Kinh nghiệm thúc đẩy xuất khẩu của trung quốc trong tiến trình hội nhập wto và gợi ý vận dụng đối với việt nam

3 O) Si bO• giAo duc va dAo TAO • A TRUONG DAI HOC KINH it QUOc DAN &■ THI THtJY HONG • nguyJn thi thUy hOng LUAN VAN THAC SY KINH Tfi • • KINH NGHIEM THUC DAY XUAT KHAU CUA TRUNG QUOC TRONG TIEN TRINH HOI NHAP WTO VA GUI Y si ■ n VAN DUNG DOI VOfl VIET NAM ■ ■ ■ LUAN VAN THAC SY KINH Tfi • HANOI 2005 hA NOl - 2005 BO GIAO DUC VA DAO TAO TRUdNG DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN nguy£n thi thuy hong KINH NGHIEM THUC DAY XU AT KHAU CUA TRUNG QUOC TRONG TIEN TRINH HOI NHAP WTO VA GOI Y VAN DUNG DOI VCH VIET NAM • • • • Chuyen nganh : Kinh te doi ngoai Ma so : 60.31.07 • LUAN VAN THAC SY KINH TE DAI HOC KTQD THOnVtIN THl/fe Ngitoi hitting dan khoa hoc : PGS.TS DO DtTC BINH HA NOI - 2005 MUC LUC Trang Ldl Md DAU chuong I: nhung van dA ly luan chung ve xuat khau YA TAC DONG CUA VIEC HOI NHAP TO CHfC THUONG MAI THE Gldl (WTO) DEN HOAT DONG XUAT KhAu CUA MOT QUOC GIA 1.1 Nhung van de ly luan chung ve xuat khau cua mot quoc gia 1.1.1 Khai niem xuat khau 1.1.2 Vai tro xuat khau doi vii mot quoc gia 1.1.3 Cac nhan to anh huong den hoat dong xuat khau cua mot quoc gia 1.2 To c lihc t htforng mai t he g ioi 18 1.2.1 Cac vong dam phan thunng mai 20 1.2.2 ChCc nang va nguyen tdc hoat dong chfnh cua To chCc thunng mai the giii (WTO) 1.3 Tinh tat yeu khach quan va y nghia cua viec Trung Quoc gia 23 25 nhap WTO 1.3.1 Gia nhap WTO la yeu cau cua cai cach, la doi hoi cua mo cua va 25 la su lua chon chien luoc cua Trung Quoc 1.3.2 Y nghla cua viec Trung Quoc gia nhap WTO 1.4 Tac dong cua viec cac quoc gia la vien cua WTO den hoat 28 30 dong xuat khau 1.4.1 Tac dong tich cuc ^0 1.4.2 Tac dong tieu cuc 31 CHUONG 2: THUC TRANG TAC DONG CUA VIEC HOI NHAP WTO DEN 34 HOAT DONG XUAT KHAU CUA TRUNG QUOC 2.1 Thuc trang hoat dong xuat khau Trung 'Quoc tien tr'mh 34 gia nhap WTO 2.1.1 Tong quan chung ve su hinh he thong ngoai thunng cua 34 Trung Quoc tien tr'rnh hoi nhap WTO 2.1.2 Tinh hinh hoat dong xuat khau cua Trung Quoc 44 2.1.3 Cn cau xuat khau va loi the canh tranh cua Trung Quoc 50 2.1.4 Co? cau thi truUng xuSaklhUi cua Trung Qudc 56 2.2 Danh gia nhUng tac dong cua viec gia nhap WTO toi hoat dong 58 xuat khau cua Trung Quoc 2.2.1 Trc tlong ttch ta/c cua viecgiangan WTO dd'i vcri hoat dongxuat 558 khUn aaa Tungg Qnca 2.2.2 TCa dong bUt loi aaa viCa gia nhng WTO doi vii hoat dong xntt 62 khUn aaa Tungg QnCc 2.2.3 Ngnyeg nhag aaa ghugg thnng loi va bat loi doi vii hoat dogg xnat 70 khUn aaa Tungg Qucu A CHUONG bai hoc kinh nghiem va giai phap nham thuc day X X Z — Z Z? — 74 HOAT DONG XUAT KhAu CUA VlfiT NAM TRONG TI^N TRINH HOI NHAP WTO 3.1 Bai hoc kinh nghiem thuc day hoat dong xuat khau cua Trung 74 Quoc tien trinh hoi nhap WTO 3.2 Thuc trang hoat dong xuat khau cua Viet Nam tien trinh 80 hoi nhap to churc thuong mai the gioi (WTO) 3.2.1 Tong qnag ahngg ve sc high hC thcgg ggoai thuogg oaa ViCt 80 Nam tuogg tien turnh hoi ghnp WTO 3.2.2 Tigh high hoat dogg xnat khUn 84 3.2.3 Co aan mat hang xnat khUn 87 3.2.4 Co aau thi tuuong xnat khUn 89 3.3 Du bao nhnng co hoi va thach thurc doi vdi hoat dong xuat khau 91 cua Viet Nam tien trinh hop nhap WTO 3.3.1 Co hoi doi vii hoat dogg xnat khUn oua ViCt Nam 91 3.3.1.1 NhUng ca hoi doi vo'i linh vcc nong nghiep 91 3.3.1.2 Trong Iinh vi(c xuat khau hhng dcO may, 92 3.3.1.3 Nhtfng loi ich td viec cai thien ca che giai quyet trank chap 93 3.3.1.4 Thuc day cai cach hinh te ntfdc 94 3.3.2 NNffrig thhc^ thire dd'i vvi hoat ddng xx&U kkhU cha Viic Nam 94 3.3.2.1 Van de cai cach he thongphap luat: 3.3.2.2 Van de phat troen hhu vice kink t^'tunhdn , 95 95 3.3.2.3 Vein de md cua dich vu cho cac nha kinh doanh nude ngoai 97 3.32.4 Van de nong nghiep 98 332.5 Van de cu che bao ve quyen sd huu tri tue 99 3.4 Mot so giai phap nham thuc day hoat dong xuat khau cua Viet 101 Nam tien trinh hoi nhap WTO 3.4.1 Ve phfa nha nird'c 102 3.4.1.1 Phdt trze’n cac nganh hang xuat khau chu luc sang thi trudng the 102 gidi 3.4.12 Gan nhap khau cong nghe nguon vdi xuat khau nham, cai tien 109 cong nghe, nang cao chat luung san pham, dac biet chu cong nghe chebien 3.4.13 Hoan thien he thong phap ly, moi triU^nng kinh doanh va tao 11^3 thuan lui toi da cho xuat khau phu hop vdi nhung quy dinh cua WTO 3.4.1.4 Day manh cong tac xuc tien xuat khau tien trinh hoi nhap 119 WTO 3.4.2 Ve phfa doanh nghiep 120 3.4.2.1 Lua chon phuung thuc thick hup de chu dong tham nhap hang 