Cây ăn quả có múi công nghệ sinh học chọn tạo giống

NHA XUAT BAN NO NG N G H IEP PG S.T S DO NANG VINH (Chu bien) CAY AN QUA CO MUI CONG NGHE■ SINH HOC CHON TAO GIONG ■ ■ a NHA XUAT BAN NONG NGHIEP HA NOI - 2008 M () DAU Cay an qua co nuii (citrus) co gid tri kink te vd dink dudng cao Tong sdn luqng qua t o nuii hang ndin tren the gidi vdo khodng 105 trieu tan giai doqn n't 2000- 2004, cam chiem tren 50% tong sdn luqng Sdn xuat qua co nuii van dang tiep tuc tang thu nhqp cua ngudi dan d mot so quoc gia tang nlianh nhu Trung Quoc, Han Quoc, Nga, An Do, cdc nude Dong Ait, cue nude ASEAN Vi du, a Trung Quoc, tong luqng Iwa qua law tieu thu tqi Trung Quoc tang rat nlianh, tieu thu qua co nuii tang nlianh hem cd Trung Quoc vitcm ten chiem vi tri tint ve san htang qua t o mui, chi sau Braxin (F A O ,2004; Deng, 2008) Ngitdi tieu d u n g n ga y ed n g co xu hitdng tang slit d u n g qua cd nuii gid tri dinh dudng cao, dac biet Id tieu d u n g n u d e qua, t tien Iqi tr o n g van chuyeti, bdo quan vd sit dung P han Idn qua c o m ui sdn xuat M y d u q c c h e b ieii thdnii nitac ep Nam 2007, k hodng 68% to n g sdn lu q n g qu a thu h o a cli d u q c d em che bieii Braxin itdc tilth c h e b ieii k hodn g 13,4 trieu tan ca m tr o n g m ua vu 200512006, sdn lifcm g ca m d o n g h o p u d e tinli ch iem 73% to n g sd n lu q n g qua thu lioach, sdn ph am ca m d o n g h o p d u q c itu tien sdn xuat vd xuat khau ( http://www.fas.usda.gov/htplhorticulturelcitrus.litml) Viet Nam la mot cdc trung tarn phat sinh quan cua nhieu loai ca y an qua cd mui vd cd itu the thoi tiet, hdu doi vdi sdn xuat nhieu gidng qua cd nuii d a c sdn Cung vdi neii kinh tetdng tnldng nlianh, tieu thu qua cd mui, nhat la cam dnitac ta tang mqnh Tuy vqy, binh quan tieu thu qua cd mui tren ddu ngitdi moi nam a nitac ta rat thap, chi dqt khodng hon 7,0 kglngitai nam, qua thap so vdi tieu thu binh quan khodng 16,0 -18,0 kghigitdi tren the gidi vd tren 40 kglngildi dTayJiu vd Bac My M oi nam nude ta van phai nhap mot luqng Idn qua tuai vd nude cam tut nude ngodi De’ dqt mite tieu tliu qua cd mui trung binh tren the gidi 10 nam tdi, nude ta phai sdn xuat them khodng 800.000 - 900.000 tan qua mdi nam, hay phai md rpng them klioang 40.000 mdi cdy an qua cd mui, chit yeu Id cam, bitdi, quyt vdi ndng sudt trung binh phai dqt tren 20 tan/ha Muon md rdng dien tich d quy mo tren, sdn xuat can khodng 20 trieu cdy gidng tot, sqch benh Nha nude vd cdc tilth can sdm cd quy hoach vd kehoqch phat trien vitng cam cho 10 nam tdi, nude ta ti dthanh nude cong nghiep vdi nhu cau cam tucti vd che bieii gap 3-4 Idn hien Van de chon tqo gidng cdy an qua cd mui tot, sqch benh, chat luqng cao, nhat la giong khdng hat, it hat dang dqt cap bach De dap dug duqc nhu cau phat trien tren day, hang loai cdc bien phap dong bo can phai dat nhu: Quy hoach vung vd cat cau chung loai, chii loai qua Viet Nam cd itu the nhu cam, budi; C o cau miia vu thu hoach; C o cau an tuoi vd die bieii; C o cau tin trudng tieu thu noi dia vd xuat khau Dac biet phai sdm nghien cu'u quy hoach vung cong nghiep cam an tuoi vd che bieii Xdc dinli cdc gidng cd gid tri kinh te cao vd vung sinh tliai thich hop, nhu can thi trudng doi vdi titng loai gidng, chu gidng khdng hat, chat luqng cao 3 Xdy dung tap dodn gioiig da dang sinh hoc, sack benh, bdo qudn nhd litai hoac dieu kien each ly khong gian l it tap dodn, chon tqo cac dong, giong vd ca the Uu viet cho titng rung sink thdi Xdy dung lie thong nhdn gioiig va sdn xuat, bao gom: - Nhdn nhanh cac ca the clion, Uu viet tqo vitctn cay me cung cap mat ghep nhu litcfi , - Cung cap giong sack cho ede cong ty va cac dia phuang khao nghiein, ddnh gid, sdn Midi thif va san xuat tliUctng mai - Xdy dung mqng lud'i vudn uctm nhdn giong o' cac dia phuo’ng - Hinh thank cac mo liinh trinli dien va vimg sdn xuat thitang mai De pliat huy the inanh nguon gen, sinli thdi va thi trUdng lieu tint qua co miii vdi quy mo dan sd tren 100 trieu nguai tuang lai khong xa, nitdc ta can tap trung nguon htc cho ngliien citu edi tqo cac giong dqc sdn, co Uu the pliat tried nhu cam Sdnh, bitdi Pummelo, mot so giong cam theo liitdng tqo cac gioiig khong hat tit cue