng dan cua Cue Ke hoach Dau tir so 718/KH - DT 20/4/2002 dau thau phai cd ft nhat doi tac tham gia Dieu can phai xem xet sir lien quan gia ca mua sam da giam di rat nhieu, neu doi tac cd lien he "ngam " vdi cd the dan den tang gia nhap khau Tfnh bf mat cua hang hoa cung can dirqc xem xet that ky, neu khong qui dinh ro rang din den chu quan mua sam " vien cd" bf mat quan sir khong cong khai cho cac doanh nghiep nhap khau biet ke hoach nhap khau se triet tieu canh tranh, tao thieu cung " gia tao" va gia ca hang nhap bi day len cao - Ngoai chi phf uy thac cung la mot yeu to cau vao gia hang nhap va chu mua sam phai ganh chiu, bdi vay loai trir nhtrng trirdng hop dac biet, de tiet kiem ngan sach cac chu dau tir can tfnh den trirdng hop dau thau phf uy thac neu nhir cd nhieu doanh nghiep nhap khau tham gia - Khan trirong xem xet, xay dirng bang diem xet dau thau va co quan xet thau mot each khach quan vdi tirng loai danh muc hang hoa nhir: trang thiet bi, day chuyen cong nghe, vat tu phu tung nham tao su canh tranh binh dftng dau thau Hien cd nhieu hop dong da het thdi han hieu luc nhung van keo dai, cong tac tham dinh can tiep tuc thirc hien 3.2.5 Xay dung ke hoach nhap khau dai han VTKTCB Trong nhung nam qua cong tac nhap khau VTKT mdi chi theo tirng dot, tirng nam, chua cd chien luqc hien dai hoa Quan doi noi chung, Binh chung Cong binh noi rieng va ke hoach nhap khau dai han cho lire luqng Nguyen Quang San - Cao hoc QTKD K8 75 Luan van thac sy cong binh mot cach cu the Trong theo da phat trien cua khoa hoc ky thuat, tfnh nang va tac dung cua trang bi, khf tai cong binh mot cao, chu ky thay trang bi, khf tai cang ngan, chung loai cang da dang Dau the ky 20, trang bi, khf tai cho mdi quan binh chung chi co may loai, chien tranh the gidi lan thu II tang len hang chuc loai, sau thap ky 60 tang len hang tram loai, sau thap ky 70 chien tranh d Trung Dong da xuat hien nhieu loai rat hien dai ung dung ky thuat vu tru, ky thuat tin hoc, ky thuat sinh hoc, ky thuat nang luong, vat lieu mdi, trd su thach thuc vdi cac hoat dong quan su Tfnh bat ngd, suc tan pha, tfnh khoc liet va pham vi tac chien cua chien tranh, tinh hudng chien trudng thay doi nhanh chong, chi huy tac chien cang phuc tap Trong bo'i canh doi hoi phai co ke hoach bao dam VKTBKT dai han cho luc luong vu trang trd cang buc thiet Tren co sd ke hoach dai han chi phuong hudng nhiem vu bao dam trang bi, khf tai cong binh nam 2010 va nam 2020 mdi co the dat ke hoach bao dam trang bi, khf tai cho tung linh vuc hoat dong Cong binh mot so' nam trudc mat va ke hoach bao dam hang nam Trong ke hoach bao dam VTKTCB dai han phai chi duoc se tri trang bi, khf tai hien co den thdi gian nao, hang nam se nhap khau th thi trudng nudc ngoai bao nhieu, lai se tien hanh to chUc san xuat bang cach qui hoach, phat trien he thong co sd san xuat quoc phong va huy dong cac nha may cua cac nganh cung tham gia dap Ung Ke hoach bao dam trang bi, khf tai dai han lam co sd cho cong tac lap ke hoach nhap khau VTKT hang nam nham bao dam day du, kip thdi ddng bo cho bo doi ddng thdi tiet kiem ngan sach de dau tu nghien cUu khoa hoc, mua sam cac loai trang bi, khf tai mdi rut ngan duoc khoang cach "lac hau " ve trang bi cua quan doi ta doi vdi cac nudc Trong dau the ky 21 cac nudc deu co su chuyen hudng chien luoc la thu nho qui mo quan doi