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bO• giAo duc vA dAo TAO • • TRUONG DAI HOC KINH t£ QUdC DAN NGUYEN PHUNG MINH HANG TAC DONG CUA VIEC TRUNG QUOC GIA NHAP WTO DEN HOAT DONG THU HUT FDIVAO TRUNG QUOC VA BAI HOC KINH NGHIEM DOI Vffl VIET NAM LUAN VAN THAC SY KINH it HANOI-2004 MUC LUC NOI DUNG TRANG Bang chur cai viet tat Loi mo dau Chuong Tong quan ve To chdc thirong mai the gidi WTO va mot so ly luan co ban ve dau tu true tiep nude ngoai 1.1 Tong quan veTo chuc thuang mai the gidi WTO 1.1.1 Qua trinh hmh WTO 1.1.2 Bude tien cua WTO so vdi GATT 1.1.3 Co sd phap ly cua WTO • 1.1.4 Muc tieu, co cSiu va churc nang cua WTO 1.1.5 Thu tuc gia nhap WTO 12 1.2 Mot so van de ly luan co ban ve dau tic true tiep nude 15 ngoai 1.2.1 Khai niem v6 dau tu true tiep nude ngoai 15 1.2.2 Tac dong cua dau tu true tiep nude ngoai doi vdi nude chu 16 dau tu 1.2.3 Tac dong cua dau tu true tiep nude ngoai do'i vdi nude dang 17 phat trien tiep nhan dau tu 1.2.4 Xu hudng dau tu true tiep nude ngoai tren the gidi 21 nhung nam gan day 1.3 Cac nguyen tac co ban cua WTO va cac hiep dinh cua 22 WTO cd lien quan den dau tu true tiep nude ngoai 1.3.1 Cac nguyen tac co ban cua WTO 22 1.3.2 Cac hiep dinh cua WTO cd lien quan den dau tu true tiep 26 nude ngoai Chuang Qua trinh gia nhap WTO cua Trung Quoc va tac dong cua viec Trung Quoc gia nhap WTO doi vdi thu hut dau 31 tu true tiep nude ngoai 2.1 Qua trinh gia nhap WTO cua Trung Quoc 31 2.1.1 Qua trinh dam phan gia nhap GATT 31 2.1.2 Qua trinh dam phan gia nhap WTO 35 2.2 Tinh hinh thu hut dau tutruc tiep nude ngoai cua Trung 40 Quoc tit nam 1979 den 2.2.1 Nhung dong gop cua FDI doi vdi nen kinh te Trung Quoc 40 2.2.2 Tinh hinh thu hut FDI vao Trung Quoc til nam 1979 den 43 2.3 Tac dong cua viec Trung Quoc gia nhap WTO den hoat 45 dong thu hut FDI vao Trung Quoc 2.3.1 Tac dong tfch cue 46 2.3.2 Tac dong tieu cue 53 2.4 Mo hinh hoi quy danh gid tac dong cua viec Trung Quoc 54 gia nhap WTO den hoat dong thu hut dau tu true tiep nude ngoai vao Trung Quoc Chuong Bai hoc kinh nghiem thu hut FDI doi voi Viet nam boi canh Viet Nam dam phan gia nhap WTO 59 3.1 Qua trinh dam phan gia nhap WTO cua Viet Nam 59 3.2 Tinh hinh thu hut dau tu true tiep nude ngoai tai Viet 61 Nam 3.2.1 Vai tro cua FDI doi vdi n6n kinh te Viet Nam 61 3.2.2 Tmh hinh thu hut dau tu true tiep nude ngoai tai Viet Nam 64 tir nam 1987 den 3.3 Nhung bai hoc kinh nghiem tang cudng thu hut FDI cua 67 Trung Quoc qua trinh gia nhap WTO 3.4 Nhung kien nghi doi vdi Viet nam boi canh Viet 80 nam dam phan gia nhap WTO 3.4.1 Kien nghi vC cai each luSt phap 80 3.4.2 ' KKnn ggiv£ c aic a^le h anhc hinh 84 3.4.3 Kien nghi vC cai each chfnh sach Hen quun den ddu tu true 85 tiep nudc ngoai 3.4.4 Kien nghi vC md rong hinh thuc thu hut dau tu trec tiep 89 nudc ngoai 3.4.5 Kien nghi vC cai thien co ca'u vung thu hut dau tu 93 trec tiep nuoc ngoai 3.4.6 - Kien nghi vC chfnh sach doi vdi cac cong ty xuynn uuOc 95 gia 3.4.7 Kien nghi vC cac uuy dinh, chfnh sach linn uuan den uuyCn 100 sd huu trf tue Ket luan 10 Tai lieu tham khao 104 BANG CHU CAI VIET TAT BANG HENG ANH Tieng Anh Tur viS't tat AFTA Tieng Viet Khu vuc MAu dich tu ASEAN Free Trade Area ASEAN Asia Pacific Economic Di6n dan Hop tac Kinh te Cooperation Chau A - Thai Binh Duong Association of South East Hiep hoi cac quoc gia Dong Asian Nations Nam A DSB Dispute Settlement Body Co quan giai quyet tranh chap FDI Foreign Direct Investment Dau tu true tiep nude ngoai GATS Genenal Agreement on Hiep dinh chung ve thuong Trade and Service mai va dich vu General Agreement on Hiep dinh chung v£ thuong Tariff and Trade mai va thue quan International Moneytary Quy Tien te Quoc te APEC ASEAN GATT IMF Fund ITO International Trade To churc thuong mai quoc te Organization MFA Multi Fiber Arrangement Thoa udc hang da sqi TRIMs Trade Related Investment Cac bien phap dau tu lien Measures quan den thuong mai Trade Related