giong vai yeu cau gioiig khong liat, Uu the lai, co tilth trinli sdn (Parthenocarpy) cao, thick nghi tot va clioiig chiu sdu benh Cliieii luqc tqo gioiig cua nude ta phai phoi hop iihuan nhuyen cac phuong phdp truyen thong vdi cong nghe sink hoc hien dai nhu tqo giong tit boi the, tarn boi, dung hop te bdo trail, lai xa, edit phoi, chuyen gen, dot bieii mat ghep va gay tqo bieii di te bdo soma, chan doan benh va cac ky tluidt lam sack benh, kem theo la he thoiig nhdn giong xac nhan Trong cuoii sack “C ay an qua c o m ui - C on g n g h e sin h h o c c h o n tq o g i o n g ” nay, cluing toi khong the bao qudt duqc nhieu van de lieu tren, dong thdi cung khong the dita cac giai phap pliat tried dong bo doi vdi cay an qua co mui N oi dung chu yeu cua cuoii sack la gidi thieu cac van de ca ban co lien quan deii gioiig khong hat va gioiig sack benh, cac ca sd khoa hoc va tliUc tien cua viec tqo gioiig khong hat, cac ky thuat cong nghe sinh hoc phuc vu gidi phdp gioiig vd qudn ly sdu benh ■ PGS.TS Db Nang Vinh, cliu bien vd la tac gid chink cua cuoii sack Tham gia bien soan quyeii sack edit co: - TS Ha Thi Thuy vd PGS.TS Db Nang Vinh bien soan Chuang V I (Xdy dung cac phuang phdp chon tqo gioiig cay an qua co mui) - PGS.TS Pham Van Lam vd TIiS Tran Thi Tliuan bien soan Chuang V III (Sdu benh hqi cay an qua co miii vd bien phdp plwng choiig) Trong qua trinli bien soan sach, cac tac gid da tham khao vd sit dung mot sdtu lieu, hinh anh ciia cac dong nghiep Su ddi vd cong bo cuoii sack “C ay an qua c o m u i - C on g n g h e sin h h o c ch o n tqo g i o n g ” da duqc su ung ho vd tai trq cua nhieu ca quan vd ca nhdn, dac biet la GS Ngo The Dan, nguyen Thit tritdng Bo Nong nghiep vd PTN T, Vu Khoa hoc - Cong nghe vd moi tritdng vd Chuang trinli Cong nghe Sinh hoc nong nghiep Chung toi xin trail cam an T a c g ia Chuffng / TINH HiNH SAN XUAT QUA CO MUI 1.1 T IN H H IN H SA N X U A T V A T IE U T H U Q U A C O M U I T R E N T H E G l l T ro n g su o t h th a p ki q u a, n g a n h san x u a t ca m q u y t tre n th e g id i k h o n g ng trn g ta n g n h a n h va m u c tie u th u q u a c m u i tren th i tru d n g th e g ia i c u n g n g ay c a n g cao T o n g san iu q n g citrus h a n g n a m d a t tren 105 trie u ta n tro n g g iai d o an 0 - 0 (F A O , 0 ) C o k h o a n g 140 n u d e tre n the g id i sa n x u a t q u a citrus (F A O , 0 ) T u y n h ie n , h a u h e t san Iu q n g ta p tru n g d n h u n g v u n g n h a t d in h Ba n u d e san x u a t q u a c o m u i ld n n h a t la B rax in , M y , T ru n g Q uo’c, c h ie m k h o a n g % to n g san Iu q n g to an cau K h o a n g 60 % san Iu q n g q u a c o m u i d u q c tie u th u d u d i d a n g q u a tu o i, % c o n lai la ch e b ien Sao P a u lo (B x in ) va F lo rid a (M y ) la h a i v u n g san x u a t c a m c h u lu c, c h ie m g a n % san Iu q n g n u d e c a m to a n ca u B x in la n u d e san x u a t q u a co m u i ld n n h a t c h ie m % to n g san Iu q n g citrus ciia th e g id i, tie p th e n la M v (1 % ) T ru n g Quo'c (1 % ) va M e x ic o (6 % ) (F A O , 0 ) ■ Braxin ■ Dia Trung Hai ■ Nigeria ■ My ■ Nam Phi g Pakistan □ Trans Oud'c ■ Ai Do q Nhat Ban □ Mexico ® Iran ■ Cac nude lai tren the giai ' Nguon.UNCTAD (2004) H in h 1.1 P h a n b o ve d ia ly san Iu q n g q u a citrus D ie n tic h tro n g citrus d b a n g F lo rid a (M y ) (B x in ) la 3 0 h a N u d e n h ie t d d i tro n g n h ie u b a n g V e c r u z d a tro n g 7 0 h a M e x ic o n a m d V ie t N a m va la n u d e c o san Iu q n g q u a c o m u i x e p T h u y 0 ) la 4 h a S ao P a u lo c a m q u y t la M e x ic o , rie n g -2 ' v l B ac tu o n g tu vdi th u tre n th e g id i (H a T h i Bang C ac lo q u a c d m u i va c a c n u d e san x u a t ch rn h x e p th e o th u tu (F A O , 0 ) Cam Braxin My, Mexico, Trung Quoc, An 06, Tay Ban Nha, Iran, Italy, Ai Cap, Indonesia Qua co mui loai nho Nigeria, Trung Quoc Syria Guinea, Nhat, A rap Saudi, An Do, Sierra Leone, Angola, Tunisia Chanh tay va Chanh ta (Lemons and limes) Mexico, An 06, Iran Tay Ban Nha, Argentina, Braxin, My Trung Quoc, Italy, Tho Nhl Ky Budi Chum My, Trung Quoc, Nam Phi, Mexico, Israel, Cuba, Argentina, An 06, Tho’ Nhl Ky, Tunisia C ac n u d e d v u n g D ia T ru n g H a i san x u a t c h u y eu la q u a c d m u i an tu o i tro n g d o T a y B an N h a la n u d e d u n g d a u ve san lu o n g M y va B x in dSn d a u ve sa n x u a t n u d e q u a T u y v ay , san x u a t n u d e q u a d M y c h u a dii c h o tie u d u n g tro n g n u d e S an x u a t q u a c d m u i vSn d a n g tie p tu c ta n g d o th u n h a p c u a n g u d i d a n d m o t so q u d e g ia ta n g n h a n h n h u T ru n g Q u d e , H a n Q u o c , N g a , c a c n u d e D o n g A u , An D o , c a c n u d e A S E A N N g o a i , n g u d i tie u d u n g cd x u h u d n g ta n g sd d u n g q u a cd m u i d o g ia tri d in h d u d n g c a o v a tie n lpi Q u a cd m u i x e p th u n h a t tro n g so' c a c lo ca y a n q u a ve g ia tri th u o n g m q u o c te Q u a c d m u i d u p e tie u th u d u d i p h u o n g th u c: q u a tu o i (c h u y eu la c a m ) v a n u d e q u a (c h u y eu la n u d e ca m ) T ro n g n a m cuo'i th e k y 20, thi tru d n g q u a cd m u i a n tu o i ta n g tru d n g th ie n ve c a c lo q u a n h o th u o c n h o m q u y t n h u q u y t lai (ta n g e rin e ), q u y t C le m e tin e S atsu m a (q u y t O n C h au ) T h i tru d n g n u d e q u a c u n g ta n g m a n h d o tie n loi tro n g su d u n g d o i vdi n g u d i tieu d u n g va g ia tri d in h d u d n g c a o , g ia th a n h c a n h tra n h n h d c a c tie n b o tro n g k h a u c h e b ie n , b a o q u a n v a d o n g g o i v a n ch u y d n X u a t k h a u q u a cd m u i h ie n n a y c h ie m k h o a n g 10% to n g sa n lu o n g q u a citrus L u o n g q u a c d m u i x u a t k h a u to a n ca u d a t h o n trie u ta n n a m 0 P h a n ld n lu o n g q u a cd m u i x u a t k h a u la d v u n g Bdc b a n c a u , c h ie m k h o a n g % lu o n g q u a citrus x u a t k h a u c u a th e g id i tro n g n a m 0 V u n g D ia T ru n g H a i d o n g m o t v tro d a n g k e tro n g v iec x u a t k h a u q u a citrus, c u n g c a p g an % lu o n g q u a c o m u i x u £ t k h a u to a n cau C ac n u d e x u a t k h a u ld n n h a t la: T ay B an N h a vdi lu o n g x u a t k h a u n a m 0 d a t 2,5 trie u tan ; tie p th e o la M y 1,12 trie u tan ; N a m P h i ,8 trie u ta n (F A O , 0 ) Being Cite nude xuat khau chfnh doi vdi cac loai qua c6 mui khac xep theo thu tu (FAO, 2003) T a y B a n N h a , M y , N a m P h i, H y L a p , M a ro c , H a L a n , T h o NhT K y , A i C a p , C am U c , Ita ly C itru s lo a i q u a n h o T ru n g Q u o c , Is e l, N a m M y , C y p ru s , In d ia , H a L a n , P a k is ta n , M y , T a y B a n C h a n h ta y v a c h a n h ta T a y B a n N h a , A rg e n tin a , M e x ic o , T h o NhT K y, M y , N a m P h i, H a L a n , B x in , (L e m o n s a n d lim e s ) Ita ly , H y L a p N h a , M e x ic o B udi chum M y , N a m P h i, Is e l, T h o NhT K y, H a L a n , S i, T a y B a n N h a , A rg e n tin a , C y p ru s , B a h a m a s Cac nude d vung Nam ban cau nhir Argentina, Australia va Nam Phi dang tang lupng qua co mui trai vu xuat sang Bde ban cau Cac nude thuoc Dja Trung Hai chit yeu xuat khau qua co mui sang cac nude thuoc lien minh chau Au Con d My, thi trudng xuat khaiu qua co mui la Nhat Ban, Canada va cac nude vung Nam A O cac nude chau A, san xuat qua co mui chu yeu cho tieu dung noi dia 0% □ DCfc io □ N h a t C ■ My (-ft □ Ba Lan > □ Phap ■ Anh £ □ Canada □ Bi £ g □ Ha Lan □ N ga C "□ Ar-P ^ , 0^ C a c nu d e c o n lai ) o Hinh 1.3 Cac nude nhap khaiu qua co mui tuoi tren the gidi tinh ty le % (I AO) Qua co mui chit yeu duoc tieu thu d cac nude phat trien, mac du tieu thu qua citrus binh quan tren dau ngudi d cac nude dang phat trien dang tang len thu nhap tang Tieu thu qua co mui binh quan dau ngudi d cac nude phat triein nam 2002 la 22kg/ngudi (cam, quyt), 2kg/ngudi (budi); d cac nude dang phat trien la 8,5kg/ngudi (cam, quyt) va 0,5kg/ngudi (budi) (FAO 2002) Nhung theo FAO, tieu thu cam tuoi d cac nude phat trien hien co xu hudng giam hai ly do: tieu thu cam tuoi dang duac tha\ the bang nude cam; khau bao quan va van chuyein dupe cai thien nen co nhieu loai qua thay the khac Tuy vay, tieu thu cam tuoi \ in phd bien d nhieu