Con đường đấu tranh giành độc lập dân tộc của Malaya (từ cuối thế kỉ XIX đến năm 1957)

Con đường đấu tranh giành độc lập dân tộc của Malaya (từ cuối thế kỉ XIX đến năm 1957)

VIỆN HÀN LÂM KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI VIỆT NAM HỌC VIỆN KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI LÝ TƯỜNG VÂN CON ĐƯỜNG ĐẤU TRANH GIÀNH ĐỘC LẬP DÂN TỘC CỦA MALAYA TỪ CUỐI THẾ KỈ XIX ĐẾN NĂM 1957 LUẬN ÁN TIẾN SĨ NGÀNH LỊCH SỬ VIỆN HÀN LÂM KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI VIỆT NAM HỌC VIỆN KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI LÝ TƯỜNG VÂN CON ĐƯỜNG ĐẤU TRANH GIÀNH ĐỘC LẬP DÂN TỘC CỦA MALAYA TỪ CUỐI THẾ KỈ XIX ĐẾN NĂM 1957 Chuyên ngành: Lịch sử Thế giới cận đại đại Mã số: 62.22.50.05 LUẬN ÁN TIẾN SĨ NGÀNH LỊCH SỬ Người hướng dẫn khoa học: PGS.TSKH Trần Khánh TS Vũ Công Quý Lời cam đoan Tôi xin cam đoan: Luận án cơng trình nghiên cứu riêng tơi Các kết số liệu nêu luận án trung thực Những kết luận Luận án chưa cơng bố cơng trình khác Tác giả Luận án Lý Tường Vân Lời cảm ơn Tác giả xin bày tỏ lòng biết ơn sâu sắc tới PGS TSKH Trần Khánh, TS Vũ Công Quý - hai người thầy trực tiếp hướng dẫn thực Luận án GS Vũ Dương Ninh - người thầy không ủng hộ ý tưởng khoa học từ ngày đầu lựa chọn đề tài mà cịn chia sẻ với tơi tư liệu nghiên cứu liên quan đến Luận án, nhiều thầy giáo khác cho tơi góp ý q báu chuyên môn Chân thành cảm ơn thầy cô giáo, bạn bè đồng nghiệp Khoa Lịch sử - Trường Đại học Khoa học Xã hội Nhân văn, Viện Nghiên cứu Đông Nam Á - Viện Hàn lâm Khoa học Xã hội Việt Nam, Khoa Sử học - Học viện Khoa học Xã hội quan tâm, giúp đỡ tơi suốt q trình tơi học tập nghiên cứu Tôi xin gửi lời cảm ơn sâu sắc tới Viện Nghiên cứu Châu Á (Asia Research Institute) - Đại học Quốc gia Singapore (National University of Singapore) cho hội đến học tập nghiên cứu Singapore Malaysia Tại hai đất nước này, quan đến làm việc Viện Nghiên cứu Đông Nam Á (Institute of Southeast Asian Studies), Lưu trữ Quốc gia Singapore (National Archives of Singapore), Thư viện Quốc gia Singapore, Thư viện Đại học Quốc gia Singapore Lưu trữ Quốc gia Malaysia (Arkib Negara - National Archives of Malaysia)… tạo điều kiện tốt cho tơi, giúp tơi hồn thành Luận án Quĩ Sumitomo nơi hợp tác năm 2011-2012, không cho phép trao đổi chuyên môn thực Đề tài “The Japanese occupation of Malaya (1941-1945) and its impact on the development of Malay political consciousness” mà nguồn tài trợ Quĩ cho tơi điều kiện tài để tơi thực nhiệm vụ nghiên cứu thực địa Malaysia Singapore Tơi gửi tới gia đình bạn bè lời biết ơn sâu sắc cảm thông, sẻ chia khích lệ Xin chân thành cảm ơn! MỤC LỤC DANH MỤC CÁC CHỮ VIẾT TẮT ……………………………………………… DANH MỤC BẢN ĐỒ VÀ BẢNG BIỂU ………………………………… MỞ ĐẦU ……………………………………………………………………… Chương 1: TỔNG QUAN TÌNH HÌNH NGHIÊN CỨU VẤN ĐỀ ……………… 1.1 Tình hình nghiên cứu nước ………………………………… 1.2 Tình hình nghiên cứu nước ngồi ………………………………… Nhận xét Chương 2: MALAYA DƯỚI TÁC ĐỘNG CỦA CHÍNH SÁCH THỰC DÂN CỦA ANH Trang i ii 10 10 14 25 27 (CUỐI THẾ KỈ XIX - ĐẦU THẾ KỈ XX) 2.1 Từ Vương quốc Hồi giáo Malacca đến thuộc địa Malaya Anh 2.1.1 Hồi quốc Malacca kỉ đầu tiếp xúc với phương Tây (1400-1786) …………………………………………………………… 2.1.2 Malaya trở thành thuộc địa Anh (1786-1914) ………… 2.1.2.1 Thành lập Khu định cư Eo biển (Straits Settlements) ……………… 2.1.2.2 Quá trình mở rộng can thiệp vào tiểu quốc Malay củng cố chế độ cai trị Malaya …………………………………… 2.2 Tác động sách thực dân Anh Malaya……………… 2.2.1 Biến đổi cấu kinh tế với vai trò chủ thể ngoại kiều ……………… 2.2.2 Hình thành xã hội đa tộc người nguyên nhân mâu thuẫn tộc người 2.2.3 Sự phát triển đội ngũ trí thức người Malay ……………………… 2.2.4 Sự phát triển báo chí địa ……………………………………… Tiểu kết chương ………………………………………………………… Chương 3: PHONG TRÀO DÂN TỘC CỦA NGƯỜI MALAY TRONG NHỮNG NĂM GIỮA HAI CUỘC CHIẾN TRANH THẾ GIỚI ……………… 3.1 Những yếu tố tác động ………………………………………………… 3.2 Phong trào cải cách dẫn đường đội ngũ trí thức tơn giáo 3.3 Nhóm trí thức chịu ảnh hưởng giáo dục Anh phong trào đấu tranh “Quyền đặc biệt” người Malay ………… …… 3.4 Phong trào dân tộc lãnh đạo nhóm trí thức cấp tiến … Tiểu kết chương …………………………………………………………… Chương 4: CON ĐƯỜNG ĐẤU TRANH GIÀNH ĐỘC LẬP DÂN TỘC CỦA MALAYA (TỪ SAU CHIẾN TRANH THẾ GIỚI II ĐẾN NĂM 1957) 27 27 31 32 33 40 40 43 47 53 56 58 59 64 69 75 83 4.1 Tác động giai đoạn Nhật Bản chiếm đóng Malaya (1942-1945) … 85 4.1.1 Tầm quan trọng Malaya chiến lược Đại Đông Á Nhật Bản … 85 4.1.2 Chính sách Qn hóa Nhật Bản hóa xã hội Malaya …………… 86 4.1.2.1 Chính sách Quân hóa xã hội Malaya ……………………………… 86 4.1.2.2 Nhật Bản hóa xã hội Malaya thơng qua sách văn hóa, giáo dục ……………………………………………………………… 4.1.3 Sự chuyển biến ý thức trị người Malay ………………… 88 90 4.2 Malaya sau Chiến tranh giới II: Chính sách Anh tình trạng phân cực trị Malaya ………………… 96 4.2.1 Bối cảnh quốc tế thời hậu chiến ………………… 96 4.2.2 Từ “Liên hiệp Malaya” đến “Liên bang Malaya” vai trò Tổ chức Dân tộc Thống Malay ………………………………………… 97 4.2.3 Đảng Cộng sản Malaya “Tình trạng Khẩn cấp” ………………… 107 4.2.4 Đảng Dân tộc Malay kết thúc lý tưởng “Indonesia Raya” …… 110 4.3 Đảng Liên minh đấu tranh giành độc lập dân tộc 115 4.3.1 Quan điểm sách thuộc địa Malaya quyền Anh từ cuối thập niên 1940 ……………………………… 115 4.3.2 Từ thử nghiệm với ý tưởng “phi cộng đồng” đến hình thành Liên minh UMNO - MCA - MIC ……………………………………… 4.3.2.1 Cuộc thử nghiệm quan điểm người Anh với “Ủy ban Liên lạc cộng đồng” ………………………………………………… 119 121 4.3.2.2 Cuộc thử nghiệm quan điểm người Malay với “Tổ chức Dân tộc thống Malay” “Đảng Malaya Độc lập” ………… 122 4.3.2.3 Hình thành Liên minh UMNO - MCA - MIC … 123 4.3.3 Đảng Liên minh đàm phán độc lập ………………………………… 130 4.4 Một số nhận xét ……………………………………………………… 137 4.4.1 Về phhía thực dân Anh ……………………………………………… 137 4.4.2 Về phía người Malay/Malaya………………………………………… 138 4.4.3 Về lựa chọn khác đường đấu tranh giành độc lập dân tộc 140 KẾT LUẬN 146 DANH MỤC CƠNG TRÌNH KHOA HỌC ĐÃ CƠNG BỐ 152 TÀI LIỆU THAM KHẢO 153 PHỤ LỤC 167 DANH MỤC CÁC CHỮ VIẾT TẮT API - Angkatan Pemuda Insaf (Youth for Đội qn niên cơng lý Justice Corps) BMA - British Military Administration Chính quyền quân Anh CLC - Communities Liaison Committee Ủy ban Liên lạc cộng đồng EIC - British East India Company Công ty Đông Ấn Anh FMS (Federation of Malay States) Liên bang bang Malay HĐLPLB Hội đồng Lập pháp Liên bang IMP - Independence of Malaya Party Đảng Malaya Độc lập KMM - Kesatuan Malayu Muda (The Union Liên hiệp Thanh niên Malay of Malay Youths) KMS - Kesatuan Melayu Singapura Hiệp hội người Malay Singapore KMT - Koumintang Malaya Quốc Dân Đảng (Malaya) MCA - Malayan Chinese Association) Hiệp hội người Hoa Malaya MCP - Malayan Communist Party Đảng Cộng sản Malaya MIC - Malayan Indian Congress Đại hội Ấn kiều Malaya MMA - Malayan Military Administration Chính quyền quân Malaya MNP - Malay National Party Đảng Dân tộc Malay MPAJA - Malayan People’s Anti-Japanese Quân đội nhân dân Malaya kháng Army Nhật NAM – National Archives of Malaya Lưu trữ Quốc gia Malaya NAS - National Archives of Singapore Lưu trữ Quốc gia Singapore PETA - Pembela Tanahair (Defenders of the Đội quân bảo vệ đất mẹ Motherland) PNI - Parti Nasional Indonesia Đảng Dân tộc Indonesia SITC - Sultan Idris Training College Trường Cao đẳng Sư phạm Sultan Idris SS - Straits Settlements Khu định cư Eo biển UMNO - United Malays National Tổ chức Dân tộc Thống Organization Malay UMS - Un-Federated Malay States Các bang Malay Liên bang VOC - Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie Công ty Đông Ấn Hà Lan DANH MỤC BẢN ĐỒ VÀ BẢNG BIỂU Trang Bản đồ Liên bang Malaysia ngày iii Bản đồ Malaya thời kì thuộc Anh iv Eo Malacca tuyến đường buôn bán Quốc tế 168 Quá trình bành trướng thuộc địa Anh bán đảo Malaya (1786 - 1914) 169 Bảng 2.1: Số liệu Người Hoa Malaya 170 Bảng 2.2: Dân số Malaya thuộc Anh năm 1931 171 Bảng 2.3: Tương quan dân số cộng đồng tộc người UMS 172 Bảng 2.4: Tỉ lệ người Malay người Hoa, người Ấn UMS (%) 172 Bảng 2.5: Số liệu phản ánh tình hình kinh tế bang UMS 173 Bảng 2.6: Số lượng trường Malay Liên bang bang Malay (1901 - 1931) 173 Bảng 2.7: Tổng số học sinh tuyển vào trường Anh FMS 174 Bản đồ Liên bang Malaysia ngày Bản đồ Malaya thời kì thuộc Anh MỞ ĐẦU Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1957 Agreement dated the 5th day of August, 1957, and made between Sir Charles MacGillivray, G.C.M.G, M.B.E., on behalf of Her Majesty on the one