Báo cáo khoa học: Kỹ năng làm văn nghị luận phân tích tác phẩm văn học pot

f • t: Ky nang lam van nghj luan phan tfeh tac pham van hoc ThS. NGUYEN MINH HOAT Khoa SQ pham TrQdng Dai hgc Tay Nguyen I.DATVAniDE Phan mdn Lam van thugc bg mdn NgQ van cd vi tri dac biet quan trgng trong trudng THPT. Phan mdn nay dugc xem la tong hgp tri thQc van hgc va ddi sdng, ket tinh sQ sang tao, cam thp van chQdng cua hgc sinh qua bai viet lam van. Nghi luan phan tich mdt tac pham van hgc (trdn ven hay trich doan) la loai bai pho bien cua hgc sinh trong qua trinh hgc va thi cii. Loai bai nay nham kiem tra nang luc hieu va cam thu van hgc cija ngudi viet. ThQc chat d day la ngddi viet chi ra cai hay, cai d^p ve ndi dung, nghe thuat cija mdt tac pham van hgc nao dd. Tuy vay, do tinh chat, dac trung rieng biet ddc dao cua van hgc nen viec phan tich ndi rieng va each thQc tiep nhan tac pham van hgc ndi chung khdng ddn gian. Mdt mat, doi vdi nhQng kiet tac van hgc cd sQc sdng lau ben bao gid cung la sQ khai quat sau sac cua nha van ve cudc sdng va con ngudi. NhQng khai quat nghe thuat ay tiem an nhQng y nghTa, nhieu phUdng dien tQ cai dddc bieu hien de suy ra eai bleu hien. Vi the, bat cQ ai, d dau, va khi nao cung cd the tim tha'y hinh bdng cua minh trong dd. Cho nen, cung mgt hinh tugng van hgc nhung mdi ca nhan, mdi thdi dai cd mgt each cam nhan rieng. Mat khac, ly thuyet lam van, tieu chi de danh gia mpt bai van lai cang phQc tap, cd nhieu y kien khac nhau. ThQc te giao vien va hgc sinh dang gap khdng it khd khan trd ngai tQ ndi dung ly thuye't trQu tugng thieu nha't quan cho den phuong phap day va hgc tap lam van. Nghi luan van hgc gom nhieu kieu bai: giai thich, ChQng minh, binh luan, phan tich, The nhUng ly thuye't ve cac kieu bai nay cdn nhieu van de chua dugc thong nha't. Mgt so giao vien cdn lung tung khi hudng din hgc sinh phan biet cac kieu bai va van dung trong bai lam van. Cdn phan Idn hgc sinh chua phan biet dugc ranh gidi va mdi quan he bien ChQng giQa cac kieu bai. Dac biet la kieu bai phan tich va cac kieu khac, bai lam cua hgc sinh cdn nhieu lin Idn, hinh thQc diin dat gan gidng nhau. Cac loai sach tham khao, sach giao khoa va ke ca dap an cac ky thi td't nghiep phd thdng, tuyen sinh cao dang - dai hgc cung cdn nhieu van de can trao doi xung quanh ly thuye't lam van, xac djnh tieu chi kieu bai phan tich va tieu chi de danh gia chat lUdng mdt bai lam van. TQ nhQng kinh nghiem thQc tiln, tham khao nhieu tai lieu va tiep thu y kien cua ddng nghiep, bai viet ve kT nSng lam van nghi luan phan tich tac pham van hpc, gdp phan trao doi thao luan vdi ddng nghiep ve day phan mdn lam van cho hgc sinh, giQp hgc sinh hgc tdt kieu bai nghj luan phan tich tacpham van hoc. II. cAc KHAI niiEivi PHAN TICH TAC PHAM VAN Hpc TQ trQdc den nay, d cap THCS va cap THPT da dQa nghi luan phan tich tac pham van hgc vao giang day. Tuy nhien d mdi cap hgc va mdt sd tai lieu neu khai niem phan tich ndi chung va phan tich tac pham van hgc trong nha trudng ndi rieng cdn cd nhieu cap do chUa ddng nha't. Cu the ; - Tai lieu chuan kien thQc Van -Tieng Viet 12 (1994), Tran Dinh SQ (chu bien), NXB GD, tr177, da neu khai niem : Phan tich