Aspects of Cac lmh vuc ve quyen so huu Intellectual Property Rights tri tue lien quan den thuong TRIPs mai UNCTAD United Nations Conference Hoi nghi Lien Hop Quoc ve on Trade and Development Thuong mai va Phat trien WB World Bank Ngan hang The gidi WTO World Trade Orgnisation To churc thuong mai the gidi Ldi MO DAU Thue hien dudng ldi ddi mdi va dap urng nhung yeu c£u cS'p thiet cua nen kinh te, Dang va Nha nude ta da de chu truong da dang hoa, da phuong hoa cac quan he kinh te doi ngoai, chu dong hoi nhap kinh te quoc te Nghi quyet Dai hoi Dang toan quoc lan thur IX neu ro: “Viet Nam se tiep tuc mo rong cac moi quan he kinh te doi ngoai tren co so da dang hoa va da phuong hoa phu hop vdi mure phat trien hien nay, dong thoi dam bao thuc hien cac cam ket song phuong va da phuong AFTA, APEC, Hiep dinh thuong mai song phuong Viet nam - Hoa Ky va thuc day qua trinh dam phan gia nhap WTO” Cho den nay, theo tien si Seung Ho, Truong Nhom cong tac ve viec gia nhap WTO cua Viet Nam, Viet nam da di duqc gan 70% chang dudng chuan bi gia nhap WTO va muc tieu gia nhap WTO vao nam 2005 cua Viet nam cd the hien thuc (Nguon: www.nhandan.org.vn 21/11/2003) Noi each khac, nhung co hoi va thach thuc ma viec gia nhap WTO mang lai cho Viet nam sSp den gan Nhung van de cap bach dat hien la: - Thur nhat, Viet nam can phai lam gi de day nhanh tien trinh gia nhap WTO hoan muc tieu gia nhap WTO vao nam 2005 - Thur hai, Viet nam can cd nhung chuan bi gi de cd the tan dung duqc co hoi, vuqt qua thach thurc viec gia nhap WTO mang lai Tra ldi duqc phdn nao hai cau hoi tren chmh la mong muon cua toi lua chon de tai nghien cun Mot nhung bien phap hieu qua de tra ldi hai cau hoi tren la nghien curu kinh nghiem cua cac nude di trudc tir rut nhung bai hoc phu hop vdi thuc tien cua Viet nam Viec trd mot vien mdi cua To chuc Thuong mai The gidi WTO, mot to chile chiem tdi 97% thuong mai toan cau (Nguon: VietnamNet), chSc chan se cd nhung tac dong khong nhd den nen kinh te cua nude xin gia nhap, dac biet la den hai linh vuc thuong mai va dau tu cd dau tu true tiep nude ngoai, mot dong luc quan cho su phat trien kinh te cua Viet nam hien Chfnh v'l nhung ly tren, dd tai: “Tac dong cua vice Trung Quoc gia nhap WTO deii hoqt dong thu hut dau tu true tiep nude ngoai vao Trang Quoc va bai hoc kinh nghiem cho Viet nam" da duqc lira chon de nghien curu Luan van la'y Trung Quoc va nhung kinh nghiem cua Trung Quoc de nghien cun vi Trung Quoc la mOt nude lang gieng co ra't nhieu diem tuong ddng vdi Viet nam tren ta't ca cac mat kinh te, chfnh tri, xa hoi Ngoai ra, Trung Quoc da phai trai qua mot chang dudng kho khan keo dai tdi 15 nam de gia nhap WTO va da cong burdc dau tan dung nhung co hoi WTO dem lai Nhieu nha nghien curu tren the gidi da cho rang viec Trung Quoc chfnh thuc trd thanh vien cua WTO vao thang 12 nam 2001 la mot nhung nguyen nhan quan khien cho dau tu true tiep nude ngoai vao Trung Quoc nhay vot tur 46,878 ty USD vao nam 2001 len den 52,740 ty USD vao nam 2002 Viec nghien cun tac dong cua viec Trung Quoc gia nhap WTO den hoat dong thu hut dau tu true tiep nude ngoai vao Trung Quoc se lam sang to phan nao nhan dinh tren va tur chung ta co the rut mot so' bai hoc kinh nghiem quy bau cho Viet Nam Pham vi nghien cun cua luan van la thuc trang va kinh nghiem thu hut dau tu true tiep nude ngoai cua Trung Quo'c tur nam 1979 den nam 2002, mot nam sau Trung Quoc chfnh thuc trd thanh vien cua WTO Luan van sir dung mot loat cac phucrng phap de phan tfch nhung tu lieu, so' lieu thuc tidn nham rut cac ket luan cho qua trinh nghien cun Cac phuong phap la: phuong phap logic va lich sir, phuong phap thong ke, phuong phap doi chieu, so sanh, phan tfch tong hop Ngoai ra, luan van da sir dung mo hinh kinh te luqng de danh gia dinh luqng tac dong cua viec Trung Quo'c gia nhap WTO do'i vdi thu hut dau tu true tiep nude ngoai vao Trung Quo'c Nhung dong gop cua luan van: - He thd'ng hoa nhung van de