nude dang phat trien dac biet la d nhung nen kinh te khong 16 nhu Mexico, An Do, Argentina, Braxin va Trung Quoc Cam, quyt (pt) Chanh (pt) Btrai (pt) Cam quyt (dpt) Chatih (dpt) Bucri (dpt) Ghi chit: pt: cac mi6c phat trien, dpt: cac ntrdc dang phat trien H in h 1.4 T ie u th u q u a c o m u i b in h q u a n th e o d a u n g u d i, -2 0 (kg/ngudi/nam) 1.2 T IN H H IN H S A N X U A T V A T IE U T H U Q U A C O M U I d V IE T N A M C5 n u d e ta , tro n g so c a c lo a i c a y an q u a , ca y a n q u a c o m u i d tin g th u h sau c h u o i v t ta m q u a n tro n g va y n g h la k in h te D ien tlch tro n g c a y a n q u a co m u i a n u d e ta ta n g n h a n h N a m 1990 c a n u d e c o h a c a m q u y t v d i san lu o n g 1 ta n (V u C o n g H a u , 1996) N a m 0 , d i6 n tlc h trd n g d a ta n g len 0 h a v d i sa n lu p n g 7 5 0 ta n (T o n g c u e th o n g k e , 0 ) T u y n h ie n , ta n g tru d n g v i d ie n tlc h v a s a n lu p n g c a y a n q u a c o m u i c h u a b e n v u n g , san xua't c o n t m a n h m u n , tu p h a t, c h u a c o q u y h o a c h to n g th e va d in h h u d n g la u d San xua't c o c h ie u h u d n g b a p b e n h d o b e n h d ic h v a c o ca u gid'ng c h u a o n d in h D ie n tlc h tro n g m d i ta n g n h a n h , n h u n g d ie n tic h p h a di han g nam cung k h o n g nho P h a n b o v u n g tro n g c a y a n q u a c o m u i d n u d e ta c h u a p h a n a n h uu th e k h i h a u , th d i tie t c u a m ie n E dc d o i v d i lo c a y n ay D ie n tic h c a y c o m u i a mifen N a m n h ie t d d i ld n h o n so vdi m ie n B ac (5 0 h a so vdi 0 h a ) c a c g io n g c h u lu c thuefng m a i c h u lu c d m ie n N a m la c a m S anh v a b u d i D a y la lo cay c o m u i u a n o n g , c o cha't lu p n g c a o tro n g d ie u k ie n n h ie t ddi M ie n B ac c o v u n g tro n g c a y an q u a c m u i ld n , v u n g D o n g B ac d o n g vai tro ch u lire, g io n g q u a n tro n g nha't la c a m Sanh; v u n g B ac T ru n g b d , ch u y eu la N g h e A n , la v u n g trd n g ca m n g o t ld n va tap tru n g nha't tro n g n u d e T u y vay, n h id u v u n g co uu th e trd n g cay an q u a co m ui a n u d e ta v ln c h u a d u q c k h a i th ac d o d id u k ie n k in h te c h u a ch o p h e p n o n g d an p h a t trie n lo q u a n ay B an g 1.2 th e h ie n cac v u n g tro n g c a y an q u a chi'nh n u d e la Bang 1.2 D ie n tfch c a m c h a n h , q u y t p h an th e o d ia p h u o n g STT Tinh/Thanh Nam 2001 2002 Ca nude 73800 72800 78649 81690 87200 Mien B lc 29200 28500 28290 27749 29800 2003 2004 2005 / D ong bang song Hong 6000 5800 5325 5621 5900 Hung Yen 600 700 1093 350 1900 // D ong BSc 12800 12700 12568 12522 13300 Ha Giang 4400 4500 4510 4399 4700 Lang Son 100 1200 289 345 300 Tuyen Quang 2000 2700 2784 2835 100 500 500 600 1601 1600 900 900 1029 1045 1300 Yen Bai III Tay BSc Hoa Binh 700 500 588 598 700 IV BSc Trung bo 9500 9100 9368 8561 9400 Nghe An 4800 5100 5341 5381 6000 Ha TTnh 2300 500 719 817 900 Mien Nam 44600 44300 50 359 53941 57300 V Duyen h a ! Nam Trung bo 1200 1400' 795 815 1000 VI TSy Nguyen 400 400 445 556 600 Vi1 Dong Nam bo 4300 4700 6102 6600 7300 BongNai 900 1100 2948 3525 4200 Binh Thuan 900 900 940 935 900 V III D ong bang song C thi Long 38700 37800 43017 45970 48400 OongThap 3500 2600 2689 2142 2100 Tien Giang 3900 5200 6916 7503 8200 Vinh Long 6600 7000 6674 6959 7600 BenTre 7200 6600 9244 10002 10600 20 1395 1400 13600 12100 12448 6498 6400 Kien Giang Can Tho Hau Giang 6023 5900 10 TraVinh 1800 2200 2713 2803 3100 11 SocTrang 1900 1900 2121 2509 3000 n u d e ta h a u h e t c a c v u d n c a y c o m u i tro n g ca n u d e d e u n h ie m b e n h v an g la n a n g C ac v u n g san x u a t c a m q u v t tap tru n g h au n h u bi ta n lui C ac v u d n tro n g m d i d u q c h ln h th a n h d c a c v u n g d a trd n g c a y c o m u i tru y e n th o n g n en cay tro n g m d i lu o n x e n k e vdi c a y b e n h , vi vay tu d i th o va n an g su a t c u a c a c v u d n trd n g m d i d d u bi d e d o a N h a n u d e c h u a co ch u tru o n g , b ie n p h ap d e d in h h u d n g q u y h o a c h c h o san x u at T d ch u c he th o n g d o i