TRLONG DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN ***** Dinh Thai Ha DAI HOCKTQD TRUNGTAM THONG TIN THl/VIEN NGHIEN CtfU TIIIC TRANG MI C SONG NGIO1 LAO DONG• • • NHAP ( I TAI CAC KHU CONG NGHIEP• • • () TP HO CHI MINH[.]
TRLONG DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN ***** Dinh Thai Ha DAI HOCKTQD TRUNGTAM THONG TIN THl/VIEN NGHIEN CtfU TIIIC TRANG MI C SONG NGIO1 LAO DONG • • • NHAP ( I TAI CAC KHU CONG NGHIEP • • • () TP HO CHI MINH, BINH DtTONG, DONG NAI LUAN VAN THAC SI KINH TE • • DAI HOC KTQD trungtMS 2215 THONG TIN THU VIEN Ha Noi, Nam 2006 Muc luc DANH MUC BIEU V LOINOI DAU 1 LY DO LLTA CHON DE TAI MUC TIEU VA DOI THONG 3 PHUONG PHAP NGHIEN CUU: 4 NOI DUNG CUA LUAN VAN CHUONG MUCSONG VA SU’CAN THIET NANG CAO MUC SONG 1.1 KHAI NIEM VA CAC PHUONG PHAP TIEP CAN MUC SONG 1.2 NHUNG CHI TIEU DANH GIA MUC SONG 12 1.3 NHUNG YEU TO ANH HUC5NG DEN MUC SONG 15 1.4 PHAT TRIEN KHU CONG NGHIEP TAI VIET NAM 17 1.4.1 Khu cong nghiep la gi ? 17 1.4.2 Qua trinh khu cong nghiep a Viet Nam 20 1.5 SU CAN THIET PHAI NANG CAO MUC SONG CUA NGU'OI LAO DONG NHAP CU 27 CIIUONG THLJC TRANG MUCSONG CUA NGUOI LAO DONG NHAP CU' TAI CAC KCN O TP HO CHI MINH, BINH DUONG, DONG NAI ' 31 2.1 DAC DIEM KINH TE XA HOI CUA DI A BAN NGHIEN’CUU 31 2.1.1 Thanh Ho Chi Minh 31 2.1.2 Tinh Binh Duomg 32 2.1.3 Tinh Dong Nai 34 2.2 MOT SO DAC DIEM CHU YEU CUA LAO DONG NHAP CU 36 2.2.1 Quy mo, co cau tuoi va gidi tinh 36 2.2.2 Trinh hoc van 39 2.2.3 Chuyen dich lao dong tang truorng kinh te 40 2.3 PHAN TICH MUC SONG CUA NGUC1I LAO DONG NHAP CU 42 2.3.1 Viec lam va thu nhap 42 2.3.2 Chi tieu va nha d 47 2.3.3 Tiep can cac dich vu xa hoi co ban 51 2.4 NHUNG NGUYEN NHAN ANH HUONG MUC SONG CUA NGU'OI LAO DONG NHAP CU 57 2.4.1 Nguyen nhan tir ngtriri hiromg thu chinh sach -lao dong nhap cir 57 2.4.2 Nguyen nhan tir phia ngirbi thuc thi chinh sach 62 2.4.3 Nguyen nhan tir phia co che chinh sach 67 CH LONG KHUYEN NGHI VA GIAl PHAP NANG CAO MUC SONG CUA NGUOI LA O DONG NHAP CU’ 72 3.1 KET LUAN 72 3.2 DINH HUCJNG PHAt TRIEN CAC KHU CONG NGHIEP 74 3.2.1 Vi tri, vai tro cua Khu cong nghiep 75 3.2.2 Quan niem ve khu cong nghiep 75 3.2.3 Nhttng yeu to chu yeu anh hircrng den khu cong nghiep 76 3.2.4 Cac quan diem phat trien KCN 78 3.2.5 Dinh huong va chinh sach phat trien cac KCN 80 3.3 QUAN DIEM VE NANG CAO MUC SONG CUA LAO DONG NHAP CU 82 3.2.1 Ting truong kinh te phai di doi vcri cong bang xa hoi 82 3.2.2 Lao dong nhap cir can cho tang truong kinh te 83 3.2.3 Dam bao quyen, nghia vu cor ban cua lao dong nhap cu 83 3.3 CAC GIAI PHAP NANG CAO MUC SONG CUA LAO DONG NHAP CU 84 3.3.1 Doi moi chinh sach vT mo de hudng toi cong bang va phat trien 84 3.3.2 Giai phap v6 6n dinh nori cu tru 85 3.3.3 Giai phap ve nang cao hieu qua cham s6c y te 85 3.3.4 Giai phap ve giao due 86 3.3.5 Cung cap thong tin 86 3.3.6 Giai phap ve chinh sach ho tro von 87 3.4 MOT SO KIEN NGHI: 87 3.4.1 Kien nghi veri Trung uong: 87 3.4.2 Ki£n nghi vdi Uy ban Nhan dan cac tinh, ph6: 89 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO 92 DANH MUC CHI' VIET TAT CNH Cong nghiep hoa KCN Khu cong nghiep HDH Hien dai hoa UBND Uy ban Nhan dan tinh, USD Do la my