co ban cua WTO; - Lam rd nhung tac dOng chu yeu (tfch cue va tieu cue) cua vice Trung Quoc gia nhap WTO dd'i vdi viec thu hut ddu tu true tiep nude ngoai vao Trung Qud'c; - Danh gia dinh lupng tac dong cua viec Trung Quoc gia nhap WTO doi vdi thu hut dau tu true tiep nude ngoai vao Trung Quoc; - Gpi md nhung bai hoc kinh nghiem huu ich cua Trung Quoc ve van dd nham giup Viet nam dua dinh hudng bien phap thich hop de md rong thu hut dau tu true tiep nude ngoai vao Viet nam thdi gian tdi De tai se dupe trinh bay qua ba chuong: Chuong I: Tong quan ve To choc thuong mai the gidi va mot so ly luan co ban ve dau tu true tiep nude ngoai Chuong II: Qua trinh gia nhap WTO cua Trung Quoc va tac dong cua viec Trung Quoc gia nhap WTO doi vdi thu hut dau tu true tiep nude ngoai Chuong III: Bai hoc kinh nghiem thu hut dau tu true tiep nude ngoai cho Viet nam boi canh Viet nam dam phan gia nhap WTO Tdi xin chan cam on PGS.TS Nguydn Nhu Binh, ThS Ngo Tuyet Mai va cac thay co Khoa Kinh te va Kinh doanh quoc te, trudng Dai hoc Kinh te quoc dan, nhung ngudi da tan tinh hudng dan tdi hoan luan van Su quan tarn, ung ho cua gia dinh va ban be cung la nguon dong vien, giup quy gia doi vdi tdi qua trinh thuc hien luan van Do kien thurc han che va thdi gian nghien curu cd gidi han, luan van chac chan nhidu thieu sot, tdi mong nhan dupe va xin cam on nhung y kien dong gop tdi luan van CHUONG TONG QUAN VC TO CHUC THUONG MAI THfi GlOl VA MOT SO Lt LU AN CO BAN V£ DAU TU TRUC TIEP NUOC NGOAI TONG QUAN VE TO CHUC THUONG MAI THE GlOl 1.1 1.1.1 Qua trinh hinh WTO Nam 1944, tai Hoi nghi Bretton Woods, 44 quoc gia tu ban da thong qua quyet dinh Up To chirc thuong mai quoc te (ITO) ITO luc dau duqc du kien Up sau Chien tranh the gidi thtr II, cung thcti diem vdi Ngan hang Tai thiet va Phat trien Quoc te va Quy tien te quoc te IMF Nhung sau do, My lai rut vi bi Quoc hoi phan do'i chuyen nhudng quyen hoach dinh chfnh sach thuong mai cho mot to chuc quoc te Thay vao do, tai Genever 30/10/1947, dai dien cua 23 nude da thoa thuan cat giam thue quan do'i vdi khoang mot nua so' hang hoa thuong mai quo'c te, dong thdi ky ket Nghi dinh thu ap dung Hiep dinh chung v6 Thue quan va Thuong mai GATT, mot Hiep dinh mang tinh tu nguyen chu khong mang tinh chat rang buoc ve mat phap ly Do vay, GATT khong cd du sue manh dd cuong che cac quyet dinh cua minh nhung da dong mot vai trd cue ky quan trong viec giam thue quan giua cac nude, dac biet giua cac nude phat trien Cac muc tieu chlnh cua GATT la: - Nang cao muc so'ng cua ngudi dan cac nude vien; - Dam bao viec lam va thuc day tang truong kinh te va thuong mai; - Sir dung cd hieu qua nhat cac nguon luc cua the gidi Tir nam 1947 den nam 1994 da cd vong dam phan thuong mai da phuong duqc tien hanh khuon kho GATT 1947 vdi noi dung duqc mo rong dan tir cat giam thue quan va bien phap phi thue quan den cai each he tho'ng phap ly, co che giai quyet tranh chap cua GATT, cu the la: Khi tham gia Cong ty Churng khoan lien doanh hoac Cong ty Quan ly quy lien doanh, cac td churc, ca nhiln nude ngoai mua, ban co phieu tren thi trudng chung khoan Vidt nam duoc gop von vdi ty le tdi da la 49% vdn dieu le (so vdi quy dinh trudc day la 30% vdn didu le) Viet nam can tiep tuc hoc tap kinh nghiem cua Trung Qudc viec phat tridn thi trudng chdng khoan va viec phat tridn hinh thue cong ty cd phan doi vdi cac cdng ty cd vdn dfiu tu nude ngoai Hinh thurc hop tac xay dung, kinh doanh cua Trung Qudc cung duoc phan tach rieng giua linh khai thac dau va md tu nhien va linh vuc xay dung co so tang Dieu tao dieu kien hon cho viec xay dung cac quy dinh quan ly chi tiet phu hop vdi dac trung rieng cua timg linh vuc ddu tu Khong chi diirng lai d dd, Trung Qudc dang tich cue xay dung cac chfnh sach quan ly de trien khai hinh thiic dau tu mdi la hinh thurc mua lai hoac sap nhap, mot hinh thurc dang duoc ua chuong xu hudng dau tu true tiep nude ngoai tren the gidi hien Day khong