van hpc la kham pha cac gia tri van hpc va van de van hpc qua tdng khia canh vi tdng bieu hien cu the cua tac pham van hpc, sang tac cua mpt tac gii van hpc, cua mpt giai doan hay cua mpt nhan dinh ly luan van hpc. Khi lam bai phan tich can thQc hien hai yeu cau sau day : -h Chia ddi tugng phan tich ra tQng phan, tQng khia canh theo mdt logic nha't djnh. + Phat hien ndi dung tQng phan, tQng khia canh ay qua cac bieu hien cu the (phan tich ehi tiet). - Sach giao khoa (SGK) lam van 12 (2000), Tran Dinh SQ (chu bien), NXB GD, tr 53, cd dUa ra khai niem: Phan tich van hpc la kieu bai nghi luan DAY VA HOC NGAY NAY SO 7-2010 41 dem mot hien tddng van hpc (tae pham, van de) chia nho ra de xem xet tdng phan roi dem ket qui tdng hdp lai trong mpt ket lain ehung. - Tii dien tieng Viet (1997), Hoang Phe (chu bien), NXB Da Ning, tr 746 cd viet : Phan tich li phan chia sd that hay bing tddng tddng mpt ddi tddng nhan thdc ra cac yeu td trai vdi tdng hdp. - SGK NgQ van 9 tap 2 (2005), Nguydn KhSc Phi (tong chu bien), Tran Dinh Si!f (chu bien phan Tap lam van), NXB GD, tr 10, da neu khai niem phan tich va tong hdp : Phan tich la phep lap luan trinh bay tdng bp phin, phddng dien eda mpt van de nhim chi ra npi dung cua sd vat hien tddng. De phan ti'eh npi dung cua sd vat hien tddng, ngddi ta co the van dung eae bien phap neu gii thiet, so sanh, ddi chieu va ci phep lap luan giil thich, chdng minh. Td'ng hgp la phep lap luan rut ra cai chung tQ nhQng dieu da phan tich. Khdng cd phan tich thi khdng cd tong hgp. Lap luan tong hgp thudng dat d cudi doan hay cud'i bai, d phan ke't luan cua mgt phan hoac toan bg van ban. - SGK NgQ van 11 tap 1 (2007), Phan Trgng Luan (tdng chu bien ), Le A (chu bien phan lam van), NXB GD, tr 25, cd trinh bay : Trong qua trinh nhin thdc, viec chia nho ddi tddng thanh nhieu yeu td de dl sau xem xet mpt each kT cing npl dung vi mdi quan he ben trong cung nhd ben ngoil cua chung gpi la phin tich. - SGK NgO van nang cao 11 tapl (2007), Tran Dinh SQ (td'ng chu bien), NXB GO, tr 70, da dUa ra khai niem : Chia tach sd vat hien tddng thanh nhieu yeu td nhd de dl sau vio xem xet mpt each kT Iddng npl dung va mdi quan he ben trong cua hien tddng va sd vat do gpi li phan tich. - SGK NgQ van 12 tap 1 (2009), Phan Trgng Luan (Tong chu bien), Le A (chu bien phan lam van), NXB GD, tr 86, khi gidi thieu Nghi luan ve mgt bai thg, doan thd phan ghi nhd cd trinh bay: Bai viet (Nghi luan ve mgt bai thg, doan thd) thudng cd cac ngi dung sau : H- Gidi thieu khai quat ve bai thd. -I- Bai ve nhQng gia trj ngi dung va nghe thuat cija bai thd, doan tho. H- Danh gia chung ve bai thd, doan thd. - SGK NgQ van 12 tap 2 (2009), Phan Trgng Luan (Td'ng chu bien), Le A (chiJ bien phan lam van), NXB GD, tr 36, khi gidi thieu Nghj luan ve mdt tac pham, mdt doan trich van xudi phan ghi nhd cd trinh bay : Bai nghj luan ve mgt tac pham, mgt doan trich van xudi thudng cd cac ngi dung : -I- Gidi thieu tac pham hoac doan trich van xudi can nghi luan. + Phan tich gia trj ngi dung va nghe thuat theo dinh hudng cija de hoac mgt so' khia canh dac sac nha't cija tac pham, doan trich. -I- Neu danh gia chung ve tac pham, doan trich. TQ cac khai niem tren chung ta cd the rut ra cac ngi dung cd ban cua khai niem phan tich mgt tac pham van hgc (trdn ven hay trich ddan) nhu sau : - Chia tach dd'i tQdng phan tich ra thanh cac khia canh. - Xem xet mgt each kT ludng cac gia tri ngi dung va nghe thuat qua tQng khia canh. Dong thdi kham pha, tim hieu mdi quan he ben trong va ben ngoai cua ddi tugng. - Td'ng hgp danh gia cac gia trj cua ddi tugng trong mgt ket luan chung. Dac diem chung cua thao tac phan tich la: - Cd thai do khach quan, khoa hgc. - Xem xet dd'i tugng mgt each toan dien, xac thQc - Can cd sQ phan doan tdng hgp lien tQdng chu quan, nhung phai dQa tren nhQng can cQ nhat djnh de tranh suy didn tuy tien. Ml. CAC THAO TAC Ctf BAni KHI LAM BAI VAN NGHI LUi^N PHAni TICH TAC PHAM VAN HOC 1. Chia doi tu'dng ra thanh cac khfa canh DQa vao tinh ddc lap tQdng doi cua ngi dung hay hinh thQc cua tac pham, khia canh cua tac pham van hgc de cd each chia cho phu hgp. * Doi vdi tac pham trQ tinh: - The tQ tuyet: Chia theo ke't cau cac cau thd trong bai thd : Khai - thQa - chuyen - hgp, hoac chia thanh hai phan de phan tich : hai cau dau va hai cau cuoi. - Tho that ngdn bat cu DQdng luat: cd the chia theo cau.true : de - thQc - luan - ket, hoac chia theo ke't cau hinh tugng. Chang han : cd the chia bai thd Thu dieu cua Nguyin Khuye'n thanh hai van de cinh thuva tinh thu6e phan tich. - Thd tQ do, thd mdi : cd the chia theo cau thd, khd thd, doan thd hay chia theo tQng y. * Ddi vdi tac pham tQ sQ : - Chia theo tQng khia canh cua van de dugc phan tich. Chang han : -I- Phan tich nhan vat: chia theo cac khia canh nhu : ngoai hinh - tinh each - ngi tam - hanh dgng hoac theo ke't cau tinh each cua nhan vat. H- Phan tich cac gia tri cua tac pham (Nghe thuat, nhan dao, sQ thi, ): dua vao cac ngi dung cija gia trj dugc bieu hien trong tac pham de chia thanh cac khia canh, nhQng phan dQdc chia nay cung la cac luan diem trien khai trong bai viet. 2. Xac djnh luan diem Luan diem la ngi dung khai quat cua tQng phan dogc chia. Nd la cac khia canh cua trgng tam. Cac luan diem chu yeu nam d phan than bai va cung lam sang to trgng tam. Luan diem cd the dugc diin ta thanh mgt cau van (cau chu de) nam trong doan van. Nd cd the dQng dau hay dQng giQa hay dQng cudi doan van. Cd luan diem Idn, luan diem nho hay luan diim nho hdn (tuy vao dung lugng cua bai viet dai hay ngSn 42 DAY vA HOC NGAY NAY SO 7-2010 de trien khai luan diem nhieu bac hay it bac). Vi du : Phan tich ve dep hinh tugng nhan vat HuanCao trong tac pham Chd ngddi td tu cua Nguyin Tuan. Chung ta cd the xac djnh cac luan diem chinh: ve dep tai hoa - ve dep khi phach - ve dep thien lUdng. Cac luan diem chinh cd the trien khai thanh mdt doan van, trong than bai cd nhieu doan van tao thanh. Mdi doan van cd: md doan - than doan - ket doan. (neu cd doan tiep theo thuc hien thao tac chuyen doan de g^an ke't y trong bai van) 3. Siji dung dan chuing Din ChQng la nhQng cau thd, doan thd, kho thg, tQ ngQ, hinh anh, van , nhjp, thanh, the loai va cac bien phap tu tQ doi vdi tac pham trQ tinh. Cac tinh tiet, chi tiet, each ke, each ta, each xay dQng nhan vat, tinh huong, su kien dd'i vdi tac pham tQ sQ. Viec IQa