part, ad His Highness Tunku Ismail inbni Sultan Ibrahim, D.K., S.P.M.J., K.B.E., C.M.G, the Regent of Johore, on behalf of His Highness Sultan Ibrahim ibni Sultan Abu Bakar, D.K., S.P.M.J., K.B.E (Mil), G.B.E., G.C.O.C (I) Sultan of the State and Territory of Johore, His Highness Abu Bakar Riayatuddin al Muadzam Shah ibni Almarhum Almutasism Billah Sultan Abdullah G.C.M.G., Sultan of the State of Pahang His Highness Tuanku Abdul Rahman Mohamed Almarhum Tuanku Muhammad, G.C.M.G, the Yang di-Pertuan Besar of the State of Negri Sembilan, Dato Kiana Petra Mohammed Kassim bin Dato Nika Haji Abdul Rashid, Undang of Sungei Ujong, Dato Mendika Mentri Akhirzaman Shahmaruddin bin Abulrahman, Undang of Jelebu, Dato Johan Pahlawan Lala Perkasa Setiawan Abdul Manap bin Tolok, Undang of Johol, Dato Lela Mahraja Haji Ipap bin Abdullah, Undang of Rembau, and Tengku Syed Idrus bin Tengku Seed Mohammad, Tengku Besar of Tampin, the Rulling Chiefs of the State of Negri Sembilan, His Highness Hisamuddin Alam Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Alaiddin Sulaiman Shah, K.C.M.G., Sultan of the State of Selangor, His Highness Tunku Badlishah ibni Almarhum Sultan Abdul Hamid Halismshah, K.C.M.G., K.B.E., Sultan of the State of Kedah, His Highness Syed Putra ibini Almarhum Syed Hassan Jamalullil, K.C.M.G., the Raja of Perlis, His Highness Tengku Ibrahim ibni Almarhum Sultan Mohamed IV, D.K.,S.P.M.K.,S.J.M.K.D.K (Johore), K.C.M.G., Sultan Ismail Nasiruddin Shah ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Zainal Abidin, K.C.M.G., Sultan of the State of Trengganu and His Highness Paduka Sri Sultan Yussuf’Izzuddin Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Abdul Jalil Radziallah Hu-‘An-Hu, K.C.M.G., O.B.E., Sultan of the State of Perak, of the other part, for Themselves and Their Successors: Whereas by the Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1948, provision was made for the establishment of a Federation of Malaya comprising the Malay States of Johore, Pahang, Negri Sembilan, Selangor, Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan, Trengganu and Perak, and the Settlements of Penang and Malacca: And whereas the Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1948, has the force of law in the territories of the said Federation: And whereas there now subsist between Her Majesty and each of Their Highness the Ruler of the said Malay States (in the case of Negri Sembilan between Her Majesty and His Highness the Yang di- Pertuan Besar and the Ruling Chiefs) divers Agreements relating to the government of the several States of Their Highness: And whereas it has been represented to Her Majesty and His Highness and the Ruling Chiefs of Negri Sembilan that fresh arrangements should be made for the peace, order and good government of the territories within the said Federation; and Her Majesty and His Highness and the said Ruling Chiefs have agreed that the said Federation should become an independent country within the Commonwealth with the Constitution hereinafter provided for: And whereas by the Federation of Malaya Independent Act, 1957, the approval of the Parliament of the United Kingdom was given to the conclusion of such Agreement as it herein contained: Now, therefore, it is agree and declared as follows: Citation This Agreement may be cite as the Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1957 Construction In this Agreement, unless the context otherwise requires- “the existing Federation” means the Federation of Malaya establishment by the Federation of Malaya Agreement, 1948; “Federal Ordinance” means an Ordinance of the Legislature of the existing Federation; “Their Highness the Rulers” means the persons who are for the time being the Sultan of the State and Territory of Johore, the Sultan of the State of Pahang, the Yang di- Pertuan Besar of the State of Negri Sembilan, the Sultan of the State of Kedah, the Raja of the State of Perlis, the Sultan of the State of Kelantan, the Sultan of the State of Tengganu, and the Sultan of the State of Perak; “the Malay States” means the States of Johore, Pahang, Negri Sembilan, Selangor, Kedah, Perlis, Kalantan, Trengganu and