theo nguyen tac " hop ly, vha du" de tri suc manh d muc thap de co the bao ve duoc loi fch quoc gia, dong thdi tang cudng cac co sd cong nghiep quoc phong de thoa man nhu cau hien dai hoa quan doi cua nudc minh Cac hudng dieu chinh la: Nguyen Quang Son - Cao hoc QTKD K8 76 Luan van thac sy - Dieu chinh ca cau ca sa cong nghiep quoc phdng thong qua hqp nhat, sat nhap nham xay dong mot ca sa cong nghiep quoc phong dong bo, hoan chinh - Hoach dinh phan chia lai pham vi san xuat cua cac ca sa cong nghiep quoc phong - Mb rong mat hang kinh doanh, mb rong xuat khau trang bi - Day manh cai tien, hien dai trang bi hien co - Xac dinh phuang cham khoa hoc ky thuat quoc phong la uu tien phat trien ky thuat luang dung vua phuc vu kinh te vua phuc vu quoc phong Viec lam can thiet la xay dung chien luqc hien dai hoa cong binh, xay dung ke hoach bao dam trang bi, tai cho cac luc luqng cong binh tren hudng: - Day manh san xuat nudc - Nhap khau nhung trang bi, tai tien tien cua cac nudc co nen cong nghiep hien dai Dieu kho khan nhat cua xay dung ke hoach bao dam trang bi, tai dai han la chua biet ro nguon ngan sach quoc phong hang nam duqc duyet Theo kinh nghiem cac nudc chi phi quoc phong nam khoang gidi han muc thap nhat va cao nhat cua kinh phi quoc phong Han mUc cao nhat kinh phi quoc phong thdi binh = Gia tri tong san pham quoc dan - tieu hao tu lieu san xuat - (yeu cau toi thieu tieu dung ca nhan + yeu cau phat trien kinh te xa hoi quoc gia + bo phan du trU vat tu quan trong) - (yeu cau nang cao mUc song nhan dan + yeu cau md rong nang luc san xuat) Han muc thap nhat kinh phi quoc phdng = (kinh phi nghien cUu khoa hoc quoc phdng + kinh phi mua sam trang bi vu + sinh hoat phi nhan vien + cong vu su nghiep phi + kinh phi huan luyen giao duc + kinh phi bao during trang bi + kinh phi nghien cUu khoa hoc Ung dung trang bi ky thuat quan su + kinh phi du trU vat tu chien luric + kinh phi khac) (l + n%) Vdi n la toc tang trudng hang nam cua xay dung quoc phdng Nguyen Quang Sun - Cao hoc QTKD K8 77 Luan van thac sy Kinh phi quoc phong la so toi u’u giua han muc cao nhat vdi gidi han thap nhat Khi chon so toi uu can chu y: - N^ng cao hieu qua kinh te quoc phong - Can bang ngan sach va can bang vat tu - Su dung moi bien phap ngan ngUa cac moi de doa doi vdi an ninh quoc gia 3.2.6 Hoan thien bo may nhap khau Hieu qua nhap khau VTKTQP noi chung, VTKTCB noi rieng thuc tien co y nghia quyet dinh vao to chuc bo may nhap khau hop ly va su van hanh tot bo may hoat dong Nhu cau thuc te hien la phai hoan thien bo may nhap khau theo nguyen tac: chuc nang nhiem vu ro rang; to chuc phan cong, phan nhiem hop ly, gon nhe, co chuyen mon sau, hieu qua hoat dong cao; phoi hop chat che giua cap BQP va cap Binh chung Bo may nhap khau d cap Binh chung hoat dong nhap khau theo phuong thuc uy thac, nhung van can hoan thien bo may nhap khau, rat gon nhe nhung co trinh chuyen mon sau ve Binh chung Cong binh, nhung van de ky-chien thuat, bien che trang bi cua Binh chung theo hudng tung budc hien dai hoa, co kien thuc nha't dinh ve thuong mai, xuat nhap khau ve luat phap cua nudc ta va Quoc te' Cong tac thong tin, cong tac ke hoach, cong tac giao dich cua Bo may phai dat den mot trinh nhat dinh de tang tfnh tich cuc, chu dong, thiet thuc gop phan nang cao hieu qua nhap khau VTKTCB O cap Bo quoc phong, cung