120 hoa xuat khau vao cac kenh phan phoi tren thi trudng the'gidi 3.422 Day manh viec cai tien cong nghe che bien va tang cudng dau tu 123 va hoan thien quan ly de tao nguon hang xuat khau thick Ung vdi yeu cau cua thi trudng 3.4.23 Xay dung thuung hieu va nang cao suc canh tranh cho hang xuat 126 khau Viet Nam 3.42.4 Lien ket cac doanh nghiep nudc san xuat hang xuat khau 128 3.42.5 Tim nguon tin dung hd tru nhap khau de day manh xuat khau 128 KET LUAN 130 DANH MUC TAI LIEU THAM KHAO BANG CHU CAI VIET TAT BANG T1ENG ANH ASEAN Tieng Anh Tieng Viet Association of South East Asian Hiep hoi cac quoc gia Dong Nam A Nations AFTA ASEAN Free Trade Area Khu vuc mau dich tu ASEAN APEC Asia Pacific Economic Dien dan hop tac kinh te Chau A - Cooperation Thai Binh Duong DSB Dispute Settlement Body Co quan giai quyet tranh chap FDI Foreign Direct Tnvesment Dau tu truc tiep nudc ngoai GATS Genenal Agreement on Trade Hiep dinh chung ve thuong mai va and Service dich vu Genenal Agreement on Tariff Hiep dinh chung ve thuong mai va and Trade thue quan IMF International Moneytary Fund Quy tien te quoc te ITO International Trade Organization To choc thuong mai quoc te MFA Multi Fiber Arrangement Thoa udc hang da soi MNF Most Favored Nation Qyuy che toi hue quoc TRIMs Trade Related Investment Cac bien phap dau tu lien quan den Measures thuong mai Trade Related Aspects of Cac linh vuc ve quyen so huu tri tue Intellectual Property Rights lien quan den thuong mai GATT TRIPs UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Hoi nghi Lien hop quoc ve thuong mai va phat trien WB World Bank Ngan hang the gidi WTO World Trade Organization To choc thuong mai the gidi MOFTEC Bo Ngoai thuong va Hop tac kinh te DANH MUC CAC CHtfCAI VIET TAT CNH- HDH Cong nghicp hoa- hien dai hoa NHTM Ngan hang thuong mai NDT Dong nhan dan te cua Trung Quoc USD Dong la My FDI Dau tu true tiep nude ngoai IMF Quy tien te quoc te WTO To chuc thuong mai the gidi TTCK Thi trudng chiing khoan GDP Tong thu nhap quoc noi GATT To elide Hiep dinh chung ve thue quan va mau dich KHKT Khoa hoc ky thuat MNF Nguyen tSc toi hue quoc TNHH Trach nhiem huu han XNK Xuat nhap khau Xuat nhap khau DNCVDTNN Doanh nghiep co von dau tu nudc ngoai CNTT Cong nghe thong tin DANH MUC BANG BIEU Trang Bangl.l Cac vong dam phan thuong mai GATT 20 Bang 2.1 Toe tang trudng GPD thuc te hang nam cua Trung Quoc 41 Bieu 2.1 Toe tang trudng GPD thuc te hang nam cua Trung Quoc 41 Bang 2.2 Thue quan b'rnh quan doi vdi hang hoa nhap khau cua Trung Quoc giai doan 1882 - 2001 Bang 2.3 Kim ngach xuat nhap khau Trung Quoc tir 1990 den 2005 Bieu 2.2 Kim ngach xuat nhap khau cua Trung Quoc ttr 1998 den 2005 43 45 46 Bang 2.4 Co cau ngoai thuong cua Trung Quoc theo mat hang 53 Bang 2.5 Co can xuat nhap khan Trnng Quoc theo hinh thai thuong mai 56 Bang 2.6 Nhfrng thay doi ve thi trudng xuat khau chu yeu cua Trung Quoc nam 1985- 2004 57 Bang 3.1 Kim ngach xuat nhap khau hang hoa cua Viet Nam 1991-2005 58 Bang 3.2 Co cau mat hang xuat khau cua Viet Nam 88 Bang 3.3 Co cau thi trudng xuat khau cua Viet Nam 90 LOI MO DAU Ngay nay, trudc su phat trien manh me cua cuoc cach mang khoa hoc cong nghe xu the toan cau hoa nen kinh te the gidi dang tro mot xu the khach quan Cac quoc gia, dan toc khong cach lua chon nao khac la hoi nhap de cung ton tai va phat trien La mot quoc gia dong dan so mot tren the gidi, lai di len tu diem xuat phat thap, Trung Quoc sdm nhan thuc duoc tam quan va yeu cau khach quan cua hoi nhap kinh te quoc te, nen da tich cuc chuan bi, tham gia vao tien trinh Tro thanh vien chinh thuc cua To chuc thuong mai the gidi (WTO) la mot thing loi ldn, mot budc tien quan cua Trung Quoc qua trinh hoi nhap va phat trien, bdi day la to chUc thuong mai ldn nhat hanh tinh co anh huong chi phoi den nen kinh te toan cau Tien trinh gia nhap WTO da tac dong thuc day nen kinh te Trung Quoc phat trien manh me, vdi nhip tang truong binh quan nhieu nam lien dat chi' tieu hai so, tro mot nhung nen kinh te ldn nhat the” gidi Co nhieu bai hoc kinh nghiem duoc rut tien trinh gia nhap WTO cua Trung Quoc, kinh nghiem day manh xuat khau hang hoa duoc xem la bai hoc kinh nghiem quy bau cho nhieu quoc gia khu vuc va tren the gidi, nhat la cac nudc dang chuan bi gia nhap WTO nhu Viet Nam Viet Nam va Trung Quoc la hai nudc lang gieng, khong chi gan ve mat dia ly ma co nhieu diem tuong dong ve kinh te, chinh tri, truyen thong lich su, van hoa Nhung net tuong dong la dieu kien rat thuan loi de Viet Nam