TCTK Tong cuc Thong ke VKCN Thanh Ho Chi Minh, Binh rri ? rpl r A A Duong, Dong Nai LDNC Ngudi lao dong nhap cu LUST Ngudi lao dong sd tai KHHGD Ke hoach hoa gia dinh DVXHCB Dich vu xa hoi co ban DANH MUC BIEU Bieu 2.1 Di chuyen lao dong giua cac vung, 2002 -2003 37 Bieu 2.2 Phan bo Lao dong nhap cu theo nod xuat cu 38 Bieu 2.3 Ca cau tuoi cua lao dong nhap cu 38 Bieu 2.4 Trinh hoc van cua lao dong nhap cu 39 Hinh 2.1 Cac moi lien he giua tang truomg thu nhap 40 Bieu 2.5 Tong san pham nude va tong lao dong 41 Bieu 2.6 Phan bo nhung cong viec hien lam thang qua 42 Bieu 2.7 Phan bo phan tram theo thdi gian tim duoc viec 43 Bieu 2.8 Thu nhap trung binh thang cua lao dong 44 Bieu 2.9 Phan bo phan tram phuc lod tai nod lam viec .45 Bieu 2.10 Chi tieu can thiet de mua luong thuc, thuc pham toi thieu va cac mat hang thiet yeu khac d Viet nam 46 Bieu 2.11 Danh gia thu nhap cua ngudi lao dong nhap cu 47 Bieu 2.12 Chi tieu binh quan cho an uong 47 Bieu 2.13 Nha d phan bo theo loai hinh sd huu .50 Bieu 2.14 Ty le tre em tCr 6-15 tuoi di hoc 51 Bieu 2.15 Nod kham benh ngudi lao dong om 53 Bieu 2.16 Su dung bien phap tranh thai cua LDNC 56 Bieu 2.17 Thu nhap binh quan nhan khau/1 thang 59 Bieu 2.18 Mua hang hoa gia tri tren 500.000 dong 60 Bieu 2.19 Tiet kiem tien cua lao dong nhap cu 60 Bieu 2.20 Gui tien ve gia dinh cua LDNC 61 Bieu 2.21 Nguyen nhan khong di hoc cua tre em LDNC 61 Bieu 2.22 Ly khong den co sd y te 62 Bieu 2.23 LDNC vdi dang ky ho khau 64 o X _ X X TRVONG DAI HOC KINH TE QUOC DAN ****** Dinh Thai Hi NGHIEN CCU THVC TRANG Ml'C SONG N'Gl'O'I LAO DONG • • • NHAP Cl TAI CAC KHU CONG NGHIEP • • • O TP HO CHI MINH, BINH DUONG, DONG NAI r Chuyen nganh: Kinh te Lao dong LUAN VAN THAC SI KINH TE • • TOM TAT LUAN AN THAC SI • Ha Noi, Nam 2006 • r x LOI NOI DAU a LY DO LUA CHON ID TAI Moi hec ta dat o KCN su dung 80-100 lao dong lam 30 ty dong, r dat nong nghiep su dung 4-5 lao dong lam khoang 10 trieu A Z Z Z dong gia tri san xuat [2] Ro rang la, phat trien KCN la buoc di tat yeu tien trinh day manh CNH, HDH o nunc ta De dat muc tieu vao nam 2010, cong nghiep va xay dung chiem 41 % tong san pham quoc dan, su dung 24% Z lao dong Chinh phu se tiep tuc xay dung va phat trien KCN Ket qua dieu tra moi day, cho thay Ho Chi Minh hien co Z Z e z khoang 1,84 trieu nguoi den tu tat ca cac tinh ca nuoc, chiem tren 30% dan so Lao dong nhap cu chiem 70% lao dong cac khu cong nghiep va da dong gop cho su phat trien kinh te khoang 30% GDP A Trong 10 nam gan day, da co 1.000 cuoc dinh cong, tap trung o vung Dong Nam Bo, la noi co nhieu KCN Nhung nguoi nghien cuu khao sat cac cuoc dinh cong noi rang: «cu nhin nhung bua com cua cong nhan, den xem noi o cua ho thi se hieu nguyen nhan cac cuoc dinh cong » Trong nam 2005 va dau nam 2006, cac KCN da xuat hien tinh trang thieu lao dong, ke ca lao dong gian don nguoi lao dong nhap cu khong tro ~ Z Z lai noi lam viec sau thoi gian nghi le Nhung bat cap co the xuat phat tu su khac biet cua LDNC so voi LDST tai can duoc nghien cuu la : A e + Khac biet ve thu nhap va phuc loi tai noi lam viec + Khac biet ve chi tieu va nha o Z e z + Kha nang tiep can cac dich vu xa hoi co ban: giao