phai la mot viec kho thue hien vdi Trung Qudc vi Trung Qudc cd the hoc tap kinh nghiem tir mot nude chau A khac da rat cdng viec trien khai hinh thurc la Han Qudc Qudc hoi Han Qudc da thong qua dao luat cho phep cac nha dau tu nude ngoai duoc phep mua lai va sap nhap vdi cac cdng ty Han Qudc tir thang nam 1998 va til dd den nay, day la hinh thurc dau tu true tiep nude ngoai bien vao Han Qudc Nam 2002, vdn FDI chay vao Han Qudc dudi hinh thurc len tdi 63% tong vdn FDI vao Han Qudc Thang 12 nam 2002, Trung Qudc da ban hanh ldn dau tien nhung quy dinh chi tiet lien quan den viec cac nha dau tu nude ngoai duoc phep mua lai va sap nhap doi vdi cac cong ty Trung Qudc Nhung quy dinh da dd bo vat can ve mat phap ly cac cdng ty nude ngoai muon mua lai cac cdng ty Trung Qudc va dat nen mong cho viec hoan thien co so phap ly cho hinh thue Tom lai, chinh su da dang va tien bo cua cac hinh thue dau tu doi vdi ddu tu true tiep nude ngoai vao Trung Qudc la mot nhung yeu to quyet dinh su chien thang cua Trung Qudc cuoc canh tranh thu hut FDI vdi cac nude dang phat trien khac cd Viet nam Vay khong cd ly gi dd chung ta khdng tfch cue md rong cac hinh thirc dfiu tu han che hien De thuc hien dieu chung ta c^n dfiy nhanh toe co efiu lai cac doanh nghiep nha nude va hoan thien cac chfnh sach, bien phap phat trien thi trudng vdn cua Viet nam 3.4.5 Kien nghi ve cai thien co cau viing thu hut dau tu true tiep nude ngoai Hien nay, co cau viing dau tu true tiep nude ngoai cua Viet nam dang chua hop ly Mac du, dau tu true tiep nude ngoai da cd mat tai 61 tinh va cua Viet nam nhung thuc chi tap trung chu yeu vao mot sd tinh, co cac dieu kien thuan lqi, kha nang sinh ldi cao nhu Ho Chi Minh, Dong Nai, Binh Duong, Ba Ria-Vung Tau d mien Nam, va Ha Noi, Hai Duong, Hung Yen, Hai Phong, Quang Ninh d mien Bac dau tu true tiep nude ngoai vao khu vuc mien Trung mdi chi dung lai d sd rat khiem ton Su bat can doi co cau vung dau tu se tao nen tinh trang tut hau va tarn ly bat man d cac dia phuong, cac vung it duoc dau tu, mot nguyen nhan gay su mat long tin vao Nha nude va mat on dinh chfnh tri Muc song chenh lech giua cac dia phuong se dan den tinh trang di dan tir dia phuong co thu nhap thap sang dia phuong co thu nhap cao co nhieu du an dau tu nude ngoai, gay tinh trang qua tai d cac dia phuong va tao dieu kien cho cac nha dau tu nude ngoai giam gia thue lao dong dia phuong, gay thiet thdi cho lao dong Viet nam Bang dudi day se cho thay su ma't can doi thu hut FDI giua cac vung, cac dia phuong cua Viet nam Bang 10 Nhung vung thu hut nhidu FDI nhat cua Viet nam tmh den 31/12/2003 - chi tfnh cac du an hieu luc Tinh/thanh % tong sd du an % tong vdn thuc hien Tong so 100,00 93 100,00 Hd Chi Minh 31,61 23,10 Ha Ndi 11,15 13,57 Ddng Nai 11,79 12,32 Binh Duong 17,39 6,77 Ba ria - Vung Tau 2,22 5,60 Hai Phong 3,33 4,66 Cac dia phuong khac 22,51 33,98 Ngudn: Bo ke hoach va Dau tu Viet Nam (2003), Bao cao tinh hinh dau tu true tiep nudc ngoai vd dau tutruc tiep nude ngoai nam 2003 Day cung la mot van de nan giai ma Trung Qudc dang phai doi mat: vdn FDI tap trung chu yeu vao khu vuc duyen hai midn Dong, midn Trung va mien Tay thi chiem ty rat nhd Bang 10 Co cau FDI theo vung cua Trung Qudc tfnh het nam 2001 Tinh/thanh % tdng sd du an % tdng vdn thuc hien Tdng sd 100,00 100,00 Mien Dong 80,78 85,96 Midn Trung 11,98 8,78 Mien Tay 7,24 5,26 Ngudn: Vien Nghien cuu Quan ly Kinh te Trung uong (2003), Chinh sach phat trien kinh te - Kinh nghiem vd bai hoc cua Trung Qudc, tr.203 Kinh nghiem cua Trung Qudc cho thay nhung chfnh sach khuye'n khfch dau tu, ma chu yeu la cac chfnh sach uu dai ve thue dupe ban hanh nam 1999 nhSm khuye'n khfch FDI vao mien Trung va midn Tay to khong hieu qua Th chung ta co the rut bai hoc la ben canh nhung uu dai ve mat tai chfnh, Viet Nam can dau tu nang cap co so tang ky thuat va dich vu tai cac dia phuong mot each ddng bp, co nhu vay mdi cai thien dupe tinh hinh mat