tham khao nhung kinh nghiem cua Trung Quoc, dac biet la kinh nghiem thuc day xuat khau tien trinh gia nhap WTO Tiep tuc su nghiep doi mdi, day manh cong nghiep hoa dat nudc, nhung nam qua Dang va nha nudc ta chu trudng da dang hoa, da phuong hoa cac quan he kinh te” doi ngoai, chu dong hoi nhap kinh te quoc te Nghi quyet Dai hoi IX cua Dang khang dinh: “Viet Nam se tiep tuc md rong cac quan he kinh te doi ngoai, tren co so da dang hoa, da phuong hoa, phu hop vdi muc phat trien hien nay, dong thoi dam bao thuc hien cac cam ket song phuong va da phuong AFTA, APEC, Hiep dinh thuong mai song phuong Viet Nam - Hoa Ky va thuc day qua trinh dam phan gia nhap WTO” Mot nhung van de cap bach dat hien la Viet Nam cdn lam g'l de day nhanh tien trinh gia nhap WTO va can co nhung chuan bi gi de tan dung duqc co hoi, vuqt qua thach thuc tac dong cua viec gia nhap WTO Giai quyet van de tren can phai co chien luge tong the cho moi linh vuc cua nen kinh te, co linh vuc xuat khau hang hoa Day manh hoat dong xuat khau hang hoa la viec lam rat quan trong, co y nghia song cua nen kinh te tien trinh gia nhap WTO Hien nay, ben canh nhung ket qua dat duoc, hoat dong xuat khau hang hoa cua Viet Nam dang dung trudc nhieu kho khan, thach thurc Nhung van de sinh quan he thuong mai doi vdi EU, Hoa Ky thdi gian qua doi hoi chung ta phai nghien cuu mot each nghiem tuc de co nhung giai phap huu hieu cho hoat dong quan Tac gia cho rang viec nghien cuu tham khao, hoc tap kinh nghiem xuat khau hang hoa cua cac nude co nhieu diem tuong dong vdi nude ta, dac biet la nhung nude mdi gia nhap WTO nhu Trung Quoc la rat can thiet va cd y nghia thuc tidn to Ion Vdi y nghia khoa hoc va thuc tiSn tren day, tac gia chon van de nghien cuu: “Kinh nghiem thuc day xuat khau cua Trung Quoc tien trinh hoi nhap WTO va goi y van dung cho Viet Nam”, lam de tai luan van tot nghiep cua rriinh 2- Muc dich va nhiem vu nghien ciru: Muc dich cua de tai: Luan giai co sd ly luan va thuc ti6n kinh nghiem • day manh xuat khau cua Trung Quoc tien trinh hoi nhap WTO, rut nhung bai hoc kinh nghiem va de xuat mot so giai phap co ban thuc day xuat khau cua Viet Nam tien trinh hoi nhap WTO Nhiem vu: • - Phan tich nhung van de ly luan chung ve xuat khau, nhung van de co ban vd WTO va tac dong cua viec gia nhap WTO tdi hoat dong xuat khalu cua cac quoc gia 3.4.1.4 Bay manh cong tac xuc tien xuat khau tien trinh hoi nhap WTO Chuong trinh xuc tien thuong mai can co chien lucre dai han Trong tung giai doan can tap trung vao nhung thi trudng nao, mat hang gi, tranh dan trai, tran lan, vi ncu dan trai tran lan vira mat diem, vira khdng tap trung dupe kinh phi, khong dat hieu qua cao Trong chuong trinh xuc tien cua tung giai doan ngfin, can xac dinh cu the muc tieu can dat dupe Phan dinh ro nhiem vu cua co quan dau mdi, nhiem vu cua doanh nghiep mdi chuong trinh cu the Phai co ke hoach phoi hop chat che giua nudc va co quan dai dien ben ngoai neu la chuong trinh tham quan khao sat nham dal dupe hieu qua tdi da cho mdi chuyen di theo dung muc dich da de ra, tranh hien tuong phi pham nguon kinh phi han hep ma nha nudc da dau tu Sau mdi chuong trinh, can due rut kinh nghiem cho nhung chuong trinh sau Ngoai chuong trinh xuc tien thuong mai diem, Nha nudc can tai tro mot phan kinh phi cong tac xuc tien thuong mai khac nhu giup cho cac doanh nghiep tham gia hoi cho, trien lam chuyen nganh, hoac cac chuong trinh xay dung, quang ba nhan hieu hang Viet Nam, hinh anh Viet Nam d nudc ngoai giup doanh nghiep cd the xam nhap dd dang hon va dung vung dupe tren thi trudng kho tinh De thuc hien dupe cac muc lieu xuc tien, ve co ban nha nudc nen thuc hien tot cac boat dong sau: Tint nhat, dam bao to elute xuc tien thitcmg mai la can moi gitta doanh nghiep nitdc vb'i llii tutting mttic ngoai viec cung cap thong tin, tim kiern doi tac, du bao xu hudng phat trien, tham gia dam phan ky ket hop dong cung doanh nghiep nudc minh 119 Thu hai, Id tang cudng cong tdc dao tao va hoi dudng nang cao nang luc can bo thuung mai, chuyen gia ve xuat nhap khau, ve thi trudng de tiep can va ma rong cac thi trudng tiem nang 3.4.2 Ve phia doanh nghiep 3.4.2.1 Lua chon phu&ng thitc thich hup de chu dong tham nhap vao cac kenh phan phoi ti en thi trudng Co nhieu phuong thuc de cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam co the tham nhap vao thi trudng the gidi, nhu: xuat khau qua trung gian, xuat khau true tiep, lien doanh, dfiu tu true tiep, lien doanh Tuy nhien, can nhan thurc ro nhung