vdi san x u a t g io n g sach b e n h va c a c d ic h vu k y th u a t ch o n g u d i n o n g d a n noi c h u n g co n t y eu V iec d ie u tra n g h ie n c u u ve p h an loai sau b en h m u c d o n g u y h ie m c u a ca c loai sau b e n h k h a c n h a u n h a t la cac b e n h v iru s, tu o n g tu n h u v iru s, tu y e n tru n g d c a y co m u i c h u a d a p u n g d u o c y eu cau cu a th u c te san xuat N u d e ta la m o t tro n g c a c tru n g tarn p h a t sin h c u a n h ie u lo ca y an q u a co m u i, tro n g d o d a c b ie t la b u d i P u m m e lo s va c a m S anh T h e o y k ie n c u a m o t so c h u y e n g ia ve c a y a n q u a th i c a c g io n g b u d i d V ie t N a m vao lo to t n h a t tren th e g id i n h u N a m R o i, D a X a n h la g io n g k h o n g h a t, c h a t lu q n g c a o , c o k h a n a n g x u a t khetu q u y m o ldn T u y v ay , n h id u g io n g trd n g p h o b ie n tro n g san x u a t n h u c a m S an h , c a m V a n D u , c a m S ong C on, ca m X a D o a i b u d i D ien , budi P h u c T r a c h , h a u h e t la c a c g io n g n h ie u h at, c h a t lu o n g d u n g tro n g a n tu o i va ch e b ie n d e u th a p , lac h a u x a so vdi tie u chu&n q u o c te V i v ay , v iec ta o n g u o n g io n g sa c h b e n h va tao g io n g k h o n g h a t c h a t lu q n g c a o la y e u c a u c a p b ac h tro n g san x u a t q u a c o m u i d n u d e ta h ie n n ay 10 H in h 8.16 R ep sap v ay tra n g Unaspis citri (C o m st.) (H o m o p te : D iasp id id ae ) a) Au tru n g x e n to e d u e c a n h b) T ruong xen toe due canh H in h 8.17 X e n to e x a n h d u e c a n h Chelidonium argentatum D a lla s (C ol: C e m b y c id a e ) b) T rie u c h u n g g a y hai c u a b o trT H inh 8.18 B o tri m au van g Scirtothrips dorsalis H o o d (T hysanoptera: T h rip id a e ) 246 H in h 8.19 B o p h a n g a i d e n Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Q u a in t.) (H o m o p tera: A le u ro d id a e ) m P h a trutng P h a au tru n g (g io i) SSI % Pha nhong Tnrcm g th a n h H inh 8.20 C ac p h a p h a t d u e c u a ru o i d u e q u a p h u o n g D o n g Bactrocera dorsalis (D iptera: T ep h ritid ae) N g a i h u t q u a Othreis fullonia N g a i h u t q u a Eudocima salaminia H inh 8.21 N g h u t q u a 247 T rie u chu'ng b e n h lo e t tre n q u a T rie u chu'ng b e n h lo e t tre n th a n T rie u c h u n g b e n h lo e t tre n la H in h 8.22 B enh lo e t ca m T rie u chu'ng b e n h seo tren la T rie u chu'ng b e n h seo tre n q u a H in h 8.23 B enh seo B en h d o na'm P h y to p h th o g a y tre n la v a q u a N h u a d a th a n h g io t dai H in h B en h c h a y g o m , th o i r6 48 T rie u c h u n g b e n h d o m d a u tre n la H in h 8.25 B enh d o m dSu B enh p h a n trS ng tre n la B enh ph an trhng tren q u a non H in h 8.26 B en h p h an trh n g B e n h tre n la v a tra i H in h 8.27 B enh th a n thir H in h 8 B en h d o m ro n g (trieu c h u n g tre n th an ) 249 H in h 8.29 T rie u c h u n g n a m b h o n g tre n la D o m b o h o n g tre n la D o m b o h o n g tre n q u a H in h 8.30 B en h d o m m u o i d en T rie u c h u n g g an lo i v a g an tro n g T rie u c h u n g lo m th a n H in h 8.31 B enh tan lui (b e n h T riste z a ) H in h B enh m o c x a n h tre n q u a 250 PHU LUC So chon tao giong mat ghep cay co mui 251 PHU LUC Bang cac cong thurc moi trircmg va cac pha che dung dich me suf dung nuoi cay mo seo phoi hoa va dung hop te bao tran a C A Q co mui M O I T R U O N G M T (Murashige and Tucker (1969) Ten hoa chat Pha dung dich me Nong moi trudng nuoi cay mg/l Cac nquven to da li/dnq (50 X) q/liter q/500 ml NH4N 03(Pha rieng) 82,5 g 41,25 g 1650 KN03 95 g 47,5 g 1900 MgSO„ * 7H20 (Pha rieng) 18,5 g 9,25 g 370 KH2P04 (monobasic) 7.5 g 3,75 g 150 19 0,5 g 20 Cac nquven to vi li/tfnq (100 X) q/liter q/500 ml mil H3BO3 0,62 g 0,31 g 6,2 MnS04 * H20 1,68 g 0,84 g 16,8 ZnS04 * 7H20 0,86 g 0,43 g 8,6 Kl 0,083 g 0,0415 g 0,83 Na2Mo04 * 2H20 0.025 g 0,0125 g 0,25 CuS04 * 5H20 0,0025 g 0,00125 g 0,025 C oCI2*6H 20 0,0025 g 0,00125 g 0,025 Fe EDTA (200x1 q/liter q/500 ml mil Na2EBTA 7,45 g 3,725 g 37,25 FeS04 * 7H20 5,57 g 2,785 g 27,85 Cac vitamin (100x) q/liter q/500 ml mail 10 g 5g 100 0,5 g 10 K2HP04 (dibasic) myo-inositol Thiamine-HCI Pyridoxine-HCI ig 0,5 g 10 Nicotinic acid 0,5 g 0,25 g Glycine 0,2 g 0,1 g Calcium (66x1 q/liter q/500 ml mil CaCI2 * 2H20 29,33 g 14,665 g 444 252 g MOI TRUCiNG BH3 Ten hoa chat Pha dung dich me q/liter q/500 ml Nong moi trUdng nuoi cay mg/l MgS04 37 g 18,5 g 370 KH2P 04 (monobasic) 15 g 7,5 g 150 K2HP04 (dibasic) 2g 1g 20 150 g 75 g 1500 Dunq dich me Kl (100 x) q/100 ml q/500 ml Kl 0,075 g 0,375 g 0,75 Dunq dich me cac chat hull cd (50x) q/100 ml q/500 ml mq/l pyruvic acid 0,1 g 0,5 g citric acid 0,2 g 1g malic acid 0,2 g 1g fumaric acid 0,2 g ig q/100 ml q/500 ml mg/l calcium pantothenate 0,05 g 0,25 g ascorbic acid 0,1 g 0,5 g choline chloride 0,05 g 0,25 g p-aminobenzoic acid 0,001 g 0,005 g 0,01 folic acid (dissolve in 1M KOH) 0,02 g 0,1 g 0,4 riboflavin 0,01 g 0,05 g 0,2 biotin 0,001 g 0,005 g 0,02 Dunq dich me cac vitamin B (100 x) q/100 ml q/500 ml mq/l retinol (vit A)** 0,001 g 0,005 g 0.01 cholecalciferol (vit D3)** 0,001 g 0,005 g 0,01 vit B12 0,002 g 0,01 g 0.02 Cac nquven to da lUcfnq (100x) KCI Dunq dich me cac vitamin A (50 x) Khong tan nude, tan ethanol (EtOH) 253 Dung djch me (100 x) CaCI2 (.024 M) 14,4 g/100 ml NaH2PO< (.92 mM) 0,44 g/100 ml M.E.S.* (6.15 mM) 4,8 g/100 ml Dung ml cho 40 ml enzym Enzymes 0.4 g 0,8 g Pectolyase Y-23 0,08 g 0,16 g Mace rase 0,4 g 0,8 g The tfch 40 ml 80 ml Dung djch enzymes 40 ml ■ 80 ml Enzymes 40 ml 80 ml Mannitol (.7 M) 5,12 g 10,24 g CaCI2 ml dd me (hoac 0,144 g) ml dd me (hoac 0,288 g) NaH2PO„ ml dd me (hoac 0,0044 g) ml dd me (hoac 0.0088 g) M.E.S ml dd me (hoac 0,048 g) ml dd me (hoac 0,096 g) Onozuka R.S (cellulose) pH = 5.6 (chuan bang KOH) Kh& trimg b&ng mang (pc * M E S - 2(N-morpholino) ethane sulfonic acid 254 t Ai l ie u t h a m k h a o c h in h T lieu tieng Viet Almanack nluing nen van mink ky dieu (1 9 ) N X B V a n h o a & T h o n g tin A u b e rt B v a L e T h i T h u H n g (1 9 ) “Phdng chong benh nguy hie'm tren cay co mill de mang lai hieu qua cho nha vudn d Viet N a m ", N X B N o n g n g h ie p , H a N o i D D ln h C a (1 9 ) Kha nang va trien vong phat trien cay quyt va mot so cay an qua co mui khac vimg Bac Quang - Ha Giang, L u a n a n T ie n si N o n g n g h ie p , T ru o n g D a i h o c N o n g n g h ie p I H a N o i, H a N oi D N a n g V in h (2 0 ) N g u o n g e n ca y an q u a c o m u i V ie t N a m , H o i n g h i q u y g e n to a n quo'c, T a m D a o th a n g / 2000 D N a n g V in h (2 0 ) “Cong nghe sinh hoc cay ", N X B N o n g n g h iep , H a N o i D N a n g V in h (2 0 ) “Cong nghe te bao thifc vat ling dung", N X B N o n g n g h ie p , H a N o i H a T h i T h u y , 0 Nghien cihi mot so dac diem sinh hoc cua tinh trang khong hat va phuang phap tao dong da boi the in vitro a cay an qua co mui L u a n an TS, D a i h o c k h o a h o c tu n h ie n , H a N oi N g u y d n M in h C h a u (1 9 ), D u th a o c h u o n g trin h p h a t trie n c a y a n q u a d en B ao c a o trin h B o n o n g n g h ie p va P h at trie n n o n g th o n , tr - 10 P h a m H o a n g H o (1 9 - 1993) Cay co Viet Nam, I - III, M o n tre a l, C a n a d a 10 T n T h £ T u c , V u M a n h H a i, D D in h C a (1 9 ) “Cdc vung cam quyt chinh a Viet Nam ” , T a p c h i N N v a C N T P , so' (4 ) 11 T rin h B a H iru (1 6 ), N g h ie n ctru cac d ac tin h sin h h o c v a k h a n a n g sit d u n g c a c d o n g tu b o i th e c a y ch a n h , L u an a n PT S K H S H , T ru o n g D hoc S u k h u m i, L ie n X o cu 12 V o V a n C h i (1 9 ) Tddien Cay thuoc Viet Nam T lieu tieng Anh 13 C a rim i F , D e P a s q u a le a n d G re s c im a n n o F G (1 9 ) S om a tic embryogenesis in citrus from styles culture P la n t sc ie n c e s 105, - 14 D e n g X X , 2000 Citrus caltivars released during th e p a st 10 y e a r s in China, P ro ceed in g o f th e In tern atio n al Society o f C itriculture,V ol 1,85 - 88,2000 15 G m itte r F G , L in g X B , D e n g X X (1 9 ) In d u ctio n o f trip lo id plants from endosperm calli in vitro T h eo r A p p lie d G e n e t(In p re ss) C itrus 255 16 G ro s s e r J.W , O llitra u lt P a n d O liv a re s-F u ste r O , (2 