Perak, and all dependencies, islands and places which, immediately before the thirty- first day of August, nineteen hundred and fifty-seven , are administered as part thereof, and the territorial waters adjacent thereto; “the Settlement of Penang” and “the Settlement of Malacca” included all islands and places which, immediately before the thirtyfirst day of August, nineteen hundred and fifty-seven , are administered as part of those Settlements, and the Territorial waters adjacent thereto; “the Settlement” means the Settlement of Penang and the Settlement of Malacca Establishment As from the thirty- first day of August, nineteen hundred and of new fifty-seven, the Malay States and the Settlements shall be formed Federation into a new Federation of States by the name of Persekutuan Tanah Constitution Malayu, or in English, the Federation of Malaya, under the Federal Constitution Agreement; and the First Schedule to this Agreement; and thereupon the said Settlement shall cease to form part of Her Majesty’s domination and Her Majesty shall cease to exercise sovereignty over them, and all power and jurisdiction of Her Majesty or of the Parliament of the United Kingdom on or in respect of the Settlement or the Malay States of the Federation as a whole come to an end Constitutions The Constitution set out on the Second and Third Schedules to of Penang this Agreement shall be the Constitutions of Penang and Malacca and Malacca respectively as States of the new Federation Revocation of Subject to the provisions of the said Federal Constitution and to previous the Fourth Schedule to this Agreement, the Federation of Malaya Agreements Agreement, 1948, and all other agreements subsisting between Her Majesty and the other parties to this Agreement or any of them immediately before the said the thirty- first day of August shall be revoked as from that day, but nothing in this Clause shall affect any provision in any agreement by which provision any disposition of territory was made Approval of this The foregoing provisions of this Agreement are conditional upon Agreement by the approval of the said Federal Constitution by Federal Ordinance Legislatures and by an Enactment of each of the Malay States Languages of This Agreement shall be expressed in both the English and the the Malay languages; but for the purposes of interpretation, regard shall Agreement be had only to the English version In witness whereof Sir Charles MacGillivray, G.C.M.G, M.B.E., her hereunto set his hand and seal on behalf of Her Majesty; and Their Highnesses the Rulers of the States of Pahang, Negri Sembilan, Selangor, Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan, Trengganu and Perak and the Sembilan and His Highness Tunku Ismail Ibni Sultan of Ibrahim, D.K., S.P.M.J., S.P.M.K., K.B.E., C.M.G., the Regent of Johore on behalf of His Highness the Sultan of the States and Territory of Johore, have hereunto set their hands and seals DONE the 5th day of August, 1957, corresponding to the th day of Muharram, 1377 Signature and seal of Witness Signature and seal of Witness Signature and seal of Witness Signature and seal of Witness Signature and seal of Witness Signature and seal of Witness Signature and seal of Witness D.C MACGILLIVRAY for and on behalf of Her Majesty DAVID WATHERSTON ISMAIL- Regent of Johore, for and on behalf of His Highness WAN IDRIS ABDULLAH BIN MOHAMED ABU BAKAR BIN ABDULLAH (in javi script) Sultan of Pahang T AHMAD SHAD ABDULLAH ABDUL RAHMAN Yang di- Pertuan Besar of Negri Sembilan SHAMSUDIN BIN NAIN T MUNAWIR M.KASSIM Undang of Sungei Ujong SYED JUNIT BIN HAMZAH SHAMARUDDIN Undang of Jelebu D.M OTHMAN ABDUL MANAP Undang of Johol ABULD GHANI BIN CHE MEK Signature and seal of Witness Signature and seal of Witness Signature and seal of Witness Signature and seal of Witness Signature and seal of Witness Signature and seal of Witness Signature and seal of Witness Signature and seal of Witness D.H IPAP Undang of Rembau AB.AZIZ BIN HUSSIN SYED IDRUS Tengku Besar of Tampin PENGHULU MOHAMMED JANI (in jawi script) ALAM SHAD (in jawi script) Sultan of Selangor ALBUL JAMIL A HAMID RAJA MOHAMED BADLISHAH Sultan of Kedah ABDUL HALIM SHAH (in jawi script) ISMAIL BIN YAHAYA (in jawi script) S PUTRA JUMALULLAIL Raja of Perlis H.M RAZALLI HAJI AHMAD W AHMAD IBRAHIM Sultan of Kelantan H.ZAINAL (in jawi script) S.A RAHMAN ISMAIL Sultan of Trengganu WAN ABDULLAH WOK RAJA YUSSUF Sultan of Perak R.I ISKANDAR SHAH HAJI WAN HAMARUDIN DATO HAJI MOHAMED ESAH Nguồn: [1, Volume II, tr.251-256] Malayan Document of September 1957 Arrangements for the Employment of Overseas Commonwealth Forces in Emergency Operations in the Federation of Malaya after Independence At Malayan Constitutional Conference held in London in January and February 1956, Her Majesty Government in the United Kingdom undertook, if requested by the Government of the Federation of Malaya, to continue after independence to make their forces in Malaya available to take part in the campaign against the Communist terrorists The Government of the Federation of Malaya is determined that there shall be no relaxation in the conduct of the Emergency campaign, and it has now requested Her Majesty’s Government in the United Kingdom and also Her Majesty’s Government in Australia and New Zealand to continue to make their forces available for use in Emergency operations On their side, Her Majesty’s Government in the United Kingdom have reaffirmed in Australia and New Zealand have expressed their willingness to afford the Government of the Federation of Malaya the assistance which it have request to such an extent as they may each at any time consider practicable in the light of their total commitments Discussions have taken place with a view to ensuring that there is the fullest continuity in the Emergency campaign and to determine the extent of the assistance to be sought from the Overseas Commonwealth Forces and the organization and structure of command under which that assistance is to be given, and these discussions have resulted in understandings being reached between the four Governments about the principles that will govern the employment of Overseas Commonwealth Forces in support of the Government of the Federation of Malaya in its campaign against the Communist terrorists after independence These principles are as follows: (a) Emergency operations will be controlled b the Emergency Operations Council of the Government of the Federation of Malaya (b) Her Majesty Government in the United Kingdom shall make available to the exclusive service of the Government of the Federation of Malaya an officer of the rank of the Lieutenant- General to be the Federation of Malaya’s Director of Emergency Operations (c) The Federation of Malaya’ Director of Emergency Operations shall not have command of Overseas Commonwealth Forces, but the Commanders of these Overseas Commonwealth Forces engaged on Emergency Operations (the General Officer Commanding Overseas Commonwealth Lands Forces, the Air Officer Commanding Overseas Commonwealth Air Forces and, if need be, the Flag Officer, Malayan Area) shall be operate these forces under his general directions; (d) The Overseas Commonwealth Force Commanders listed in (c) above shall remain responsible to their national authorities for the exercise of their commands; (e) Overseas Commonwealth Forces shall be made available only in response to a request by the Government of the Federation of Malaya; (f) Overseas Commonwealth Forces will be used only if, in the view of the Emergency Operations Council, suitable Federation Forces are not available; (g) Overseas Commonwealth Forces shall so far as is possible be employed on direct operations against the Communist terrorists in such areas as may from time to time be specified by the Emergency Operations Council, although they would not be debarred from undertaking other essential duties connected with the prosecution of the campaign against the terrorists in accordance with the policy laid down the Emergency Operations Council; (h) Overseas Commonwealth Forces shall not be employed on operations of a type of which their national authorities may disapprove, or which, in the opinion of those authorities, are militarily unsound; (i) The General Officer Commanding Overseas Commonwealth Lands Forces, the Air Officer Commanding Overseas