can ddi ve co cau vung thu hut FDI Dau tu xay dung co so tang ky thuat va dich vu cho cac dia phuong la mot viec kho hon nhidu so vdi viec ban hanh nhung chfnh sach uu dai vi nd ddi hdi Viet 94 nam phai bo mdt khoan vd'n dfiu tu rfit ldn, cai ma chung ta hien dang thieu Mac du vfty, sau gia nhAp WTO, vdn FDI vao Viet nam se tang manh nhat la vao linh vuc dich vu, cdng nghe cao, nhung linh vuc doi hoi phai co mdt co so tfing phat trien Vi vSy, neu Viet nam khong tich cue chuan bi ttr bay gid thi dd su mdt can doi giua cac vung thu hut FDI se cang Su phat trien can doi giua cac vung, cac dia phuong khong chi mang lai lqi ich ldu dai ve mat kinh te ma mang lai den lpi fch ldu dai ve mat chinh tri, xa hoi 3.4.6 Kien nghi ve chinh sach doi vdi cac cdng ty xuyen qudc gia Theo thong ke cua UNCTAD ve xu hudng dau tu true tiep nude ngoai tren the gidi nhung nam qua va du doan cho nhung nam sip tdi, chau A - Thai Binh Duong vdn la dia chi dau tu hap dan nhat cua cac cdng ty xuyen qud'c gia, nhung chu dau tu chiem tdi hon hai phan ba toan bo vdn FDI cua the gidi UNCTAD cung da tien hanh dieu tra do'i vdi cac cong ty xuyen qud'c gia ve trien vong dau tu vao cac nude dang phat tridn d chau A giai doan 2002-2005, ket qua la Trung Qud'c la dia chi dau tu hap din nhat Viet nam nim so 10 nude dang phat trien chau A duqc uu tien dau tu nhat Bang 10 Nhung dia chi dau tu duqc uu tien thdi ky 2002-2005 so cac nude dang phat trien chau A Don vi: % (trong tong so cau tra ldi cua cac cdng ty xuyen qud'c gia) Thur tu Cac nude Ty uu tien (%) Trung Qud'c 27 Thai Lan 10 Malaixia An Han Quo'c Dai Loan 95 Viet Nam Hdng Kong Singapore 10 Cac nude khac Ngudn: UNCTA “World Investment Report 2002" Co the noi cac nude co nen kinh te cang md cua, hoi nhap thi cang nhan duoc nhieu su quan tarn cua cac cong ty xuyen quoc gia vi mdt nhung muc tieu chfnh cua cac cong ty xuyen qud'c gia la chiem linh thi trudng toan cau Cac cong ty xuyen quoc gia dau tu vao Trung Quoc, ngoai viec chiem linh thi trudng rat ldn nham muc dich thong qua tien sau vao thi trudng Dong Nam A va chau A - Thai Binh Duong Cac cong ty dau tu vao Viet nam cung khong nam ngoai muc dfch vi Viet nam cd mot vi tri dia ly ra't thuan lqi d khu vuc Dong Nam A Va chac chan la ♦ neu Viet nam cong viec gia nhap WTO thi moi quan tarn cua cac cong ty xuyen qud'c gia danh cho Viet nam se ldn hon Cac cong ty xuyen quoc gia ldn nha't hien hau het deu thuoc cac nude phat trien, cac nude cong nghe ngudn vay day la mot ngudn rat quan de cac nude dang phat trien cd Viet nam tan dung viec nang cao trinh cong nghe, ky thuat, cai thien ket cau nganh nghe, thuc hien cong qua trinh cong nghiep hoa, hien dai hoa dat nude Tuy nhien, day khong phai la mot viec dd thuc hien vi muc tieu cua cac cong ty xuyen quo'c gia den cac hoa lqi nhuan va ho thudng thuc hien dieu thdng qua viec chuyen giao cong nghe da lac hau de khai thac thi trudng so khai cua cac nude hay bien cac nude ngudn cung ca'p nguyen, vat lieu, ban pham cho cac chi nhanh d cac nude phat trien Tinh hinh thu hut FDI tir cac cong ty xuyen quo'c gia vao Viet nam thdi gian qua la mot vi du Tinh den thang nam 2002, theo Bo Ke hoach va Dau tu, cd khoang 100 cong ty xuyen qud'c gia dang dau tu vao Viet nam vdi 237 du an dau tu true tie'p nude ngoai vao cac linh vuc khac Hau het cac tap doan 96 xuyen qud'c gia ldn nhat cua My ddu da co mat tai Viet nam nhu Microsoft, IBM linh vuc tin hoc, Boeing linh vuc hang khong, Chrysller va Ford nganh san xua't xe hoi, P&G cdng nghiep hoa chat, Coca Cola va Pepsi Cola nganh san xua't nudc giai khat, American Home nganh san xua't vat lieu xay dung, Tuy nhien cd mot thuc te khdng ma'y pha'n khdi la, phan ldn cac cdng ty (ke ca cac cdng ty cua My, Nhat va Tay Au) cung khdng ddu tu vao cac du an cdng nghe cao Dieu mot phan bat nguon tir viec Viet nam chua cd du cac dieu kien can thiet nhu co sd tdng va luc luong lao dong cd chuyen mon sau nhung ben