0 ) Somatic hybridization in Citrus: An effective tool to facilitate variety improvement In V itro C ell D ev B io l-P la n t 36: 4 - 4 N o v e m b e r - D e c e m b e r 0 S o c ie ty fo r in vitro B io lo g y 17 G ro sse r, J W , a n d F G G m itte r Jr 0 0 S IV B C o n g re ss S y m p o siu m P ro c e e d in g s " T h in k in g O u tsid e the C e ll” - A p p lic a tio n s o f so m a tic h y b r id iz a tio n a n d c y b r id iz a tio n in c ro p im p r o v e m e n t, w ith c itru s a s a m o d e l In V itro C e llu la r & D e v e lo p m e n ta l B io lo g y P la n t :2 -2 18 G ro sse r, J W , X X D e n g , an d R M G o o d ric h 0 Somaclonal variation in sweet orange: practical applications f o r variety improvement and possible causes In: C itru s G e n e tic s , B ree d in g an d B io te c h n o lo g y I.H K ah n (E d ) C A B In te rn a tio n a l (a c c e p te d ) 19 G u o , W W , D P sa d , P S erran o , F.G G m itte r, Jr., an d J.W G ro sser 0 Citrus somatic hybridization with potential fo r direct tetraploid scion cultivar development J o u rn a l o f H o rtic u ltu l S c ien ce an d B io te c h n o lo g y :4 0 -4 20 H o d g so n R W , (1 ) The Citrus Industry.V ol Ill: H o rtic u ltu l v arie tie s o f c itru s R e v is e d E d itio n ,U n iv e rsity o f C a lifo rn ia ,D iv isio n o f A g ric u ltu l S cien ce s 21 K u n ta k e H , M u M (1 9 ) Somatic embryogenesis in Citrus Species B io te c h n o lo g y in A rg ic u ltu re a n d fo restry , vol 30 2 L a rry K J a c k s o n a n d an d F S D a v ies 1999 C itru s Growing in F lorid a , th E d itio n - b y H a rd c o v e r 23 M ik e a l L R o o se a n d T im o th y E W illia m s ,2 0 ): C itru s c sio n b re e d in g in C a lifo rn ia P ro c e e d in g o f th e In te rn a tio n a l S o ciety o f C itric u ltu re V o l 1,82 0 24 O llitra u lt P , L u ro F , A lle n t V e t D a m b ie r D (1 9 ), Diversification des mandarines; apport des biotechnologies pour la creation de cultivars triploides aspermes S y m p o siu m su r M a n d a rin e s - a u 11 m a rs 9 - S R A de CO R SE 25 O llitra u lt, P., W W G u o a n d J.W G ro sser 0 Recent advances and evolving strategies in citrus somatic hybridization In: C itru s G e n e tic s, B re e d in g a n d B io te c h n o lo g y I.H K a h n (E d ) C A B In te rn a tio n a l (a c c e p te d ) 26 P e rs le y D (1 9 ) Diseases o f F ruit crops In d u s trie s Q u e e n sla n d D e p a rtm e n t o f P rim a ry P ro c e e d in g s o f th e In te rn a tio n a l S o ciety o f C itric u ltu re : IX In te rn a tio n a l C itru s C o n g re ss (D e c -7 , 0 , O rla n d o , U S A ) P u b b y In te rn a tio n a l S o c ie ty o f C itric u ltu re , 20 28 R e u th e r W , H e rb e rt Jo h n W e b b e r, L eo n D e x te r B a tc h e lo r (1 ) T h e C itru s In d u stry ; V o lu m e I: H isto ry , W o rld D is trib u tio n , B o tan y , and 256 V a rie tie s; R e v is e d E d itio n ,U n iv e rsity o f C a lifo rn ia ,D iv isio n o f A g ric u ltu l S cien ce s 29 R e u th e r W , L e o n D e x te r B atc h e lo r, H e rb e rt Jo h n W e b b e r, (1 ) T h e C itru s In d u stry ; V o lu m e II: A n a to m y , P h y sio lo g y , G e n e tic s, an d R e p ro d u c tio n ; R e v is e d E d itio n ,U n iv e rsity o f C a lifo rn ia ,D iv is io n o f A g ric u ltu l S cien ce s R o is ta c h e r C N (1 9 ) Graft-transmissible diseases o f Citrus H a n d b o o k fo r d e te c tio n a n d d ia g n o sis F o o d a n d A g ric u ltu re o rg a n iz a tio n o f th e U n ite d N a tio n s R o m e , 1991 31 Saunt Jam es, 2000 Citrus Varieties o f the World Second E d itio n , 2000, H ardcover 32 T im m e r L W a n d D u c a n , L W , (1 9 ) Citrus Health Management; A m e ric a n P h y to p a th o lo g ic a l S o c iety (A P S ) P ress: - 33 W h ite s id e J.O , G a m s e y S M a n d T im m e r L W (1 8 ) Compendium o f Citrus Diseases A P S P ress 257 MUC LUC m DAU Chuong I TIN H H IN H SAN XU AT QUA CO M UI 1.1 T in h h m h san x u at va tieu thu q u a c m ui tren the gidi 5 1.2 T in h h in h san x u a t v a tie u th u q u a co m u i d n u d e ta C huong II N G U O N GO C, P H A N B O V U N G TR O N G V A PH A