Commonwealth Air Forces, and, if need be, the Flag Officer Malayan Area, shall be members of the Emergency Operations Council and shall have of appeal to their national authorities; (j) The Federation Government shall provide the Overseas Commonwealth Forces with any facilities which it may be agreed they require over and above those to be made available under the Defense Agreement; (k) Legal provision shall be made by the Federation Government to ensure that Overseas Commonwealth Forces employed on Emergency Operations are fully protected in respect of their acts in support of the Government of the Federation of Malaya In accordance with paragraph (f) and (g) above the Emergency Operations Council has recommended that the assistance of Overseas Commonwealth Lands Forces shall in the first instance be sought for operations against the terrorists in Johore, Perak and Kedah The Overseas Commonwealth Forces will continue to support operations throughout the Federation Within the Overseas Commonwealth Forces, the Commanders of the Australian and New Zealand elements will continue as hitherto to enjoy the right of direct appeal to and communication with their respective national authorities As regard legal protection for members of the Overseas Commonwealth Forces employed in Emergency Operations, the Government of the Federation of Malaya have stated that it has no present intention of amending or allowing the lapse of the Emergency Regulations now in force in so far as they affect the powers and legal protection of military forces employed on Emergency Operations These regulations while constituting the necessary legal basis for the conduct of Emergency Operations, will also afford members, of the Overseas Commonwealth Forces all necessary legal protection and it has been accepted that no fresh legislation will be needed on this subject, on the understanding that, if at any time the Federation of Malaya should contemplate amending any provision in the Emergency Regulations from which the military forces employed in Emergency Operations derive their powers and legal protection, the Government of the Federation of Malaya will inform Her Majesty’s Government in the United Kingdom in advance and afford them and Her Majesty’s Government in Australian and New Zealand an adequate opportunity to comment Apart from the arrangement described above for the Overseas Commonwealth Forces assisting the Government of the Federation of Malaya in its campaign against the territories the Government of the Federation will rely upon its own Security Forces the discharge of its responsibility for the maintenance of Law and Order As in the case of the Overseas Commonwealth Forces, the Federation of Malaya’s Director of Emergency Operations will not have command of any of the forces of the Federation of Malaya but the General Officer Commanding, Federation Army, and the Commissioner of Police will operate such of their forces as are at any time employed on Emergency Operations under his general directions The General Officer Commanding, Federation Army, and The Commissioner of Police will also be members of the Emergency Operations Council The Prime Minister in Chairman of the Emergency Operations with the Minister of Defense as Deputy Chairman The Council is thus composed as follows: - Chair man: Prime Minister, Federation of Malaya; Deputy Chairman: Minister for Defense and Internal Security Federation of Malaya; Certain other Ministers of Government of the Federation of Malaya; Secretary for Defense and Internal Security Federation of Malaya; General Officer Commanding, Federation Army; Commissioner of Police, Federation of Malaya; General Officer Commanding Overseas Commonwealth Lands Forces; Air Officer Commanding Overseas Commonwealth Air Forces, and if need be/ The Flag Officer, Malayan Area 10 The purpose of these arrangement is, on the one hand, to give affective recognition to the fact that the conduct of Emergency Operations is now the exclusive responsibility of the Government of the Federation of Malaya, and, on the other hand, to safeguard the position and interests of Her Majesty’s Government of the Federation of