canh mot ly khac la cac cdng ty xuyen qud'c gia cung chua thuc su quan tarn den viec Cac cdng ty den dau tu vdi muc dich chu yeu la tan dung ngudn lao dong re, ddi dao cua Viet nam Trong day chuyen san xuat xuyen qudc gia cua minh, ho chi dat san xuat d Viet nam nhung linh kien, bo phan don gian, tho so khdng ddi hdi cdng nghe cao ma cd ham luqng lao dong cao Hay ho dau tu vdi muc dich thu lqi nhuan qua viec khai thac mot thi trudng dang mdi me cua Viet nam Vdi kinh nghiem va ngudn ngan sach ddi dao danh cho hoat dong quang cao va vdi san pham cd chat luqng cao hon, ho da nhanh chong thu hut duqc ngudi tieu dung Viet nam, danh bai hang hoa Viet nam, chiem linh thi trudng Viet nam Nhieu nhan hieu hang tieu dung binh thudng hang cua cac cdng ty xuyen qud'c gia da trd nen quen thuoc vdi moi ngudi dan Viet nam nhu nudc giai khat Coca Cola, Pepsi, kem danh rang Colgate, bot giat Tide, Didu mot mat giup cho ngudi tieu dung Viet nam cd co hoi duqc sir dung nhung san pham cd chat luqng cao hon nhung mat khac cung gay tac dong tieu cue lam lung doan thi trudng Viet nam, bop nghet san xuat nudc Thuc ra, vdi nhung hang hoa tieu dung thong thudng do, cac doanh nghiep Viet nam cung cd kha nang san xua't duqc nhung vdi lqi the ve vdn, vd cong nghe va nhat la vd quang cao, cac cong ty xuyen qudc gia da lay di manh dat phat trien cua cac doanh nghiep Viet nam, gay mot tarn ly sinh hang ngoai cho ngudi tieu dung Viet nam Ngoai ra, hoat dong cua cac cong ty xuyen qudc gia 97 mang tfnh chft't tudc doat, Vdi quy md va the lire hon han cua minh, ho ldn at hon han so vdi ben Viet nam lien doanh nen la mot ben lien doanh nhung ben Vi|t nam h£u nhu khdng the kiem soat duqc hoat dong cua cac cdng ty dd Do tieng noi nhd be, ben Viet nam kho cd the bao ve duqc quydn lqi cua minh Hon the nua, bang trinh quan ly va nghiep vu tai chfnh hon han, ho da day ben Viet nam khdi hoat dong san xuat, kinh doanh va thdm chi khdi lien doanh de hudng tron phdn lqi nhuan thu duqc Hien tuong “ca ldn nuo't ca be” la mat trai cua viec thu hut dau tu cua cac cong ty xuyen qudc gia vao cac nude dang phat trien noi chung va Viet nam noi rieng Tinh chat lung doan thi trudng, tfnh -tudc doat cua cac cdng ty xuyen qud'c gia dang cd mat tai Viet nam cd the lam giam sue ha'p dan doi vdi dau tu true tiep nude ngoai cua Viet nam tuong lai Trung Qudc la mot nude di trudc Viet nam viec thu hut FDI noi chung va thu hut FDI cua cac cong ty xuyen qudc gia noi rieng, vay Viet nam cd the hoc tap duqc gi tir nhung kinh nghiem cua Trung Qudc Trudc muc tieu chiem linh thi trudng noi dia rong ldn cua Trung Qudc cua cac cdng ty xuyen qudc gia, Trung Qudc da xac dinh nhudng mot phan thi trudng cho cac cdng ty vdi phuong cham “lay thi trudng doi lay ky thuat”; “lay thi trudng doi lay vdn” Do vay, Trung Qudc da chu dong tao nhung dieu kien ma cac cong ty xuyen qudc gia thuong doi hoi nhu nang cap co so tang, cai thien co che canh tranh tren thi trudng, mo rong thi trudng noi dia va bao ve quyen lqi cho cac cong ty nay, Trung Qudc mo rong ca khu vuc doanh nghiep nha nude cho cac cong ty xuyen qudc gia nhu: - Cho phep cac cong ty xuyen qudc gia tham gia true tiep vao viec sap xep doanh nghiep nha nude thong qua cac giao dich tren thi trudng nha nude, cac quy dau tu; - Md rong nhung linh vuc vdn thuoc doc quyen cua doanh nghiep Nha nude cho cac cong ty xuyen qudc gia nhu cung cap nude sach, cung cap gas cho tieu dung cua ngudi dan; 98 - Khuyen khfch hinh thurc sap nhAp va mua lai, hinh thurc dfiu tir duqc tra thich cua cac edng ty xuyen qud'c gia hien nay; - Cho phep cac edng ty duqc mua lai cac khoan no kho doi cua doanh nghiep nha nude va trd chu cua doanh nghiep Nhu vay, qua viec Trung Quoc thuc hien nhung chinh sach, nhung bien phap co tac dung nhu dao hai ludi noi tren cd the thay rang Trung Quoc san sang do'i mat vdi tinh chat lung doat, tinh chat tudc doat cua cac cong ty xuyen quo'c gia Cau hoi dat la Viet