duc, y te, KHHGD ii Thai gian qua d Viet nam, cac nghien cuu ve chinh sach lao dong, di cu noi chung va di cu - lao dong den KCN noi rieng da duqc cac nha khoa hoc quan tam d cac khia canh va cap khac Tuy nhien chua co mot nghien cuu sau nao ve thuc trang muc song cua nguoi lao dong nhap cu tai KCN d Tp Ho Chi Minh, Binh Duong, Dong Nai Day thuc su la mot nhung van de cap thiet can duqc nghien cuu de gop phan hoan thien chinh sach ve lao dong- viec lam t r Luan van "Thuc trang muc song cua nguoi lao dong nhap cu tai cac khu cong nghiep d Tp Ho Chi Minh, Binh Duong va Dong Nai" se dong gop vao nghien cuu ve chinh sach lao dong, viec lam noi chung va chinh sach doi voi lao dong nhap cu tai cac khu cong nghigp noi rieng MUC TIEU VA DOI TUONG Muc tieu nghien cuu: Tim hieu thuc trang muc song cua nguoi lao r \ r a dong nhap cu d khu cong nghiep, luan van se de xuat mot so giai phap nham T X f A A A • 1 -X A A gop phan nang cao muc song cua nguoi lao dong nhap cu Nhiem vu nghien cuu: + Thuc trang doi song cua nguoi lao dong nhap cu so voi nguoi sd tai r r + Nhan dien cac rao can chinh doi voi doi song cua lao dong nhap cu + De xuat mot so giai phap nham gop phan nang cao muc song cua nguoi lao dong nhap cu Pham vi nghien cuu ve khong gian: Dia ban KCN Thu tuong Chinh phu phe duyet tai A A A r Tp Ho Chi Minh, Dong Nai, Binh Duong.Ve thoi gian: tu nam 2000 den 80 lao dong quy dat han che va giam thieu ap luc tang dan so co hoc va nhung y r van de xa hoi phat sinh di dan tu giua cac vung A 7 A Can co giai phap tong the ca ve phia nganh, vung va viec chuyen dich r r r ft ■> co cau kinh te chien luge phat trien dai han de phat trien KCN tren co sd danh gia dung vai tro co tinh chat qua cua cac KCN qua trinh thuc hien cac nguyen tac va cam ket WTO Cac bien phap uu dai cac KCN de dan den tinh trang vi pham nguyen tac WTO cho nen can cong bo lo r trinh hoi nhap cu the va cam ket thuc hien voi cac nuoc WTO tu cac co r \ A A quan co tham quyen, tu tuyen truyen va cung cap thong tin day du cho cac o A A dia phuong va cac BQL khu cong nghiep nham chu dong dieu chinh chinh sach va bien phap ap dung thich hop voi giai doan chuyen doi Do do, can coi A cac dia phuong viec de cac chinh sach phat trien KCN Khoang thdi r a r gian qua de di den loai bd dan nhung phan biet doi xu chinh sach la giai doan de hinh nhung chinh sach mdi phu hop hon va khong gay < nhung thay doi co tinh chat dao lon viec thuc hien chung hoac gay thiet hai cho doanh nghiep 3.2.5 Dinh hirdng va chinh sach phat trien cac KCN + Quy hoach phat trien KCN phai gan chat che vdi quy hoach phat trien kinh te xa hoi cua ca nudc, cua vung va dia phuong Xay dung phat trien r KCN phai tuan thu quy hoach da duoc phe duyet va gan vdi viec thuc hien o A quy hoach tang ky thuat khu vuc; viec quy hoach phat trien cac KCN phai dong bo vdi quy hoach phat trien thi, khu dan cu, tang ky thuat, tang bien quy hoach va cong tac giam sat trien khai quy hoach KCN; quy o 81 hoach KCN gan chat voi xay dung nha d cho cong nhan va xay dung cac cong trinh xu ly chat thai KCN r + Nghien cun co che xay dung nha d cho cong nhan, theo huong: huy A A sach, cac chu doanh nghiep, nha dau