Chuyên đề 20 đảo ngữ

Đề thi thử THPT Quốc Gia 2019 môn Vật Lý trường THPT Chuyên Bắc Ninh lần 1 CHUYÊN ĐỀ 20 ĐẢO NGỮ (INVERSION) I KIẾN THỨC TRỌNG TÂM A LÝ THUYẾT 1 Định nghĩa * Trong tiếng Anh, đảo ngữ được hiểu một cách[.]

CHUYÊN ĐỀ 20: ĐẢO NGỮ (INVERSION) I KIẾN THỨC TRỌNG TÂM A LÝ THUYẾT Định nghĩa * Trong tiếng Anh, đảo ngữ hiểu cách đơn giản đặt động từ đứng trước chủ ngữ câu (giống việc mà thường làm muốn đặt câu hỏi) * Ta dùng phép đảo ngữ để nhấn mạnh ý gây hiệu ứng đặc biệt cho câu mà muốn diễn đạt * Trong trường hợp này, người ta thường đưa thành phần muốn nhấn mạnh lên đứng đầu câu Các trường hợp đảo ngữ 2.1 Đảo ngữ trạng ngữ phủ định đứng đầu câu * Never/ At no time (chưa bao giờ) Ví dụ: Alana never/ at no time does housework → Never/ At no time does Alana housework (Chưa bao giờAlana làm việc nhà.) * Seldom/ Rarely (hiếm khi) Ví dụ: Anne seldom/ rarely goes home after curfew → Seldom/ Rarely does Anne go home after curfew (Hiếm Anne nhà sau giới nghiêm.) * Hardly/ Hardly ever (hầu khơng) Ví dụ: Tamara hardly/ hardly ever goes to work late → Hardly/ Hardly ever does Tamara go to work late (Hầu Tamara không làm muộn.) * Little (gần khơng) Ví dụ: She little knows how much he misses her Trang → Little does she know how much he misses her (Cô gần anh nhớ cô đến nhường nào.) * In no way (không đời nào) Ví dụ: Bella in no way agreed to go with a stranger She is alway cautious → In no way did Bella agree to go with a stranger She is always cautious (Không đời Bella lại đồng ý người lạ Cô cẩn trọng.) * On no account (khơng lý nào) Ví dụ: You should on no account put all your eggs in one basket → On no account should you put all your eggs in one basket (Bạn không nên lý mà đầu tư hết vào chỗ.) * On no condition (tuyệt đối khơng) Ví dụ: You should on no condition quit that extremely highly-paid job → On no condition should you quit that extremely highly-paid job (Bạn tuyệt đối không nên bỏ công việc lương vô cao vậy.) * In/ Under no circumstances (Trong hồn Ví dụ: cảnh không) She will in/ under no circumstances agree to marry such a brutal man → In/ Under no circumstances will she agree to marry such a brutal man Trang (Dù hồn cảnh không đồng ý cưới người đàn ông tàn bạo đến vậy.) * Nowhere (Không nơi nào) Ví dụ: He could find a safe place to sleep nowhere that night → Nowhere could he find a safe place to sleep that night (Anh tìm thấy nơi an tồn để ngủ đêm hơm đó.) * No longer (khơng cịn nữa) Ví dụ: She will no longer be my friend after deceiving me like that → No longer will she be my friend after deceiving me like that (Cô không cịn bạn tơi sau lừa dối tơi vậy.) * Lưu ý: Chúng ta đảo ngữ trạng ngữ bổ nghĩa cho toàn cụm từ mệnh đề trạng từ bổ nghĩa cho danh từ Ví dụ: Hardly anyone turned up for the party (Không đảo ngữ) (Gần tới dự bữa tiệc.) 2.2 Đảo ngữ cụm từ với “ONLY” đứng đầu câu * Only after (chỉ sau khi) Ví dụ: I can let you watch TV only after you finish your meal → Only after you finish your meal can I let you watch TV (Chỉ sau em ăn xong, chị cho em xem TV.) Trang * Only by (chỉ cách) Ví dụ: You will get the scholarship this term only by studying hard → Only by studying hard will you get the scholarship this term (Chỉ cách học hành chăm chỉ, cậu lấy học bổng kì này.) * Only if (chỉ khi, nếu) Ví dụ: Mr Smith could keep this position only if more than 50% of the delegates voted for him → Only if more than 50% of the delegates voted for him could Mr Smith keep this position (Chỉ 50% số đại biểu bầu cử cho ơng Smith ơng giữ vị trí này.) * Only then/ later (chỉ đến sau này) Ví dụ: Anna only realised that her children