nam da cd du dieu kien va cd nen ap dung nhung bien phap nhu Trung Qud'c hay khong? Qua trinh co phan hoa va sap xe'p cac doanh nghiep Nha nude cua Viet nam hien bi danh gia la tien hanh qua cham chd va cd nhieu bat cap Didu the hien nang luc quan ly d khu vuc ye'u vi vay thdi gian tdi chung ta chua nen md cua khu vuc cho cac cong ty xuyen quo'c gia nhu Trung Qud'c hien Noi mot each khac, chung ta chua the ap dung cac bien phap khuyen khfch manh me cua Trung Qud'c do'i vdi cac cong ty xuyen qud'c gia ma can tumg budc dua cac bien phap khuyen khfch hop ly de vita khong bo Id co hoi dau tu cua cac cong ty xuyen qud'c gia vtra han che duqc nhung mat tieu cue cac khoan dau tu dem lai Mot dieu can noi them la vdi tidm luc khong Id vd tai chfnh va cong nghe, muc tieu cua cac cong ty xuyen qud'c gia khong phai la lqi ich trudc mat ma la lqi ich lau dai vay moi quan tarn hang dau cua ho khong phai la cac chfnh sach uu dai ve mat tai chfnh ma la su an ninh ve xa hoi, on dinh ve chfnh tri va su on dinh lau dai va tinh minh bach cua cac chfnh sach Cac cong ty xuyen qud'c gia vao Trung Qud'c than phien nhieu ve tinh trang “phep vua thua le lang” va viec cung cap dich vu sau cap gia'y phep d cac dia phuong Qua thuc te cua Trung Quo'c, cac co quan quan ly doanh nghiep cd vd'n FDI nhat la cac chinh quyen dia phuong can tfch cue cai thien tinh trang tuong tu dang xay d Viet nam dd tranh tinh trang cac cong ty xuyen qud'c gia phai rut vd'n dau tu khdi Viet nam hoac chuyen vd'n dau tu sang vung khac 99 3.2.7 Kien nghi ve cac quy dinh, chinh sach lien quan den quyen so huu tri tue Qua trinh dam phan gia nhap WTO cung nhu viec thu hut dau tu true tiep nudc ngoai lidn quan chat che vdi quydn sd huu tri tue Cac nudc phat trien rat quan tarn den quydn sd huu tri tue qua trinh dam phan vdi mot nudc dang xin gia nhap WTO Viec gia nhap GATT va WTO cua Trung Qudc lien tuc bi bac bo vdi ly Trung Qudc chua cd quan tarn dung mdc den quyen sd huu tri tue, chua dap dng duqc cac tieu chuan tdi thieu ddi vdi bao ho sd huu tri tue Chung ta thay, cac nudc phat trien, nhat la My lien tuc dung cac bien phap tra dua ddi vdi viec vi pham quyen sd huu tri tue tai Trung Qudc de ep Chfnh phu Trung Qudc manh tay hon viec giai quyet va'n de va mdi lan Chfnh phu Trung Qudc lam duqc dieu nay, qua trinh dam phan lai tien them mot budc Cd the lay mot vi du de thay cac cdng ty nudc ngoai, nhat la cac cong ty ldn chu den bao ho quydn sd huu tri tue, tai san quan cua minh nhu the nao: de giu bf mat cong thurc san xuat nudc giai khat Coca-Cola, cong ty Coca-Cola luon true tiep ddng san xuat d nudc ngoai chu: khong bao gid chiu chuyen giao cdng nghe hay ca'p gia'y phep san xuat cho bat ky cdng ty nao Coca-Cola cung da den An tir giua the ky 20, khoang nhung nam 60, ah gay she ep ddi Coca-Cola phai tiet lo bf quyet san xuat va cdng thuc san xuat Coca-Cola Cdng ty da dut khoat khdng ddng y va chap nhan rut khdi An do, mot thi trudng khdng lo vdi hon 600 trieu dan o vung nhiet ddi Tom lai, lqi nhuan doc quyen cao tren thi trudng nudc ngoai cua nhieu cdng ty thudng quyen sd huu tri tue (ban quydn, bang sang che, kieu dang cdng nghiep, ) hoac cac tai san vd hinh khac (cdng nghe quang cao, chiem linh thi trudng, nghe thuat quan ly ) dem lai nen cac nha dSu tu thudng chon hinh thurc FDI de thuc hien lqi nhuan vi hinh thuc 100 va ket qua la Coca-Cola da rut dfiu tu- khdi An dd Hay nhu trudng hop cua Trung Qudc, nhung yeu cflu khat khe vd viec chuydn giao cdng nghe cho ben Trung Qud'c da lam chun budc nhidu nha dfiu tu nude ngoai muon vao Trung Qud'c Mdt bai hoc rut la: Viet nam edn lien tuc chdng to nhung nd luc va tien bo viec tufin thu Hiep dinh ve cac khfa canh lien quan den thuong mai cua quyen so huu tri tue (TRIPS) neu muon rut ngan thdi gian dam phan Theo Hiep dinh thuong mai song phuong Viet - My co hieu luc tur thang 12 nam 2001, Viet nam phai tuan thu cac tieu chuan cua WTO ve quyen sd huu tri