uu the va han che rieng cua mdi phuong thurc tham nhap Xufit khfiu qua trung gian la dudng ma phan ldn cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam da ap dung de tham nhap thi trudng the gidi d thdi ky dau mdi khai pha thi trudng Khi thi trudng mdi me va bo ngd ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep, hon nua lai thieu kinh nghiem ve thuong trudng nen khong thiet lap dupe quan he ban hang true tiep vdi cac ddi tac Do vay, cac doanh nghiep da phai xufit khau qua cac ban hang trung gian ma chu yeu la d Chau A Hinh thurc chi thich hop vdi thdi ky dfiu khai pha thi trudng (nhung nam 80 va dau thap nien 90) Xuat khau true tiep la dudng chinh tham nhap vao thi trudng the gidi hien cua cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam Hinh thuc thich hop vdi thdi ky sau khai pha (tir giua thap nien 90 den nay) quy md xuat khau nhd be va cac mat hang xufit khau phan tan, nhung d6 tao the bi dong ddi vdi cac nha xufit khfiu kho nam bat kip thdi nhung thong tin ve thi trudng, efin ap dung cac hinh thurc dau tu true tiep va lien doanh Dfiu tu true tiep khong phai la hudng chinh thdi gian trudc mat, nhung chi it nd cung efin thiet mot sd linh vuc, nhu cac co sd tiep thi va dich vu 120 Lien doanh co the dirdi hinh thuc su dung giay phep, nhan hieu hang hoa Tai thdi diem hang hoa Viet Nam chua co danh tieng, nen rat kho tham nhap vao thi trudng the gidi Hon nua, nang luc canh tranh cua doanh nghiep Viet Nam yeu Do vay, lien doanh dudi hinh thuc sir dung giay phep, nhan hieu hang hoa, ten thuong pham cd thd se la bien phap tdi uu nhat de cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam xam nhap vao thi trudng Chung ta cung can tinh den mot xu hudng dang noi len la su gia tang buon ban noi bo cong ty va tai xuat cua cac doanh nghiep d cac quoc gia tren the gidi de trien khai cac hinh there lien doanh, cung nhu tham gia true tiep vao mang ludi phan cong lao dong quoc te cua cac cong ty xuyen quoc gia Neu khong lien doanh theo kieu thi cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam se kho tham nhap vao thi trudng the gidi Hinh thirc se giup cho su gia tang xuat khau cua Viet Nam sang thi trudng the gidi Dau tu true tiep chua phai la hudng chinh de tham nhap thi trudng the gidi hien tai va tuong lai gfin cua cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam vi tiem nang kinh te han hep Tuy nhien, chung ta cung can xem xet va nghien cuu va cd su chuan bi ky ludng cho hinh thurc tham nhap vao thi trudng the gidi de chuan bi trudc cho giai doan cao hon cua nen kinh te Viet Nam the ky XXL Trong thdi gian tdi mot mat cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam vda tri xuat khau true tiep de tham nhap thi trudng the gidi, mat khac can cd su nghien cuu de lira chon phuong thuc tham nhap bring hinh thurc lien doanh va dau tu true tiep Dii lira chon phuong thirc tham nhap thi trudng nao so' nhung phuong thuc neu tren thi chung ta cung phai nghien cuu ky cac yeu to' sau: Dung luqng thi trudng, thi hieu tieu dung, kenh phan pho'i, dd'i thu canh tranh, gia ca.v.v va can ndm vung bon nguyen tfic tham nhap thi trudng Bon nguyen tdc bao gom: (1) Ndm bat duqc thi hieu cua ngudi tieu 121 dung; (2) Ha gia san pham; (3) Dam bao thai gian giao hang; (4) Duy tri chat luong san pham Chung ta can nhanh chong lap he thong thu thap va xu ly thong tin thuong mai He thong thong tin thuong mai quoc gia noi vdi cac co quan quan ly, cac doanh nghiep vao mang Internet se dam bao cung cap kip thdi va chinh xac cac thong tin ve thi trudng the gidi cho cac doanh nghiep d£ ho cd can cu day manh hoat dong buon ban vdi cac do'i tac cu the cua tung thi trudng tren the gidi, nang cao kha nang du bao va dinh hudng thi trudng cua cac co quan chtrc nang Nha nudc Nhu vay cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam cd the thuc hien cac giai phap sau de tham nhap vao cac kenh phan phoi khac cua thi trudng the gidi: 77u? nhat la, doi vdi cac doanh nghiep vita va nho Viet Nam, tiem luc kinh te han che nen co the lien ket vdi cong dong ngudi Viet d cac thi trudng tren the gidi de dau tit san xuat va xuat khau vao nhung thi trudng nhung mat hang md thi trudng hien dang co nhu can ldn nhu: hang det may, giay dep v.v Hop tac kinh doanh cd the dudi hinh thuc lien doanh Thanh lap lien doanh theo Luat Dau tu true tiep nudc ngoai tai Viet Nam: cac ong chu ngudi Viet Nam d cac thi trudng nudc ngoai (Viet kieu) cd the dau tu vao Viet Nam lap lien doanh vdi cac doanh nghiep