meant the world to her then/ later → Only then/ later did Anna realise that her children meant the world to her (Chỉ đến sau Anna nhận giới cô ấy.) * Only when (chỉ đến khi) Ví dụ: He knew that he loved her only when he let her go → Only when he let her go, did he know that he loved her (Chỉ đến anh để cô rời đi, anh biết anh yêu cô.) * Only in this/ that way (chỉ cách này/kia) Ví dụ: You can only cross the jungle safely in this/ that Trang way → Only in this/ that way can you cross the jungle safely (Chỉ cách này/ bạn băng qua rừng cách an tồn.) * Lưu ý: Only when (chỉ đến khi) = Not until (mãi Ví dụ: đến khi) She really believed he was safe only when/ not until her son went back home → Only when/ Not until her son went back home did she really believe he was safe (Chỉ đến khi/ Mãi đến trai bà trở nhà bà tin cậu bình an.) 2.3 Đảo ngữ với liên từ tương quan * Not only but also (Khơng mà cịn) Ví dụ: * Chỉ đảo ngữ mệnh đề chứa not only She can not only sing beautifully but also she can dance perfectly → Not only can she sing beautifully but also she can dance perfectly (Không cô hát hay mà cịn nhảy đẹp nữa.) * Scarcely/ Hardly/ Barely when No Ví dụ: sooner than (ngay vừa thì) - They had scarcely escaped from the building * Mệnh đề với scarcely/ hardly/ barely/ no when it collapsed sooner chia q khứ hồn thành Mệnh → Scarcely had they escaped from the building đề với when/ than chia khứ đơn when it collapsed (Ngay họ vừa khỏi tịa nhà sụp xuống.) - We had no sooner mentioned him than he arrived Trang → No sooner had we mentioned him than he arrived (Chúng vừa nhắc đến anh anh tới.) * Neither nor (chẳng phải chẳng phải) Ví dụ: * Đảo ngữ hai mệnh đề He neither wanted to obey his mother nor he wanted to make her sad → Neither did he want to obey his mother nor did he want to make her sad (Anh không muốn làm theo lời mẹ, không muốn làm mẹ buồn.) 2.4 Đảo ngữ với câu điều kiện * Đôi mệnh đề if câu điều kiện đảo ngữ cách khiến cho câu trở nên trang trọng Trong trường hợp này, người ta bỏ liên từ “if” dùng hình thức đảo ngữ thay * Câu điều kiện loại 1: Ví dụ: If + S + V If you buy more than two pairs of shoes, I will → Should + S + V offer you a discount → Should you buy more than two pairs of shoes, I will offer you a discount (Nếu bạn mua nhiều hai đôi giày, giảm giá cho bạn.) * Câu điều kiện loại với “to be” Ví dụ 1: If + S + were + N If I were a bird, I would be an eagle, one of the → Were + S + N largest and strongest birds in the world → Were I a bird, I would be an eagle, one of the largest and strongest birds in the world (Nếu chim, đại bàng, loài chim lớn mạnh giới.) * Câu điều kiện loại với “V” Ví dụ 2: If + S + ed If I had enough money, I would build a new house → Were + S + to V Trang for my mom and dad → Were I to have enough money, I would build a new house for my mom and dad (Nếu tơi có đủ tiền, tơi xảy cho bố mẹ nhà mới.) * Câu điều kiện loại If + S + had P2 Ví dụ 1: → Had + S + P2 If I had listened to her advice, I wouldn’t have lost all my money → Had I listened to her advice, I wouldn’t have lost all my money (Nếu nghe lời khuyên cô ấy, không bị hết tiền vậy.) * Khi động từ chia thể phủ định, ta đảo Ví dụ 2: “had” mà “hadn’t” If I hadn’t been absent from yesterday’s meeting, I would have met Ronaldo in person → Had I not been absent from yesterday’s meeting, I would have met Ronaldo in person (Nếu không vắng mặt buổi họp ngày hôm qua, tận mắt thấy Ronaldo rồi.) * Đảo ngữ đặc biệt câu điều kiện Trong tiếng Anh, có cấu trúc diễn đạt nghĩa đó/ điều cản trở khơng cho đó/ điều xảy ra, bắt đầu liên từ “if” với đại từ “it”, mang