tue sau 18 thang kd ttr Hiep dinh cd hieu luc Thue te la, nhung nam gan day Viet nam da kien quyet hon viec xu ly viec vi pham quyen sd huu tri tue, bang chung la tinh trang mua ban bang dia lau cong khai da giam, tmh trang cac nhan hieu nhai duqc quang cao cong khai cung giam hay viec linh vuc van hoa (am nhac, nghe thuat ), ban than cac tac gia da chu y hon den ban quyen cua minh va da thang nhieu vu kien ve ban quyen tac gia Tuy nhien, nhung nd luc cua Viet nam chua cd hieu qua lam vi nang luc giai quyet cac tranh cha'p lien quan den sd huu tri tue cua Viet nam yeu, nhan thue cua ngudi dan va cac doanh nghiep Viet nam, nhat la cac doanh nghiep tu nhan ve quyen sd huu tri tue chua cao Mot so' bien phap duqc dua la: - Dua cac che tai cu the va nang hon nua dd'i vdi viec vi pham quyen sd huu tri tue; - Tang cudng dao tao mot nguon nhan luc hieu biet sau vd sd huu tri tue lam viec cac toa an, cac co quan cd lien quan de kien quyet xu ly kip thdi nhung vi pham quyen sd huu tri tue; - Nang cao hieu biet cho nhan dan ve quyen sd tri tue 101 KE1 LUAN • Ddu nhung nam 1990, ddu tu true tie'p nude ngoai vao Trung Quoc mdi chi chidm chua d«iy 20% cac nude Dong Nam A chiem tdi 60% tong so vdn dau tu true tiep nude ngoai vao chSu A Cho den nay, nhung sd tren da dao nguqc Ben canh hai yeu to hap d§n co ban la chi phi lao dong re va thi trudng noi dia rong ldn, yeu to thur ba quyet dinh sire hap dan cua Trung Quoc doi vdi cac nha dau tu nude ngoai la nhung nd luc cua Chinh phu Trung Quoc viec cai thien mdi trudng dau tu doi vdi dau tu true tiep nude ngoai Su kien tri theo duoi muc tieu gia nhap WTO cua Trung Qudc la mot nhung dong luc quan co vu cho cac nha lanh dao Trung Qudc co duoc su nhat quan viec cai each luat phap, chinh sach, the che kinh te theo hudng cang md cua hon, cang thong thoang hon cho cac nha dau tu nude ngoai Viec Trung Qudc trd thanh vien chinh thurc cua WTO vao thang 12/2001 da mang lai cho cac nha dau tu nude ngoai mot hudng phat trien mdi - khai thac thi trudng dich vu day tiem nang cua Trung Qudc thi trudng hang hoa da tuong doi bao hoa Do vSy, mac du bay gid qua sdm de danh gia het cac tac dong cua viec gia nhap WTO doi vdi thu hut dau tu nude ngoai cua Trung Qudc nhung nhung anh hudng tfch cue nhu da de cap d tren la khong the phu nhan Viet Nam da di duqc hon hai phan ba chang dudng gia nhap WTO bdi vay viec rut cac bai hoc tir tac dong cua viec gia nhap WTO cua Trung Qudc tdi thu hut dau tu true tiep nude ngoai vao Trung Qudc de van dung cho phu hop vdi tinh hinh thuc te cua Viet nam la rat can thiet Yeu to quyet dinh viec gia nhap WTO cua Viet nam luc la nhung nd luc cua Viet nam viec cai each co che, chinh sach, luat phap cua Viet nam cho phu hop vdi nhung quy dinh cua WTO Ngudn goc cua nhung tac dong tich cue tich cue cua viec gia nhap WTO cua Trung Qudc tdi thu hut dau tu true tiep nude ngoai vao Trung Qudc cung chinh la nhung dieu chinh cua 102 Trung Qudc vd the che kinh te noi chung va nhung co che, chfnh sach, luat phap li£n quan den ddu tu true tiep nudc ngoai noi rieng do, nhung bai hoc kinh nghidm rut va nhung kien nghi doi vdi Viet nam se tap trung vao nhung vdn de Cd the tdng kdt lai rang Viet nam edn dac biet chu tdi viec dieu chinh khung phap ly cua Viet nam cho phu hop vdi cac quy dinh cua WTO Kinh nghiem cua Trung Qudc cho tha'y dieu la kho khan nhung khong phai la khdng lam duqc Dieu cuoi cung can luu y la viec dua nhung cam ket didu chinh bang van ban da kho nhung viec thuc hien chung kho hon nhidu bdi vay song song vdi viec tfch cue dua nhung dieu chinh phu hop can tap trung nd luc vao viec thuc hien nhung dieu chinh do, “tram nghe khong bang mot tha'y”, long tin cua cac nha dau tu chi cd the duqc cai thien ho thuc su duqc hudng lqi tu qua trinh cai each 103 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO A Sach, giao trinh tieng Viet Bo Ke hoach va D
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