tu, huy dong tiem luc cua dan doanh dudi su huong dan va quan ly cua Nha nude va ap dung mure uu dai d muc nha d cho thue r + Nang cao hieu qua su dung dat tai KCN thong qua nang cao hon nua r r r r chat luong quy hoach, ke hoach su dung dat KCN, phoi hop chat che giua quy ' 7*9 ' hoach su dung dat KCN vdi quy hoach phat trien kinh te xa hoi ca nude, vung lanh tho de bao dam hieu qua tong hpp ve kinh te, xa hoi, moi trudng; ket hpp dat dai phu hpp vdi tung giai doan + Md hinh to chuc va hoat dong cua cac KCN can dupe xay dung mot each thong nhat To chuc quan ly, bien, huong dan va trien khai thuc hien Quy che hoat dong, quy hoach va ke hoach phat trien cac KCN Xay dung bo phan chuyen trach ve bao ve moi trudng KCN + Bo sung va hoan chinh cac quy dinh lien quan den KCN nhu chinh / r \ de tien toi cd mot he thong cac quy dinh phap luat ve KCN hoan chinh Nghien cuu va de xuat cac phuong an cu the de huy dong cac ngudn von ngoai ngudn von ngan sach nha nude de dau tu xay dung va phat trien cac cong trinh ket cau tang ky thuat va xa hoi cua cac KCN 82 3.3 QUAN DIEM VE NANG CAO MLfC SONG CUA LAO DONG NHAP CU* 3.3.1 Tang trirong kinh te phai di doi vol cong bang xa hoi A A Trong nen kinh te thi truong dinh hudng xa hoi chu nghia, tang trudng # A A AAA A kinh te va cong bang xa hoi cd the va can phai lam tien de va dieu kien cho ' A ' A Tang trudng kinh te tao dieu kien vat chat de thuc hien cong bang xa hoi, nguqc lai thuc hien tot cong bang xa hoi lai trd dong luc thuc day A tang trudng kinh te A A Cung khong the cd mot nen kinh te tang trudng nhanh, cd hieu qua cao A A va ben vung mot xa hoi mot bo phan dan so dong gop ldn cho phat 7 A trien nhung bi ngheo doi, bi day ngoai le cac chinh sach xa hoi A A Nen kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng xa hoi chu nghia doi hoi tang trudng kinh te den dau phai thuc hien cong bang xa hoi den day Mudn vay, mdi chinh sach kinh te deu phai hudng toi bao dam cong bang xa hoi; mdi chinh sach bao dam cong bang xa hoi deu phai gop phan thuc day tang trudng A A A A kinh te, du true tiep hay gian tiep, truoc mat hoac lau dai A A De thuc hien duoc tang trudng kinh te di doi vdi bao dam cong bang xa A A hoi nen kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng xa hoi chu nghia, vai trd quan ly A A A va dieu tiet vi md cua Nha nudc la het sue quan Do do, Nha nudc xa hoi chu nghia phai biet tan dung mat manh cua co che thi trudng de giai , ’ A A A phong va phat trien san xuat, thuc day tang trudng kinh te, phai ket hop su dung cac cong cu phap luat, chinh sach, quy hoach, ke hoach va sue manh vat 83 chat cua khu vuc kinh te nha nuoc de khac phuc nhung that bai cua co che thi A z a > a trubng nham thuc day kinh te ben vung; dong thoi, phai bao dam cong bang xa hoi, bao ve loi ich chinh dang cua moi tang lop nhan dan 3.3.2 Lao dong nhap cu can cho tang trubng kinh te z A ' Tang trubng kinh te theo chieu rong, mb rong san xuat xay lien tuc, nhu cau su dung them lao dong tang, vuot kha nang dap ung cua dia phuong A A Z Lao dong nhap cu la nguon nhan luc bo xung kip thoi va can thiet de dia z z phuong tiep tuc tang trubng kinh te A A A Chinh quyen can nhan thuc day