ý nghĩa “nếu khơng vì/ khơng nhờ vào/ khơng có ” a Ví dụ 1: If it wasn’t/ weren’t for + N, S + would + V → Were it not for + N, S + would + V If it wasn’t/ weren’t for you, I wouldn’t come → Were it not for you, I wouldn’t come (Nếu cậu tớ khơng tới rồi.) Trang b Ví dụ 2: If it hadn’t been for + N, S + would + have + P2 If it hadn’t been for your help, I wouldn’t have → Had it not been for + N, S + would + have + overcome that difficulty P2 → Had it not been for your help, I wouldn’t have overcome that difficulty (Nếu khơng nhờ có giúp đỡ bạn tơi khơng vượt qua khó khăn ấy.) Lưu ý: Ta có cấu trúc tương đương sau: Ví dụ: But for + N = Without + N = Had it not been for Had it not been for your help, I wouldn’t have + N (Nếu không vì/ khơng có/nếu khơng nhờ overcome that difficulty vào ) → But for/ Without your help, I wouldn’t have overcome that difficulty (Nếu khơng nhờ có giúp đỡ bạn tơi khơng vượt qua khó khăn ấy.) 2.5 Đảo ngữ với “so” “such” * Đảo ngữ với “so” Ví dụ: S + V + so + adj/ adv + that … - He spoke so fast that I could hardly understand → So + adj + be + S + that him → So + adv + auxiliary + S + V + that → So fast did he speak that I could hardly understand him (Cậu nói nhanh tới nỗi tơi gần khơng hiểu cậu nói gì.) - The document was so important that I couldn’t leave it here on the table → So important was the document that I couldn’t leave it here on the table (Tài liệu quan trọng tơi khơng thể để bàn.) * Đảo ngữ với “such” Ví dụ: a He was such an intelligent student that he could Trang S + V + such + N + that solve that challenging mathematical task in just → Such + N + V + S + that minutes → Such an intelligent student was he that he could solve that challenging mathematical task in just minutes (Cậu học sinh thông minh tới nỗi giải tốn hóc búa phút.) b Ví dụ: It + be + such + N that It was such a visually appealing video that my → Such + be + N + that children watched it over and over again → Such was a visually appealing video that my children watched it over and over again (Video hấp dẫn tới nỗi xem xem lại nhiều lần.) 2.6 Đảo ngữ với trạng từ nơi chốn * Khi đặt trạng ngữ nơi chốn lên Ví dụ: đầu câu, ta sử dụng đảo ngữ Tuy nhiên, - An expensive piece of jewelry was in the box trường hợp đảo ngữ ta cần đưa động từ → In the box was an expensive piece of jewelry câu lên đứng trước chủ ngữ, không đưa (Trong hộp trang sức đắt tiền.) trợ động từ * Động từ to be thường sử dụng dạng - Three kids stood on the table đảo ngữ này, ngồi ta cịn dùng nội động từ → On the table stood three kids chuyển động như: climb (leo, trèo), come (Ba đứa trẻ đứng bàn.) (tới), fly (bay), go (đi), hang (treo), lie (nằm), run (chạy), sit (ngồi), stand (đứng) * Không đảo ngữ chủ từ đại từ nhân xưng Ví dụ: - She sat on the chair () → On the chair sat she (X) (Cô ngồi ghế.) Trang - They were under the bed () → Under the bed were they (X) (Chúng gầm dưới.) * Lưu ý: Ví dụ 1: - Ta sử dụng đảo ngữ với trạng từ nơi - Here comes the train chốn “here” (ở đây) “there” (ở đó) (Chuyến tàu tới rồi.) - There is the book you always want to read (Đó sách mà bạn muốn đọc.) - Ta khơng đảo ngữ chủ từ đại từ Ví dụ 2: nhân xưng - There she stands (Cô đứng đó.) - Here it is (Nó này.) 2.8 Đảo ngữ với “as” “than” câu so sánh * Đảo ngữ với “as” Ví dụ: - He wants to start his own business, and his close friend wants the same → He wants to start his own business, as does his close friend (Anh muốn mở kinh doanh riêng, bạn thân anh muốn vậy.) * Đảo ngữ với “than” Ví dụ: - Alan has more siblings than you → Alan has more siblings than you (Alan có nhiều anh chị em