can tiep tuc hoan thien bo may nhap khau VTKT Trong thdi gian tu nam 1991 den xuat hien nhieu don vi nhap khau hang quoc phong Sau nam 1994 lai don vi VAXUCO, XUMACO va GAET nhung phan cong trach nhiem giua cac Cong ty khong ro rang Gan day, Bo Quoc phong sat nhap XUMACO vao VAXUCO, khoi luong cong viec qua ldn, to chuc cac phong ban nghiep vu ft, thieu kinh nghiem kinh doanh xuat nhap khau, han che ve thi trudng va giao dich thuong mai quoc te' Chung toi de nghi: Thu' nhat, trudc mat nen cung co' tang cudng cho VAXUCO ve ngudi, co sd vat chat theo hudng cac don vi nhap khau cua Tong cuc Ky thuat, Tong cuc Cong nghiep quoc phong va kinh te sat nhap vao Nguyen Quang Son - Cao hoc QTKD K8 78 Luan van thac sy VAXUCO Chia cac Cong ty chuyen nganh thiet bi, chuyen nganh phu tung; can bo cua cac Cong ty theo ddi cac Quan Binh chung Vdi to chuc mdi thong nhat ve mot dau mo'i Bo quoc phong quan ly va chia nganh hang kinh doanh de chuyen mon hoa nhap khau nham thuc hien hieu qua chi tieu mua sam cua ngan sach Nha nudc va du suc canh tranh, doi tac vdi cac doanh nghiep khac tren thi trudng qquoc te Trong tuong lai vdi kho'i luqng kim ngach ldn, danh muc chung loai mat hang phuc tap co the chia den don vi nhap khau VTKTQP truc thuoc truc tiep Bo quoc phong de tranh trung tap trung doc quyen, co han ngach nhap khau co the to chuc dau thau giua cac don vi nham su dung ngan sach quoc phong co hieu qua ThL hai, cung co cac don vi nhap khau cac loai hang hoa chuyen dung tieu dung vdi kho'i luqng ldn cho mot so' Quan binh chung nhu: - Cong ty cung ung va dich vu cua Quan chung PK- KQ - Cac Cong ty cua Vien ky thuat quan su - Cac Cong ty cua Tong cuc Hau can Luu y la chi lap nhung don vi nhap khau chuyen dung vdi kho'i luqng ldn de nhap khau va cung Ung cac loa vat tu chuyen dung cho cac don vi tieu dung quan doi ThL ba, co co che su dung cac don vi nhap khau cua cac nganh nen kinh te quo'c dan de nhap khau va cung Ung nhung loai vat tu thong dung quan dung nhieu nganh cua nen kinh te qua dau thau nhap khau giua cac don vi Nguyen Quang San - Cao hoc QTKD K8 79 Luan van thac sy So Thap mo hinh phan cong mat hang XNK theo tang nhiem vu Phan cong mat hang Cac cong ty / Trang bi, tai,thiet bi \ toan bo, day chuyen cong / Tang I\ VAXUCO / nghe ldn theo chi dinh \ / Phu tung vat tu ky \ VAXUCO, GAET, HITACO, TECAPRO, cua Bo ve doi tac \ Tang ihu' thuat, trang thiet bi \ / day chuyen cong \ nghe san xuat, \ ELINCO sua chua \ \ Cac Cong ty tren va Cong Tang thd ty quan doi khac + Doanh nghiep ngoai quan doi / Nguyen vat lieu, \ phu tung \ \ vat tu cho \ san xuat \ Quoc phdng Cung vdi viec cung co cac dau moi nhap khau cac don vi san co cua quan doi, tang cudng cac don vi nhap khau chuyen dung va su dung cac don vi kinh doanh xuat nhap khau cua nen kinh te qudc dan doi vdi nhung mat hang thong dung va quan la phuong an toi uu nhat cho phep tan dung suc manh cua cac to chuc quan doi, dong thdi loi dung su canh tranh cua cac doanh nghiep nen kinh te quoc dan Nguyen Quang San — Cao hoc QTKD K8 80 Luan van thac sy 3.2.7 Hoan thien nghiep vu nhap khau De hoat dong nhap khau dat hieu qua cao, mot phuong dien quan khong the thieu duqc la phai hoan thien nghiep vu nhap khau cua Binh chung qua trinh nhap khau cu the qua tirng khau: * Tinh toan gid Tfnh toan gia ca cac chung loai VTKT cong binh can