Malaya in its prosecution of the campaign against the Communist terrorists Nguồn: [1, Volume II, tr.260-263] Malayan Treaty of 12 October 1957 Agreement with Britain on External Defense and Mutual Assistance Whereas the Federation of Malaya is fully self- governing and independence within the Commonwealth; And whereas the Government of the Federation of Malaya and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland recognize that it is in their common interest to preserve peace and to provide for their mutual defense; And whereas the Government of the Federation of Malaya has now assumed responsibility for the external defense of its territory; Now therefore the Government of the Federation of Malaya and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland have agreed as follows: Article The Government of the United Kingdom undertake to afford to the Government of the Federation of Malaya such assistance as the Government of the Federation of Malaya may require for the external defense of its territory Article ii: The Government of the United Kingdom will furnish the Government of the Federation of Malaya with assistance of the kind referred to in Annex of this Agreement, as may from time to time be agreed between the two governments for the training and development of the armed forces of the Federation Article iii: The Government of the Federation of Malaya will afford to the Government of the United Kingdom the right to maintain in the Federation such naval land and air forces including a Commonwealth Strategic Reserve as are agreed between the two Government to be necessary for the purpose of Article i of this Agreement and for the fulfillment of Commonwealth and international obligations It is agreed that the forces referred to in this Article may be accompanied by authorized service organizations, and civilian components (of such size as may be agreed between the two Governments to be necessary) and dependants Article iv: The Government of the Federation of Malaya agrees that the Government of the United Kingdom may for the purposes of this Agreement have, maintain and use bases and facilities in the Federation in accordance with the provisions of Annexes and of this Agreement and may establish, maintain and use such additional bases and facilities as may from time to time be agreed between the two Governments The Government of the United Kingdom shall at the request of the Government of the Federation of Malaya vacate any base or part thereof; in such event the Government of the Federation of Malaya shall provide at its expense agreed alternative accommodation and facilities Article v: The conditions contained in Annex of this Agreement shall apply to the forces, the authorized service organizations, the civilian components and the dependants referred to in Article iii while in the territory of the Federation of Malaya in pursuance of this Agreement Article vi: In the event of the threat of armed attack against any of the territories of forces of the Federation of Malaya or any of territories of protectorates of the United Kingdom in the Far East or any of the forces of the United Kingdom within those territories or protectorates or within the Federation of Malaya, or other threat to the preservation of peace in the Far East, the Governments of the Federation of Malaya and of the United Kingdom will consult together on the measures to be taken jointly or separately to ensure the fullest co-operation between them for the purpose of meeting the situation effectively Article vii: In the event of an armed attack against any of the territories or forces of the Federation of Malaya of any of any of territories of protectorates of the United Kingdom in the Far East or any of the forces of the United Kingdom within any of those territories or protectorates or within the Federation of Malaya, the Governments of the Federation of Malaya and of the United Kingdom undertake to co-operate with each other and will take such action as each considers necessary for the purpose of meeting the situation effectively Article viii: In the event of a threat to the preservation of peace or the outbreak of hostilities