nudc Hai ben cung gop von de lap lien doanh, nhung lien doanh cd the su dung lao dong, nguyen lieu, nha xuong cua phfa Viet Nam; Va sir dung phap nhan, su hieu biet ve thi trudng, kenh phan phoi va su nhSy ben kinh doanh cua phfa nudc ngoai Phfa Viet Nam se chiu trach nhiem san xuat hang hoa theo dung thiet ke, phfa nudc ngoai se chiu trach nhiem tieu thu hang hoa Bfmg each nay, hang hoa duqc san xuat se dap ling tot thi hieu luon thay doi cua thi trudng va tham nhap duqc vao kenh phan phoi tren thi trudng Thu hai Id, doi vdi cac doanh nghiep ldn, co tiem luc kinh te manh han, co the lien doanh de trd cong ty cua cac cong ty xuyen qudc gia 122 Bling each nay, cac doanh nghiep co the tham nhap true tiep vao cac kenh phan phoi chu dao tren thi trudng the gidi, vi cac cong ty xuyen qudc gia dong vai trd chu chot cac kenh phan phoi Cac nha nhap khau thuoc cac cong ty xuyen qudc gia thudng nhap hang cua cac xf nghiep, nha may thuoc tap doan cua minh va tir cac nha thau nudc ngoai cd quan he ban hang lfiu dai, ft nhap khau hang tir cac nha xufit khau khong quen biet, sau dua hang vao mang ludi tieu thu Neu trd mot cong ty cua tap doan thi duong nhien hang san xuat se duqc dua vao kenh tieu thu cua tap doan Viet Nam dang thuc hien tien trinh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa, vi vay tuong lai hang xuat khfiu chii luc cua ta se la hang dien tir - tin hoc, thuc pham che bien va cac mat hang che tao khac cd ham luqng cong nghe cao Nhung mat hang rat kho tham nhap vao thi trudng cua cac nudc phat trien Do vay, tir bay gid cac doanh nghiep phai lua chon phuong thuc thich hop, chu dong va tfch cue tham nhap vao kenh phan phoi neu khong ve sau se rat kho day manh xufit khfiu sang thi trudng thi trudng the gidi xu the qua trinh canh tranh dang di&n cang kho'c liet nhu hien 3.4.2.2 Day manh viec cai tien cong nghe che hien va tang cudng dau titva hoan thien quan ly de tao nguon hang thich hop vdi thi trudng the gidi Nguon hang thich hop vdi thi trudng the gidi hien kha da dang, phong phu ve chung loai, khoi luqng ldn, cung on dinh, thoa man thi hieu lieu dung Cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam muon xam nhap va md rong thi phan viio thi trudng the gidi thi phai tao duqc nguon hang xufit khfiu thich hop vdi thi trudng tung loai thi trudng cu the khac Chat luqng la yeu to efin quan tam ddi vdi phan ldn cac mat hang duqc tieu thu Ben canh do, ngudi tieu dung hien khong chi quan tam den chat luqng san pham ma ca dich vu khach hang, bao gom ca dich vu sau 123 ma thi trudng can chtr khong phai la ban nhung thii ma chung ta co Vi the, cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam can phiu tang cudng dau tu: Md rong quy md san xuat va chu dau tu chieu sftu de nang cao nang suat, chat luqng, gia tri gia tang, da dang hoa san pham va gia doi vdi timg mat hang cu the nham tao nguon hang thfch hqp vdi thi trudng Muon tao duqc mot nguon hang thfch hqp vdi thi trudng, cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam phai tang cudng dau tu va hoan thien quan ly, vi day la hai yeu to quan cua qua trinh san xuat, cd tinh chat quyet dinh ddi vdi viec cho ddi mot san pham nhu the nao Vao thdi diem nay, cac doanh nghiep san xuat hang xuat khau cua Viet Nam dang hudng manh vao thi trudng phai tang cudng ap dung cac he thong quan ly: ISO 9000, ISO 14000 va HACCP ISO 9000 la He thong quan ly chat luqng hay “giay thong hanh” di vao thuong trudng the gidi, mot “phuong tien tham nhap” thi trudng quoc te ISO tien he thong quan ly nham dat duoc cac muc tieu tang nang suat va chat luqng san pham, giam lang phi va ty le phe pham de tri mot dang san pham luon co chat luqng dong nhat vdi gia Do dd, mot doanh nghiep ap dung ISO 9000, ngudi tieu dung cd the an tarn hon do'i vdi chat luqng san pliant Ndi each khac, ISO 9000 cd the duqc coi nhu mot “ngon ngu” xac dinh chu tin cua doanh nghiep, la dudng hoi nhap cac nha san xuat tham nhap vao khu vuc mau dich cung nhu su khang dinh cam ket cung ung san pham cd chat luqng tin cay 124 ISO 14000 la He thong quan ly moi trudng duqc xay dung tren co so thoa thuan qudc te bao gom cac yeu cau doi vdi cac yeu to co ban co the dieu chinh duqc de thiet lap duqc nen he thong quan ly mdi trudng co kha nang caithien mdi trudng mot each lien tuc tai to chuc co so Bo tieu chuan dem den each tiep can he thong cho viec quan ly mdi trudng va cung cap cac cong cu hd trq co lien quan nhu danh gia mdi trudng, nhan mdi trudng, phan lich chu trinh