nhap khau bao gib cung la khau quan trudc tien Phai can cu vao nhung nguon thong tin mdi nhat, nhtrng kinh nghiem nhap khau nam trudc de tfnh toan gia ca cho hop ly, thuan tien cho viec dam phan giao dich, vira tiet kiem duqc ngan sach, vira bao dam duqc cac mat hang nhap khau can thiet ca ve so luqng lSn chat luqng Ddi vdi tirng mat hang cu the, tirng ddi tac cu the, can het sire linh hoat de dua mire gia phu hqp, thuan lqi cho dam phan ky ket hop dong * Chuan hi dam phan Chuan bi dam phan phai xac dinh duqc hoan canh dam phan, nhung thuan lqi kho khan, muc tieu va phan tham gia dam phan Thanh phan dam phan phai la nhung ngudi thao ve mat ngon ngu, cd kinh nghiem ve dam phan, cd du kien thirc ve ky thuat, thuong mai, phap luat, kha nang giao tiep linh hoat nhanh nhay xir ly tinh hudng cung la nhung dac tinh can cd cua ngtrdi dam phan Kinh nghiem cho thay muon dam phan thang lqi thi chuan bi dam phan phai cd cac phuong an lua chon khac de luon chu dong Thudng ddi tac thdiy ta cd sir chuan bi ky cac phuong an cd the d6 dang lira chon mot sd phuong an do, giup ta dat duqc muc tieu * Trong qua trinh dam phan Trong qua trinh dam phan, nhtrng van de dang ban cai nen cd sach luqc binh tinh can nhac thao go dan Khong nen vdi vang hap tap vi neu thdi gian khong du dieu kien hieu thau dao tinh hinh, suy xet can nhac ky luong de dan den thoa thuan khong cd lqi; mat khac, khong nen cd thai cirng nhac, cd chap bao ve nhung lqi fch da tfnh toan tir trudc, ma nen can nhac cd nhtrng nhtrqng bo nhat dinh gidi han cho phep Dam phan la mot nghe thuat thuong luqng gitra hai ben mua ban de di den thoa than chap nhan duqc, nha kinh doanh quoc te ngudi Anh Gavin Nguyen Quang 8cm - Cao hoc QTKD K8 81 Luan van thac sy kennedy cho rang dam phan cong la ket qua van dung tong horp yeu to: ngon ngu, thong thao, nang lire cua doan dam phan, thdi gian va dia diem dam phan Trong do, dac biet nhan manh den thai dam phan thich ling vdi nhip thuong luqng Phat trien ky nang thuong luqng chu y den cac van de sau: chuan bi ky thuong luqng, biet each lang nghe, each phan ung sau nghe; dua de nghi co dieu kien; due ket lai mot each sang tao va mac ca bang nhirng de nghi co dieu kien * Ky ket hefp ddng: Khi ky ket hqp ddng nhap khau can luu y: - Cd nhirng thoa thuan thong nhat ve tat ca moi dieu khoan trudc ky - Van ban thudng mot ben dir thao, ky ben phai xem xet lai ky, tranh de doi tac cd the ghi them vao mot each kheo leo nhung diem chua thoa thuan hoac khong ghi vao nhirng dieu da thong nhat - Hqp ddng can ro rang, khong de tinh trang map md cd the xay nhieu each hieu khac - Khong cd nhung dieu khoan trai vdi luat le ban hanh d nudc ben ban cung nhu d nudc ben mua Hqp ddng nhap khau hang quoc phdng cua Viet nam phai cd dieu khoan qui dinh “Hqp ddng chi cd hieu lire duqc cap cd tham quyen ben mua phe duyet” * Hoan thien cdng tac tiep nhan van chuyen hang nhap khau Chuyen sang co che thi trudng hang quoc phdng duqc mua thong qua hqp ddng ngoai thuong giua nudc ta va nudc ngoai Vi vay nha nudc qui dinh thu tuc tiep nhan, lay giay phep, khai va lam thu tuc hai quan nhu cac hqp ddng nhap khau thong thudng Lau cac doan tiep nhan quoc phdng van quen cang boc hang, van chuyen theo lenh, nen lung tung vdi cac thu tuc quan ly nha nudc ve nhap khau Bdi vay cdng tac tiep nhan hang tir tau hoac tdi cang doi