bạn.) B BÀI TẬP MINH HỌA Circle one letter to indicate the sentence that best combines each pair of sentences in the following questions Câu 1: (Trích “Đề thi THPT QG 2015") Trang 10 _at school yesterday when we were informed that there was no class due to a sudden power cut A We had arrived hardly B We have hardly arrived C Hardly we had arrived D Hardly had we arrived Hướng dẫn: Ta thấy mệnh đề thứ hai câu when, phương án cho chứa từ hardly nên ta có cấu trúc câu đảo ngữ phù hợp: Hardly + had + P2 when S V (ngay vừa thì) → Phương án D với cấu trúc ngữ pháp Chọn D Câu 2: (Trích “Đề thi tuyển sinh Đại học 2011”) Hardly did he enter the room when all the lights went out A did he enter B when C the lights D went Hướng dẫn: Khi trạng từ hardly đứng đầu câu, ta phải sử dụng đảo ngữ cấu trúc câu đảo ngữ với hardly sau: Hardly had P2 when S V (ngay vừa thì) → Phương án A khơng với cấu trúc ngữ pháp khứ đơn Muốn phải sửa did he enter thành had he entered Chọn A Câu 3: for the heavy storm, the accident would not have happened Note: A If it isn’t B Hadn’t it been Hadn’t it been C Had it not been D Were it not for (X) Hướng dẫn: Had it not been Ta thấy mệnh đề thứ hai câu tương lai hồn thành, nên suy for () câu điều kiện loại Phương án B C phù hợp với câu điều kiện loại 3, nhiên dạng đảo ngữ ta dùng Had it not been for không dùng Hadn’t it been for Ta có cấu trúc đầy đủ: Had it not been for + N, S + would have P2 Trang 11 Chọn C II BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG I - Circle one letter to indicate the option that best completes each of the following sentences Hardly ever far from home A my daughter traveled B my daughter has traveled C did my daughter travel D my daughter did travel he arrived at the bus stop when the bus came A Hardly had B No sooner C No longer has D Not until had No sooner than the class started A did my friends arrive C my friends arrived B had my friends arrived D my friends had arrived Hardly had Jane the project report when Jim came in A finish B finishing C finished D to finished Nowhere the fresh and peaceful air like here A can you enjoy B you can enjoy C you enjoy D you enjoy circumstances should you call me after midnight A On B Under C Under no D On no Only after you obtain a driving license a car A did you drive B can you drive C you will be able to drive D you are able to drive Scarcely the phone down when the manager rang back A did he put B has he put C had he put D he had put Had they arrived at the conference earlier, they the professor they admired A had met B have met C met D would have met C did you get D you got 10 Only by working harder higher pay A will you get B you will get 11 Only by working extra time able to support his large family A he was B he is C he’s being D was he 12 Little that I would get mark A for this subject Trang 12 A did I imagine B I imagined C I could imagine D imagined I C there has been D there hasn’t been 13 Never any doubt about the matter A has there been B hasn't there been 14 else can there be a woman like this, so everybody admires her A Anywhere B Somewhere C Where D Nowhere 15 , they would not have admired her so much A If she were generous B Had it not been for her generosity C If it hadn't been for she were generous D Despite her generosity 16 will Andrew get a higher salary in the future A With hard work B Despite his hard work C Only if he works hardly D Only by working hard 17 So that my cousin licked the plate clean A being hungry B great her hunger C hungry was she D had she hunger 18 you wish to cancel your order, please contact our