du vai tro cua nguoi di cu Chinh A ■> A quyen can co chinh sach quan ly dan cu phu hop de su dung hop ly nguon lao z dong quoc gia phuc vu cong nghiep hoa hien dai hoa Cac nha hoach dinh A A A chinh sach can dam bao rang su dung nguon luc duoc phan bo mot cach hieu qua gop phan thuc day phat trien kinh te De thu hut nhan tai de phat trien kinh te, nguoi thuc thi chinh sach can tao co hoi binh dang bong thang tien de phat trien kinh te Cac doanh nghiep can lao dong co trinh ky thuat hoac quan ly Chinh quyen dia phuong co the su dung lao dong trinh cao ma khong can dau tu neu tao co hoi, ngang nguoi lao dong thu hut nguoi tai 3.3.3 Dam bao quyen, nghia vu co ban cua lao dong nhap cu AAA Nguoi lao dong nhap cu can hubng day du quyen va nghia vu, day chinh la co hoi de thu hut lao dong nhap cu Nguoi lao dong se thuc su gan bo voi noi den va gan bo voi co sb san xuat Dam bao quyen va nghia vu cua nguoi lao dong nhap cu tiep can dich vu xa hoi co ban Z Tang cuong bien thong tin thi truong lao dong cung nhu cac chinh a r sach va luat phap ve lao dong cho cac doi tuong lao dong nhat la lao dong 84 nhap cu Dieu se giup ngudi lao dong co duoc thong tin day du va can A A A xung ve cac co hoi viec lam, thong tin ve quyen va nghia vu cua nguoi lao r r y a a dong giup ho co dupe vi the can thiet dam phan ve cac hpp dong lao dong 3.4 CAC GIAI PHAP NANG CAO MIC SONG CUA LAO DONG NHAP CU* A X A ' X 3.4.1 Doi moi chinh sach vT mo de hirdng toi cong bang va phat trien Cac chinh sach quan ly vi md cua Nha nude can dupe cai tien nham tao ' A r A cac dieu kien thuan lpi cho moi moi tang ldp dan cu deu co co hoi tiep can r a r r y mot each cong bang doi vdi cac yeu to "dau vao" ca huu hinh va vd hinh nhu dat dai, tin dung, ky thuat, thonglin kinh te r r a r r * r Thuc hien tot hon nguyen tac phan phoi chu yeu theo ket qua lao dong r fa r va hieu qua kinh te, dong thdi phan phoi theo muc dong gop von va cac y a yr nguon luc khac Nha nude can phai cd chinh sach dieu tiet thu nhap giua e r rihtrng ngudi tham gia vao qua trinh san xuat, kinh doanh cho ngudi lao dong khong bi nha tu ban boc lot qua muc ma cd thu nhap xung dang vdi gia tri hao phi sue lao dong da dupe xa hoi thua nhan r a Nha nude can phai thi hanh chinh sach phan phoi lai thong qua cac r r f y sac thue de tao ngudn thu cho ngan sach nha nude va phan bo hpp ly cac y khoan chi tir ngan sach cho dau tu phat trien va cho tieu dung trudng de keo toan bo "doan tau" kinh te Viet Nam di len Song khong the A A A khong chu y dau tu thich dang cho cac vung khac nham giam dan khoang 85 r a r each ve muc song giua cac vung, tung budc khac phuc tinh trang di chuyen lao dong tu 3.4.2 Giai phap ve on dinh noi cu- tru r < a Thay che bien phap hanh chinh de han che di cu va can co chinh sach A A vdi nhung trudng hop lao dong cd du dieu kien dinh cu lau dai, can nhanh chong chinh thuc hoa tinh trang cu tru cua ho d dia phuong de giup ho an tam cong viec va cuoc song Trong nhung nam qua, cac dia phuong da giai quyet mot phan nhu cau thue nha cua lao dong nhap cu va dau tu xay dung thi diem nha d song song vdi dong bo tang KCN Tuy nhien, viec thue nha cho lao dong nhieu • r r r han