elsewhere than in the area covered by Article vi and vii the Government of the United Kingdom shall obtain the prior agreement of the Governments of the Federation of Malaya before committing United Kingdom forces to active operations involving the use of bases in the Federation of Malaya; but this shall not affect the right of the Government of the United Kingdom to withdraw forces from the Federation of Malaya Article ix: The Government of the United Kingdom will consult the Governments of the Federation of Malaya when major changes in the character of development of the forces maintain in the Federation as provided for in accordance with Article iii are contemplated Article x: The Governments of the Federation of Malaya and the Government of the United Kingdom will afford each other an adequate opportunity for comment upon any major administrative of legislative proposals which may affect the operation of this Agreement Article xi: For the purposes of this Agreement, unless the context otherwise requires: “bases” means areas in the Federation made available by the Governments of the Federation of Malaya to the Government of the United Kingdom for the purpose of this Agreement and includes the immovable property and installations situated thereon or constructed therein; “force” means anybody, contingent or detachment of any naval, land or air forces, or of any such forces, including a Commonwealth Strategic Reserve when in the territory of the Federation pursuant to this Agreement but shall not include any forces of the Federation of Malaya: “the Federation” means the Federation of Malaya; “Service authorities” means the authorities of a force who are empowered by the law of the country to which the force belongs to exercise command or jurisdiction over members of a force or civilian components of dependents “Federation authorities” means the authority or authorities from time to time authorized or designated by the Government of the Federation of Malaya for the purpose of exercising the powers in relation to which the expression is used; “civilian component” means the civilian personnel accompanying a force, who are employed in the service of a force of by an authorized service organization accompanying a force, and who are not stateless persons, nor nationals of, nor ordinarily resident in, the Federation; “authorized service organization” means a body organized for the benefit of, or to serve the welfare of, a force or civilian component or dependent; “dependant” means a person not ordinarily resident in the Federation who is spouse of a member of a force or civilian component or who is wholly or mainly maintain or charge or care, or who forms part of his family; “service vehicles” means vehicles, including hired vehicles, which are exclusively in the service of a force or authorized service organization; The expression “of a force” used in relation to “vessels” or “aircraft” includes vessels and aircraft on charter for the service of a force Article xii: This Agreement shall come into force on the date of signature In witness whereof the undersigned, being duly authorized thereto by their respective Government, have signed this Agreement Done at Kuala Lumpur in duplicate, this 12th day of October, 1957 For the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Signature of G.W.TORY For the Government of the Federation of Malaya Signature of TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN PUTRA Nguồn: [1, Volume II, tr.264-268] Bản Tuyên ngôn Độc lập Malaya Tunku Abdul Rahman tuyên bố Độc lập Malaya sau đọc Tuyên ngôn Độc lập ... trị, sở để định hình đường đấu tranh giành độc lập dân tộc Malaya giai đoạn sau Chương Con đường đấu tranh giành độc lập dân tộc Malaya (từ sau Chiến tranh giới II đến năm 1957) luận giải theo... KHOA HỌC XÃ HỘI LÝ TƯỜNG VÂN CON ĐƯỜNG ĐẤU TRANH GIÀNH ĐỘC LẬP DÂN TỘC CỦA MALAYA TỪ CUỐI THẾ KỈ XIX ĐẾN NĂM 1957 Chuyên ngành: Lịch sử Thế giới cận đại đại Mã số: 62.22.50.05 LUẬN... năm 1999, tác giả cho xuất cơng trình Con đường cứu nước đấu tranh giải phóng dân tộc số nước châu Á (từ cuối kỉ XIX đến năm 1945) Sau chuyên đề “Các đường cứu nước đấu tranh giải phóng dân tộc