vdi can bo tiep nhan la khau yeu kern can duqc hoan thien va tang cudng Ngoai ra, can luu y viec toan ngoai thuong la co quan doanh nghiep xuat nhap khau true tiep trien khai thirc hien, khong phai Bo tu lenh Cdng binh dam nhiem Nguyen Quang San - Cao hoc QTKD K8 82 Luan van thac sy 3.3 MOT SO KIl£N NGHI Vdi NHA NlTdC, BO QUOC PHONG 1- Dai hoi Dai bieu Dang lan thu IX da xac dinh hudng chien luoc xay dung quan doi nhan dan, cach mang, chfnh quy tirng budc hien dai Nha nudc, Bo Quoc phong tren co sd dinh hudng chien luoc can nghien cuu xac dinh ro cac quan binh chung cua Quan doi ta 1-2 thap ky tdi se phat trien nhu the nao, se co nhung chuyen bien nhu the nao tren cac yeu to to chuc bien che, trang bi vu khf ky thuat, ngudi dac biet la doi ngu sy quan can bo chuyen mon ky thuat va nghe thuat cach danh cua chien tranh nhan dan Viet nam d tam cao hon Cung vdi viec do, dong thdi can cu vao nhung du bao ve phat trien kinh te - xa hoi cua nudc ta thdi gian tdi, dac biet la du bao ve phat trien cua cong nghiep quoc phong va kha nang san xuat cac san pham luong dung, de co ke hoach nhap khau vat tu ky thuat quoc phong noi chung, vat tu ky thuat cong binh 5-10 nam tdi Chi co nhu the mdi co the vach duoc ke hoach nhap khau vat tu ky thuat quoc phong hang nam hop ly, vUa hieu qua cao, vua tiet kiem duoc ngan sach Cac ke hoach nhap khau vat tu ky thuat cong binh can chu y dac biet den danh muc cac trang thiet bi, vat tu, phu tung thiet yeu de bao dam xay dung cac cong trinh chien dau, phong chong bao lut, dau tu chieu sau cho cac nha may san xuat quoc phong co lien quan den cung Ung VTKTCB 2- Xay dung he thong thong tin d cap Bo Quoc phong va tung Quan binh chung dap ung nhu cau ve chi huy, quan ly ve nhieu mat cua quoc phong noi chung, ve thu thap va xu ly thong tin ve thi trudng nhap khau vat tu ky thuat quoc phong co VTKTCB Doi mdi va phat trien he thong thong tin tren ca ba phuong dien: tang cudng trang thiet bi thong tin, dao tao xay dung ngudi vua co pham chat chfnh tri dao dUc, vua co nang luc nghe nghiep chuyen mon; hoan thien he thong phuong phap thu nhan va xu ly thong tin de chung ta co the xac dinh ro thi trudng, do'i tac, hang hoa cho cong tac nhap khau 3- Xac dinh qui che uu dai hoat dong nhap khau VTKTCB Md rong nhiem vu, quyen han nhap khau VTKTCB cho Bo Tu lenh Cong binh de tang tinh tfch cuc, chu dong sang tao khai thac, thu thap xU ly thong Nguyen Quang San - Cao hoc QTKD K8 83 Luan van thac sy tin, lira chon doi tac, xay dung ke hoach nhap khau, to chtrc quan ly chat che viec nhap khau Qui dinh ro phuong hudng nhap khau: ve trang bi, thiet bi toan bo mua theo ke hoach hang nam, phu tung, vat tu le nen tap trung kinh phf giai quyet dtil diem tirng 16 hang, tranh dai mua mdi nam mot ft Mua 16 hang vdi so luqng tirong doi mot lan thi dd kiem tra chat luqng hang nhap khau va cung dd giam thap gia hang nhap khau hon 4- Nha nudc, Bo Quoc phdng va cac co quan chtrc nang can rut ngan thdi gian tham dinh hqp ddng, bao dam ngan sach nhanh gon Nha nudc, Bo Quoc phdng can cd nhieu bien phap nang cao trinh can bo cdng tac xem xet, tham dinh va phe duyet hqp ddng nhap khau Co quan cap tren cd trach nhiem tham dinh phe duyet hqp ddng nen phan dinh ro tirng can bo phu trach tirng linh vuc cu the de cac chuyen vien di sau, nam vung hon linh vuc minh phu trach, giiip