songcua san pham,.v.v cho cac doanh nghiep va cac to chiic co so khac de quan ly su tac dong cua cac hoat dong cua ho doi vdi moi trudng, ngan ngira o nhifim va lien tuc cai thien moi trudng vdi su cam ket cua lanh dao va sir tham gia co y thurc cua moi vien cua co so, tir ngudi san xuat true tiep den can bo quan ly HACCP la He thong phan tfch nguy co va kiem soat cac khau yeu qua trinh che bien thuc pham, nd khong phai la he thong quan ly ap dung dai Ira nhu ISO 9000 va ISO 14000 HACCP duqc thiet ke rieng cho cong nghiep thuc pham va cac nganh cd lien quan den thuc pham tap trung vao van de ve sinh va dua mot each tiep can cd he thong de phong ngira va giam thieu nguy co Trong dieu kien hien muon xam nhap duqc vao cac thi trudng cd sire tieu thu ldn doi hoi cac nha xuat khau nudc ngoai tuan thu nguyen t Ac HACCP va HACCP da dan trd doi hoi chung Doi vdi cac doanh nghiep thuoc nganh cong nghiep che bien thuc pham muon day manh xuat khau thi bien phap nhat la ap dung tieu chuan HACCP vi day la yeu cau bdt buqc doi vdi cac xi nghiep che bien thuc pham cua cac nudc dang phat trien mil san pham xuat khau viio thi trudng Doi vdi cac doanh nghiep thuoc cac nganh cong nghiep ma cd qua trinh san xuat gay nhiem moi trudng muon giir vung vii md rong thi phan thi 125 khong each nao khac la phai ap dung bo tieu chufin ISO 14000 vi day la yeu cau gan nhu bat buoc cua cac nudc cong nghiep phat trien Ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep thuoc cac nganh cong nghiep khac muon ddng vung va phat trien tren thi trudng the gidi nhu EU, My thi bien phap nhat la ap dung bo tieu chuan ISO 9000 vi chat luong cua san pham yeu cau tham my, tien dung va an toan Ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam nguyen tdc tham nhap thi trudng cong cung chinh la noi dung can ban cd lien quan den he thong quan ly chat luong ISO 9000 Vdi viec ap dung cac tieu chuan HACCP, ISO 9000, ISO 14000 san xuat hang hoa, cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam cd the tao mot nguon hang xuat khau on dinh va thich hop sang thi trudng the gidi nhdm chu dong san xuat va tieu thu san pham 3.4.2.3 Xay dung thuong hieu va nang cao sue canh tranh cho hang xuat khau Viet Nam Hien nay, mot van de quan va cap bach ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam de dung vung co che thi trudng xu hudng md cua hoi nhap kinh te qudc te la van de thuong hieu hang hoa, sure canh tranh cua doanh nghiep chinh la thuong hieu Phan ldn hang xuat khau cua ta la chua cd thuong hieu hoac thuong hieu chua duqc ngudi tieu dung the gidi biet den Vi vay, de tao sire canh tranh cua doanh nghiep tren thi trudng the gidi, nhung doanh nghiep nao da cd san pham cd chd ddng tren thi trudng the gidi thi can phai dfiu tu, quang ba rong rai thuong hieu san pham cua minh, giu duqc chd dirng cua minh tren thi trudng Nhung san pham chua cd thuong hieu efin phai hoc tap kinh nghiem xay dung thuong hieu, dang ky va bao ho kip thdi thuong hieu cua minh khuon kho chuong trinh thuong 126 hieu quoc gia va quoc te, day manh phat trien mang ludi phan phoi, quang ba thuong hieu ca va ngoai nude Doi vdi mot so san pham tuong tu nhu san pham da cd thuong hieu noi tieng tren the gidi thi bang hinh thurc nhu mua, lien doanh hoac gia cong de xay dung hinh anh hang hoa cua minh tren thi trudng Trong qua trinh thuc hien nhung giai phap nay, doanh nghiep edn tim kiem su hd tro cua nha nudc hoac hiep hoi nganh hang de giu vung va phat trien thuong hieu Viet Nam tren thi trudng the gidi Viec bao ve nhan hieu hang hoa cung la van de vo cung quan ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep xuat khau sang thi truong the gidi dieu kien hoi nhap hien Thuong hieu la tai san vo hinh nhung cd gia tri rat ldn Ddi vdi cac doanh nghiep xuat khau, dang ky thuong hieu tai thi trudng nudc ngoai mang y nghla song Doanh nghiep can tim hieu ky luat sd huu cua doanh nghiep cd the tham gia dang ky theo he thong dd Viet Nam chi bao ve thuong hieu la nhan mac, bao bi, cua san pham, nhung van de khac cac doanh nghiep cd the duqc phep dang ky nhu mui vi, mau sSc, khau hieu, nhac hieu, cua san pham Ngoai su hd tro tir phfa Chinh phu, ban than cac doanh nghiep cung phai tfch cue, chu dong viec md rong va nang cao sue canh tranh cua hang hoa tren thi trudng Muon nhu vay, cac doanh nghiep can phai xay dung cho minh mot thuong hieu uy tin tren thi trudng, dang ky thuong hieu quoc te; tang cudng dau tu theo chieu sau; nang cao chat luqng hang hoa; gia