customer service department A Should B Were C Had D If 19 the medicine than she began to feel better A Not until she swallowed B Hardly did she swallow C No sooner had she swallowed D Having swallowed 20 Vietnam has more motorbikes on roads A than European countries are B European countries than C than European countries D than are European countries II - Complete the following sentences, using the words provided in the box below will did only circumstances account such nor until even under At no time he seem to realise what an idiot he was making of himself At no time before have I heard arrant nonsense Not if they halved the price would I buy such a heap of old rubbish Under no must this door be left unlocked Not the bell rang did he finish his work Trang 13 the table was a sleeping dog On no should you miss this once-in-a-lifetime opportunity Neither was the food up to standard was the service particularly good Not for all the money in the world I what you’re suggesting 10 Not I know you’re wrong, but I can also prove you’re wrong III - Rewrite the following somitoces without changing their original meanings I have never been to any English-speaking countries before At no time to any English speaking countries before She rarely has any money to spare Rarely He became so suspicious that he didn‘t even trust his close friend So suspicious trust his close friend If you lent me some more money, I could pay a debt immediately Were immediately We not only went to the National Park, but we also saw a Habour Bridge in Sydney Not Habour Bridge in Sydney He hardly ever spoke to anyone at the farewell party Hardly the farewell party The nation has seldom been faced with such difficulties Seldom such difficulties They had hardly started playing tennis when it began to rain Hardly it began to rain A father has seldom sacrificed so much for his child like that Seldom for his child 10 You should not come home after midnight on any account On no account after midnight 11 She would not give up her acting career under any circumstances Under no circumstances her acting career 12 He realized the importance of his wife only after she had left him this morning Trang 14 Only after his wife 13 They were not able to appreciate the beauty of this town until they visited it Not until the beauty of this town 14 My father only stays in bed if he is seriously ill Only if 15 We only then realized how much she had suffered during her time here Only then during her time here 16 The students were only able to the exercise with a great deal of effort Only the exercise 17 But for John, we would not have enjoyed ourselves so much Had ourselves so much 18 Mary had hardly sat down to read her favourite book when the phone rang Hardly the phone rang 19 You will not be allowed to enter the President Palace under any circumstances Under enter the President Palace 20 He was so anxious to start a new life that he actually moved to a new house So anxious to a new house Trang 15 Trang 16 ... Chúng ta đảo ngữ trạng ngữ bổ nghĩa cho toàn cụm từ mệnh đề trạng từ bổ nghĩa cho danh từ Ví dụ: Hardly anyone turned up for the party (Khơng đảo ngữ) (Gần khơng có tới dự bữa tiệc.) 2.2 Đảo ngữ cụm... buồn.) 2.4 Đảo ngữ với câu điều kiện * Đôi mệnh đề if câu điều kiện đảo ngữ cách khiến cho câu trở nên trang trọng Trong trường hợp này, người ta bỏ liên từ “if” dùng hình thức đảo ngữ thay *... lần.) 2.6 Đảo ngữ với trạng từ nơi chốn * Khi đặt trạng ngữ nơi chốn lên Ví dụ: đầu câu, ta sử dụng đảo ngữ Tuy nhiên, - An expensive piece of jewelry was in the box trường hợp đảo ngữ ta cần