co quan day nhanh tien cong viec Nguyen Quang San - Cao hoc QTKD K8 84 Luan van thac sy KET LUAN 1- Ddi chieu vdi muc dich nghien ciru, luan van da dat duoc cac ket qua sau: - He thong hoa ly luan hieu qua xuat nhap khau noi chung, hoat dong nhap khau vat tu ky thuat quoc phdng va dac biet la hoat dong nhap khau vat tu ky thuat cong binh noi rieng - Phan tich danh gia thuc trang hieu qua hoat dong nhap khau vat tu ky thuat cong binh thdi gian qua, rut cac ket luan can thiet - De xuat mot so giai phap nang cao hieu qua hoat dong nhap khau vat tu ky thuat cong binh thdi gian tdi 2- Tren co sd nhung tir lieu thuc tidn phong phu, sd lieu chuan xac va cap nhat, luan van da phan anh thuc trang hoat dong nhap khau vat tu ky thuat cong binh nhung nam qua Tir rut nhung nhan xet, danh gia dung dan la: Lu diem: • Hoat dong nhap khau VTKTCB da dat hieu qua cao, bao dam kip thdi cho cac nhiem vu cua Binh chung, cua quan doi • Quan ly hoat dong nhap khau da co nhung cai each hop ly, phan cong chuyen trach • Nang cao kha nang cua luc luqng cong binh vao nhiem vu xay dung dat nudc, ket hop chat che quoc phdng va kinh te, kinh te vdi quoc phdng • Tao duqc nguon hang phong phu tir nhieu nudc, nhung van xac dinh duqc thi trudng diem • Thong qua hoat dong nhap khau da tao mdi trudng dao tao, ren luyen doi ngu can bo, nang cao nang luc, pham chat, cd chuyen mon cong tac nhap khau Khuyet diem: • Thieu thong tin ve hang va nguon hang, cd mat hang bi tac dong cua co che doc quyen tir nguon cung ung hang Nguyen Quang San - Cao hoc QTKD K8 85 Luan van thac sy • To chuc quan ly nhap khdu co tien bo nhung chua bao dam duqc tien ve thbi gian, dac biet la khau tham dinh va phe duyet hqp dong • Ngan sach han hep (bang 5-7% ngan sach quoc phong) anh hubng khong nho tbi hoat dong nhap khau cua VTKTCB Nguyen nhan: • Thong tin ve nguon hang chat luqng gia ca rat han che' • Thi trubng cung Ung hang dieu kien canh tranh thubng xuyen manh me • Cac khau lap ke hoach xet duyet, tham dinh, phe duyet phai thuc hien qua nhieu to chuc, co quan kho tranh khoi bi cham ch£ • Ke hoach nhap khau VTKTCB chua sat vbi nhu cau thuc te, co vi phai chi tieu het ngan sach nam tai chinh nen buoc phai mua ep, nhap cho xong • Doi ngu can bo, nhan vien lam cong tac nhap khau la kiem nhiem, chua duqc dao tao chuyen sau ve nghiep vu ngoai thuong 3- Luan uan da de xuat duqc phuopg hubnh bagg cao hieu qua quap khau VTKTCB: • Tich cuc tao nhieu nguOn nhap khau VTKTQP theo nguyen tac tiet kiem, an toan bi mat, hieu qua • Chap hanh nghiem tuc cac quy che, quy dinh, chi thi cua Bo Quoc phong ve cong tac nhap khau, mua sam hang cho quoc phong • Cong tac nhap khau VTKTCB, phai thuc hien theo ke hoach da duqc cap co tham quyen phe duyet, tuan thu phap lenh, cac quy dinh cua Nha nubc, quan doi • Xay dung ke hoach nhap khau vat tu ky thuat cong binh sat vbi nhu cau thuc te, chon duqc nguon thich hqp, tiet kiem, hieu qua • Tich cuc nghien cun tim toi, phat hien, tao cac nguon hang nhap khau co lqi, dac biet la ngu6a hang truyen thong • Nhap khau VTKTCB phai thubng xuyen quan triet tu tubng ket hqp chat che kinh te va quoc phong, quoc phong va kinh te Nguyen Quang Son - Cao hoc QTKD K8 86 Luan van thac sy Dong thdi, luan van cung da de xuat mot so giai phap cu the nang cao chat luong, hieu qua hoat dong nhap khau vat tu ky thuat cong