san pham; thuc hien cac bien phap Marketing quang cao, nang cao kha nang canh tranh ve gia, chat luqng, mfiu ma, chit dong tim kiem ddi tac; chao hang thong qua hoi cho, trien lam quoc te hang Viet Nam; gidi thieu san pham, md ta san pham, hudng dftn sir dung vdi thi trudng ben ngoai Cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam thay ddi dan mdi quan he bang each true tiep di tiep thi, khao sat thi trudng Dieu dd se giiip doanh nghiep nhay ben hon phat trien san pham true tiep tien hanh 127 Dac biet, tai thdi diem hien tai, de nang cao suc canh tranh, cac doanh nghiep can luu y hai diem quan nua la: Thu nhat, la tang cutting mUc san sang hoi nhap kinh te quoc te tren moi phuung dien Mdi doanh nghiep can nhanh chong xay dung mot chien luoc hoi nhap vdi lo trinh ro rang va cac giai phap tfch cuc, kha thi Day la dieu kien tien quyet cho moi hanh dong dung xu the phat trien cua doanh nghiep hien ThU hai, la dinh huting phat trien doanh nghiep vtii mot tam nhin chien luoc du xa va phu hop xu hudng phat trien cua the gidi va kha nang tao dung loi the canh tranh mdi cua chinh minh 3.424 Lien ket cac doanh nghiep nutic san xuat hang xuat khau Cac doanh nghiep can lien ket vdi qua trinh hoat dong kinh doanh d linh vuc xuat khau tu khau san xu£t den khau luu thong Thong qua cac cau lac bo doanh nghiep, cac doanh nghiep nho co the lien ket vdi tim kiem ban doi tac cung tien hanh hoat dong xuat khau Liet ket cac doanh nghiep vdi mot mat lam giam bdt sue ep canh tranh noi bo giua cac doanh nghiep nho vdi nhau, mat khac lam tang sUc manh nang cao vi the cua cac doanh nghiep tren trudng quoc te dong thdi phat huy duoc loi the rieng cua ban than mdi doanh nghiep “Doan ket la suc manh” Vi the, cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam khong nen canh tranh gay gdt, mot mat mot ma nen hop suc lai cung vdi su hd tro tU phfa nha nudc de day manh hoat dong xuat khau nudc nha thi trudng the gidi 3.425 Tim nguon tin dung ho trq nhap khau de day manh xuat khau Phan ldn cac doanh nghiep Viet Nam hien tham gia san xuat va kinh doanh xuat nhap khau la nhung doanh nghiep vua va nho, von kinh doanh ft, chua co nhieu kinh nghiem thuong trudng cua mot nen kinh te thi trudng, nen gap rat nhieu han che viec xuc tien thuong mai cung 128 nhu de chien lircrc lau dai vuon thi trudng nude ngoai De han che bdt nhung kho khan ve von, cac doanh nghiep can tiep can cac nguon von cua cac ngan hang hay quy tin dung nha nude chua cd ngan hang chuyen doanh hoac quy bao lanh tin dung Ngoai ra, cac doanh nghiep can khai thac tac dung tfch cue cua Quy hd trq xuat khau, tim kiem su hd trq cua nha nudc, cac to chuc qudc te hay cac hiep hoi nganh hang de tham gia trien lam, hoi chq, hoi thao b nudc hay d nudc ngoai, tim kiem su hd trq d va ngoai nudc de lap van phong, phong trung bay, lap kho ngoai quan hay chi nhanh cong ty tai nudc ngoai de thuc hien cong tac khuyech truong xuat khau cho san pham hay dich vu cua minh Tom lai, sau gan 20 nam doi mdi, sue manh tong the cung nhu nang luc kinh te va kha nang canh tranh cua Viet Nam da duqc cai thien dang kd Song, dat minh vao cuoc choi, doi mat vdi cac doi thu canh tranh, doi mat vdi thdi co va thach thurc hoi nhap, tir bat cu goc nhin nao, d bat cu pham vi nao deu khong the phu nhan mot thuc te: sire canh tranh cua nen kinh te cua san pham va doanh nghiep nhin chung yeu va cd nhieu diem can khac phuc Chang han, d Viet Nam mdi trudng the che vi md chua that dong bo, tinh trang mdi trudng kinh doanh, khung phap ly va hanh chfnh chua hoan thien, cac doanh nghiep vin thu dong viec xay dung chien luqc kinh doanh Cac yeu kem dd sinh nguy co tao vong xoay: sure canh tranh thap kinh doanh khdng hieu qua, khdng the tiep can von va cong nghe cao, khdng the cai thien sire canh tranh Tren day la mdt vai giai phap d goc vi md cung nhir vi md gop phan thuc day hoat dong xuat khau hang hoa d mot goc nhin sang thi trudng thi trudng the gidi Hy vong nhung giai phap gop phan cai thien tinh trang ton tai dong thdi phat huy the manh cua hoat dong xuat khau hang hoa Viet Nam sang thi trudng the gidi giai doan tdi 129 KET LUAN va phurc tap nhat lich sir WTO, ma la ket qua cua mot qua trinh nhan thuc sau sdc, toan dien, khoa hoc va khach quan ve the gicti, ve toan cau va viec hoi nhap vao nen kinh te quoc te cua Trung Quoc Viec gia nhap WTO cua Trung Quoc giong nhu dao hai ludi, vira cd lqi va vira co hai Nhung xet cho cung, Trung Quo'c vdn phai tim each gia nhap to chirc nay, neu