N LO A I CAY A n Q U A CO M U I 11 N g u o n g o c p h a t sin h , p h a n b o 11 2 M o t sd' k e t q u a n g h ie n cu n d ie u tra, p h a n lo c itru s tro n g n u d e va n g o a i n u d e 12 2.3 Q u a n h e g iu a c a c lo a i th u o c h o R u ta c e a e vdi cu n g m o t k y sin h v a v e c to r tru y e n b e n h 15 N g h ie n ctru k h a i th a c n g u o n g e n tro n g c h o n ta o g io n g C itru s 15 2.5 N g h ie n c u u su u td m c a c g io n g cdy a n q u a c o m u i u u v iet, b a o q u a n va la m sa c h b e n h p h u c vu sa n x u a t 16 C huong III CA C G IO N G CA Y AN Q UA CO M U I THUONG M A I CHINH 22 3.1 G id i th ie u m o t so g io n g th u o n g m a i ch rn h 22 3.2 c a m S an h , c o n goi la Q u y t k in g (K in g m a n d a rin e - Q u y t v u a), te n latin h : C nobilis L 27 3.3 M o t so' gid'ng q u y t 28 C a c gid'ng B udi (P u m m e lo s ) 29 Chuong IV M O T SO D A C TIN H SINH H O C Q U A N TR O N G C A Y AN Q U A CO M U I 39 H ie n tu q n g trin h sa n (P a rth e n o c a rp y ) d citrus v a s u ta o q u a khong hat 39 S u th u p h an , h o a v a d a u q u a C h a t lucfng q u a 40 43 4 P h a n ting v d i n h ie t d o c u a c a y a n q u a c o m u i 44 T i n h h u d n g v u n g tro n g c a y an q u a d n u d e ta 45 V u n g n u i - m o t v u n g tie m n a n g p h a t trie n ca y a n q u a c o m u i k h o n g h a t c h a t lu o n g c a o d n u d e ta 47 C huong V C O SC5 K H O A H O C V A T H A N H TUU N G H IEN CUU TAO G IO N G C A Y A N Q U A C O M U I 49 258 S d lu o c lic h s d c h o n ta o gid'ng ca y a n q u a c o m u i 49 5.2 M o t so c a c y e u cau c o b a n tro n g ch o n ta o g io n g ca y a n q u a co m ui 49 5.3 M o t so th a n h tint c h o n ta o g io n g cdy an q u a co m u i 51 5.4 M o t so c o s o k h o a h o c ciia c h o n ta o g io n g ca y an q u a c o m u i 54 5.5 M o t so k et q u a n g h ie n cu'u c a y an q u a co m u i d n u c ta 84 C huang VI X A Y DUNG CA C PHUONG PHAP C H O N TAO G IO N G CAY A N Q U A CO M UI 86 N g h ie n ciru g ay ta o d o t b ien b an g c h ie u x a d cac g io n g c itru s n u d e ta 86 P h u o n g p h a p tao m o seo p h d i h o a v a p h o i so m a c a c lo Citrus 92 N u o i c a y , tai sin h va lai te b a o tra n d citrus 108 C a c p h u o n g p h a p x a c d in h m ite b o i th e cr c a y an q u a c o m u i b a n g m a y d o F lo w C y to m e try 125 P h u o n g p h a p c h o n ta o d d n g g io n g tu b d i tu n h ie n 126 6 C ac phuong phap tao ddng tu boi the bang x u ly colchicine 127 6.7 C ac p h u o n g p h a p ta o g io n g tarn bo i k h o n g h a t 142 Chuong VII SAN XUAT G IO N G CA Y A N QUA CO M U I SACH B EN H 162 7.1 B en h v iru s v a tu o n g tu v iru s d c a y a n q u a c o m u i v a c a c p h u o n g phap c h in doan benh 162 T a o n g u o n g io n g c a y c o m u i sa c h b e n h 171 7.3 K in h n g h ie m c u a c a c n u d e tro n g q u a n ly s a n x u a t g io n g c a y c o m ui 184 7.4 Q u a n ly g io n g m a t g h e p sa c h b en h 187 7.5 V u d n u o m n h a n g io n g c a y an q u a co m u i 190 Q u y trin h v u d n u o m sa n x u a t g io n g cay an q u a co m u i 193 7.6 Q u y d in h ve tie u c h u l n c a y g io n g ca y a n q u a c o m u i d n u d e ta 198 C huang VIII SA U B E N H H A I C A Y A N QUA CO M U I V A B IEN PH A P PH O N G C H O N G Sau h p h o b ie n tre n c a y an q u a co m u i 201 201 B en h h a i p h o b ie n tre n c a y a n q u a c o m u i 224 8.3 P h o n g c h o n g d ic h h to n g h o p tren c a y an q u a c o m u i 23 P b u lu c 251 Tai lieu tham khao 255 259 Chiu track nhiem xuat ban N G U Y fiN C A O D O A N H Bien tap, sifa ban in THE HAI ■Trinh bay bia P H A M T H A N H B IN H N H A X U A T B A N N O N G N G H IE P 167/6 - P hu o n g M - D 6'ng D a - H a N oi D T: 7 - 38521940; FA X : (04) 4576 C H I N H A N H N X B N O N G N G H IE P 58 N guySn Binh K h iem - Q l Tp H o C hi M inh D T: 97157 - 38299521; FA X : (08) 39101 In 0 b a n , k h o 17 x c m tai X ucm g in N X B N o n g n g h ie p G ia y x a c n h a n d a n g k y K H X B so 2 -2 0 /C X B /2 -7 /N N d o C u e X u a t b a n ca p n g a y /1 /2 0 In x o n g v a n o p lu u c h ie u q u y IV /2 0 260