binh • Tang cudng thu thap thong tin, nghien cuu thi trudng nhap khau VTKTCB • Lua chon thi trudng, mat hang va do'i tac nhap khau VTKTCB: • Tang cudng kiem tra danh gia chat luong hang hoa nhap khau • Tang cudng quan ly gia ca • Xay dung ke hoach nhap khau dai han VTKT Cong binh • Hoan thien bo may nhap khau • Hoan thien nghiep vu nhap khau 4- Voi thdi guan va kha nang nghi en cuu ecu u an, hoc vien kho tranh khoi nhung thieu sot nhat dinh ve noi dung va cach didn dat Hy vong nhung ket qua co gang buic dau cua luan van gop phan nho be vao viec nang cao chat luong, hieu qua hoat dong nhap khau vat tu ky thuat cong binh cCucv nam tii phuc vu tot hon cCucv nhiem vu cCi'cC tri cua Binh chung./ Nguyen Quang San - Cao hoc QTKD K8 87 Luan van thac sy DANH MUC TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 1- PGS.TS.Nguydn Duy Bot - 1996- Giao trinh thtrong mai quoc te - NXB Thong ke 2- Bo Quoc phdng - Dieu le cong tac Ky thuat Xe may Quan doi nhan dan Viet nam - 1999 - NXB Quan doi nhan dan Bo Quoc phdng - Dieu le cong tac Ky thuat Quan doi nhan dan Viet nam - 1996 - NXB Quan doi nhan dan Bo Quoc phdng - Dieu le Quan ly xf nghiep stra chira vu khf trang bi ky thuat quan str - 1996 - NXB - Quan doi nhan dan Bo Quoc phdng - Dieu le cong tac ky thuat cong binh Quan doi nhan dan Viet nam - 1994 - NXB Quan doi nhan dan Bo Quoc phong - Dieu le quan ly chat lirqng vu khf trang bi ky thuat cua QDND Viet nam - 1996 - NXB Quan doi nhan dan BO Quoc phong - Dieu le cong tac tai chinh QDND Viet nam - 1997 - NXB Quan doi nhan dan BO Quoc phdng - Thong tu 2867/TT-QP 30/10/1997 ve viec htrdng dAn thuc hien quy che quan ly tai chfnh va hach toan kinh doanh ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep thuoc BO Quoc phong BO Quoc phdng - Cac tai lieu tong ket hoat dong kinh doanh cua cac doanh nghiep va ngoai quan doi giai doan 1995-2001 10 B0 Quoc phdng - Quy che xuat khau, nhap khau va mua sAm hang quoc phdng so 2665/QD-BQP 15/11/2000 11 Bo Quoc phdng - Thuc hien cac Quy dinh xuat nhap khau va mua sAm hang quoc phong nam 2002 sd cong van 974/BQP 1/4/2002 12 Cue Ke hoach Dau tu - Hudng dAn mot sd noi dung thuc hien quy che xuat khau, nhap khau va mua sAm hang cho quoc phdng sd 1155/KH- DT7 8/5/2002 13 Cue Ke hoach Dau tu - Hudng dAn thuc hien Chi thi sd 149/QP cua Bo Quoc phdng ve chu truung, bien phap nhAm nAng cao san luong sua chua vu khi, trang bi ky thuat quAn str tinh hinh mdi 14 PGS.TS.Tran Minh Dao - 1998 - Marketing - NXB Thong ke Nguyen Quang San - Cao hoc QTKD K8 88 Luan van thac sy 15 PGS.TS.Nguyen Thanh Do - 1996 -Giao trinh chien luqc va ke hoach phat trien doanh nghiep - NXB Giao due 16 PGS.TS Nguyfin Thanh Do, Thac sy Ngo Kim Thanh - Giao trinh dao tao Sau dai hoc "Chien luqc va chinh sach kinh doanh ciia doanh nghiep" 17 TS.Ltru Thi Huong - 1998 - Giao trinh tai chinh doanh nghiep - NXB Giao due 18 PGS.TS.Pham Hun Lung - 1998 - Kinh te va to chdc san xuat doanh nghiep - NXB Giao due 19 PGS.TS.Nguy&n Ngoc Mai - 1996 - Giao trinh Lap va quan ly du an dau tu - NXB Giao due 20 PGS.TS.Le Van Tam - 1996 - Giao trinh quan tri doanh nghiep NXB Giao due 21 PGS.TS.Le Van Tam - 1999 - Giam doc doanh nghiep co che thi trudfng - NXB Chinh tri quoc gia 22 TS.Phan Dang Tuat - Giao trinh to chile dua doanh nghiep vao hoat dong Nguyen Quang Scrn - Cao hoc QTKD K8 89