khdng Trung Quo'c se cang bi thiet thdi Ket qua sau gan bon nam Trung Quoc gia nhap WTO da minh chung cho dieu Hau het, nen kinh te tang trudng vuqt bac ve moi mat va duqc xem nhu la dau tau kinh te khu vuc Chau A va mot so mat vuqt qua ca cac cudng quo'c kinh te tren the gidi nhu My, Nhat Ban, EU Ben canh nhung mat da dat duqc thi mot so ton tai, nhung vdi da phat trien thi chdc chan mot tuong lai khdng xa Trung Quo'c se trd mot trung tarn kinh te quan vao bac nhat tren the gidi Hien nay, Viet Nam dang tfch cue chuan bi cho viec gia nhap WTO Do Trung Quoc va Viet Nam cd rat nhieu diem tuong dong ve co cau va the; che kinh te nen nhung kinh nghiem gia nhap WTO ndi chung cung nhu kinh nghiem thuc day xuat khau cua Trung Quo'c ndi rieng se cd gia tri tham khao het sire sau sdc do'i vdi Viet Nam Vi vay, Viet Nam cd the hoc hoi duqc rat nhieu bai hoc kinh nghiem thuc day hoat dong xua't khau cua Viet Nam thdi gian tdi - Day se chinh la dieu kien quan de nen kinh te Viet Nam nhanh chong tang trudng, phat trien va hoi nhap vdi cac nudc khu vuc cung nhu tren the gidi 130 DANH MUC TAI LIEU THAM KHAO I SACH DO Due Binh - NguyOn Thudng Lang (2002): Giao trinh Kinh tehoc quoc te; NXB Lao dong- Xa hoi, Ha Noi Coe nguyen Duong - Vo Dai luoc (1997) - Cai each doanh nghiep Nha nudc d Trung Qudc, so sanh vdi Viet Nam - NXB KHXH Tran Trong Ho (2001): Trien vong va thach thuc ve xuat nhap khau cua Viet Nam Trung Quoc gia nhap WTO; NguyOn Khai (2003); Xuat khau Thuy san sang Trung Qudc lieu co vuot qua thii thach? NguyOn Duy Kien: To chute thuong mai the gidi va nhung thach thurc ddi vdi cac nudc dang phat trien; Du Minh Khiem (2002): Anh hudng cua viec Trung Qudc gia nhap WTO ddi vdi kinh te Viet Nam va quan he Trung - Viet; Nghien ctru Trung Qudc PGS.TS Le Bo Linh - Kinh te the gidi va quan he kinh te qudc te 2004 - 2005 - Vien khoa hoc xa hoi Viet Nam - Vien Kinh te va Chinh tri the gidi - NXB Chinh tri Qudc gia Vo Dai Luoc - Trung qudc gia nhap to chuc Thuong mai the gidi (WTO) Thdi co va thach thufe- Vien Kinh te va Chinh tri the gidi - NXB Khoa hoc xa hoi Nguyen Thi Thanh Minh (2003) - Tim hieu qua trinh dam phan cua Trung Qudc gia nhap WTO; NXB KHXH 10 Pham Kim Nga (2001): Trung Qudc gia nhap WTO: Nhung anh hudng va got md ddi vdi Viet Nam va cac nudc vien nidi ASEANNXB KHXH Ml 11 Ta Kim Ngoc (2001): Dong Nam A can lam gi Trung Quoc gia nhap to chu'c thuong mai the gidi; NXB Khoa hoc xa hoi 12 Tham Ky Nhu (1998) - Trung Quoc khong chi tro “bat tien sinh” - NXB Trung Quoc 13 Le Van Sang - DO Tien Sam (2000): Trung Quoc gia nhap WTO va tac dong den Dong Nam A; Trung tam nghien chu Trung Quoc; NXB Khoa hoc xa hoi Ha Noi 14 DO Tien Sam (2001): Anh hudng cua viec Trung Quoc gia nhap WTO doi vdi quan he kinh te thuong mai Viet Nam - Trung Quoc; Nghien chu Trung QuOc 15 NguyOn The Tang (2000) - Trung QuOc cai cach va mo cua 1978 - 1998; NXB KHXH 16 NguyOn Van Thanh (2000) - Th diOn dan Siaton toan cau hoa va To chhc thuong mai the gidi (WTO) - NXB Chinh tri QuOc gia 17 TS Dinh Quy Xuan (2005)- Kinh te - xa hoi Viet Nam trudc them hoi nhap (Vietnam’s socio - economy on the threshold of intergration) NXB ThOng ke 18 Tran Van (2002): Anh hudng cua viec Trung Quoc gia nhap WTO va quan he kinh te thuong mai song phuong giua Trung Quoc va ASEAN; NXB Khoa hoc xa hoi 19 NguyOn Van Vinh (2003): Kinh te Trung Quoc sau mot nam gia nhap WTO va mot so anh hudng den ASEAN; Kinh te va Du bao so 20 Kinh nghiem va bai hoc cua Trung Quoc (2002) - Tap I va II - NXB Giao thOng van tai 21 Vien nghien chu kinh te va quan ly trung uong, Chinh sach phat trien kinh te (1997) - To chdc thuong mai the gidi (WTO) va trien vong gia nhap cua Viet Nam - NXB Chinh tri quoc gia 22 Viet Nam san sang gia nhap to chi'tc thuong mai the giai (WTO)- Ky yeu didn dan Ha Noi, (2003) TP Ho Chi Minh, (2003) cua Trung tam khoa hoc va nhan van quoc gia va Ngan hang the gidi - NXB KHXH II TAP CHI Dinh hudng xuat nhap khau va cong tdc thi trudng ngoai nudc den nam 2005 Tap chi Ngoai thuong tit nam 2000 - 2005 Tap chi Nhung van de kinh te the gidi - cac so' thang 01- thang 12 nam 2004- 2005 Tap chi Nghien cum Trung Qudc - cac so thang 01- thang 12 nam 2000- 2005 Tap chi Nghien cum Cong san- cac sd thang 01- thangl2 nam 2004- 2005 Tap chi Nghien cum kinh te sd 276- thang 5/2001 III CAC TRANG WEB www.laocai.gov.vn www.google.vn www.itpchochiminhcity.gov.vn www.vneconomy.com.vn www.wto.org www.mot.gov.vn www.mofa.gov.vn www.dei.gov.vn www.vnexpress.com XV