che, bat cap nhu gia thue nha cao, mot so co che, chinh sach chua ro ' , ~ A rang Doi vdi ho cua lao dong nhap cu can cd ho tro nhu cd the vay ngan hang theo che tin dung dai han va uu dai r a Nang cao chat luong co sd tang tai cac khu cong nghiep, nang cao r r chat luong cac dich vu xa hoi co ban nhu Y te, giao due Md rong khai niem A A A ve khu cong nghiep gom ca dieu kien noi cu tru cua ngudi lao dong 3.4.3 Giai phap ve nang cao hieu qua cham soc y te Cap the bao hiem y te mien phi cho lao dong nhap cu bi tai nan lao z r dong va to chuc tot viec kham chua benh doi vdi lao dong nhap cu Tuy nhien lao dong nhap cu dupc hudng thu dich vu kham chua benh Menh gia cua the 86 r x r Mat khac, can nang cao chat luong cham soc sue khoe y te nhu trang thiet bi y te tai cac tram y te phuong de phuc vu cho viec cham soc sue khoe ban dau tai co sb Doi vbi cac nhan vien y te, can nang cao trinh chuyen mon, ren luyen y due, tinh than, thai phuc vu doi vbi lao dong nhap cu, tranh quan diem chi phuc vu chu dao cho nhung ngubi sb tai hoac ngubi r a r ~ co tien, phuc vu chieu le hoac mien cubng doi vbi ngubi ngoai tinh 3.4.4 Giai phap ve giao due Them vao la su phan biet gi€r ngubi sb tai va noi khac ve dong gop kinh X phi Vi vay de tao dieu kien cho cac em cua cac lao dong nhap cu co thu nhap thap tiep tuc di hoc, nganh giao due - dao tao can co cac chinh sach cu r r the doi vbi cac doi tuong r xx hien duoc giai phap nay, chinh quyen can dua cac chu truong khuyen khich X X cac tang lbp dan cu mb cac lbp hoc bo tuc van hoa, cac lbp dao tao nghe 3.4.5 Cung cap thong tin r r Han che la viec thieu thong tin thi trubng lao dong dang tin cay hoac khong day du Chinh quyen dia phuong can thong qua nhieu bien phap khac X nhau, da dang de lao dong nhap cu co duqc nhung thong tin ma ho can mot ~ X each thuan tien, de dang nhu qua loa dai, ban tin hang ngay, cac thong tin ve r cac chinh sach, noi dung cac chuong trinh cung cap dich vu xa hoi co ban Mot each khac de dua thong tin la thong qua chu cho thue nha b Bao chi cung la phuong tien cung cap thong tin huu hieu Ngoai cac to x r x bao hang phat hanh rong rai dang tai nhung thong tin can thiet, nhieu noi, chinh quyen dia phuong phat hanh nhung to tin rieng cua minh, phan 87 phat mien phi, de tai nhung noi cong cong (co quan hanh chinh, tram xe buyt ) cung cap cho nguoi dan dia phuong nhung thong tin can thiet 3.4.6 Giai phap ve chinh sach ho tru von r Chinh sach ho tro von cho lao dong nhap cu tranh quan diem chi tap y y x r r trung vao nguoi so tai tren co so dieu tra, phan tich nhu cau ve von Doi voi dien lao dong nhap cu co kinh nghiem lam an nhung thieu von thi viec ho tro / r y r r x von thong qua lai suat uu dai la het suc can thiet Tuy nhien de tao dieu kien thuan loi cho lao dong thuoc dien can phai thay doi dieu kien cho vay “ x & x r Mat khac, giai phap ve muc tien cho vay von doi voi lao dong nhap cu x /x r -4 r -4 /x rT~'1 z 'x j a1 z A r • /x r * * x /x /x r zx cung can duoc tinh den Thuc te cho thay hien muc tiep can nguon von vay cua lao dong nhap cu tu cac he thong ngan hang gap nhieu kho khan, y r r r muc lai suat cao Boi vi, so tien vay cua°ngan hang doi khong z