chgn din chQng phai chinh xac, tieu bieu, cd gia tri ngi dung va nghe thuat, phu hgp va lam sang td cac luan diem. Din chQng phai cd chieu sau ( phan tich ly giai cac din chQng quan trgng), va cd chieu rdng ( so lugng, pham vi din chQng phai phu hgp). Cach neu din chQng phai theo thdi gian, hoan canh ra ddi cua din chQng, theo diin bien sQ kien, theo khdng gian. Neu cac din chQng ddn gian den cac din chQng phQc tap Cac din chQng phai doge trinh bay d eae kieu nhu : trich nguyen van din chQng (ndi dung phai chinh xac va dUdc dat trong ngoac kep); trich mdt sd tQ ngQ tieu bieu, cac tQ dogc trich cung nam trong ngoac kep ; khai quat ndi dung din chQng bing Idi van cua ngQdi viet. Khi trinh bay din chQng can ke't hgp cac kieu tren. Din ChQng phai dogc phan tich lam rd luan diem : Phan tich din chQng la trinh bay nhQng gia trj ndi dung, hinh thQc va y nghTa cua din chQng (din ChQng dd cd tac dung nhu the nao trong viec diin ta tam trang hay the hien phong each tae gia hay diin dat mgt van de tU tQdng ). 4. Lien tddng md rpng van de Bang chat lieu ngdn tQ, tac pham van hgc bao gid cung dugc khai quat tQ cac chi tiet hien thQc ddi sdng. Cudc song sinh ddng dugc chat lgc, lUa chgn va khUc xa qua tu duy cua nha van de tao nen nhQng hinh togng nghe thuat ddc dao cd sQc sdng rieng. Tiep xQc vdi mgt tac pham van hgc la tiep xuc vdi mdt the gidi nghe thuat. The gidi nay bit ngudn tQ hien thQc cudc sdng, cd mdi quan he vdi hien thuc, phan anh hien thQc, nhQng nd khdng trung khit vdi hien thQc vl nd cd quy tac sang tao rieng. Kham pha, tim hieu mgt tac pham van hgc la chung ta dang tim hieu nhQng gia tri cua nghe thuat va cudc sdng ma nha van dem lai. Vi vay khi phan tich mgt tac pham van hpc, tren CO sd cac gia tri ma tac pham the hien ngUdi viet can lien tudng md rpng cac hinh togng nghe thuat vdi ddi sd'ng thQc tiin de tao tam nhin sau sac hon, tha'y dUdc mdi lien he giQa nghe thuat va cudc sdng. TQ mgt hinh togng khai quat trong tac pham ehung ta cd the lien tudng den nhQng van de cu the trong ddi sdng. TQ mdt nhan vat trong tac pham vdi nhQng dac diem ve ngoai hinh, tinh each, sd phan chung ta cd the lien tudng den mdt tang ldp ngudi trong xa hdi. TQ nhQng yeu td rieng cua mdt eon ngUdi dugc mieu ta trong tac pham cd tinh dien hinh quy luat chQng ta cd the lien tQdng den nhQng cai chung cua cdng ddng, xa hdi. Lien tudng md rdng hinh tUOng trong tac pham van hgc ra ngoai ddi sdng mdt each phQ hpp the hien trinh do nhan thQc khai quat van de nghe thuat sac sao cua ngudi viet. 5. Tong ket, nhan djnh, danh gia Muc dich phan tich van hgc la de nhan djnh, danh gia xac dang mdt hien tugng van hgc. Vi vay, sau khi tien hanh phan tich theo hudng de ra, bai viet phai de xua't nhan dinh danh gia hien tugng van hgc nhU: - Tinh ddc dao (cau tQ mdi la, ddi mdi so vdi truyen thdng) - Gia tri nhan thQc (mQc do ndng, sau so vdi van de neu ra) - Gia trj tu tQdng (thai do ddi vdi nhan dan, dat nQdc, con ngQdi) - Gia tri nghe thuat (mQc do tai nghe, sQc thuyet phuc, ggi cam, phong each) NhQng Idi tdng ke't, nhan dinh, danh gia nang cao gia trj cua sQ phan tich, dem lai tinh muc dich cho sQ phan tich. Nd phai phu hpp vdi sQ phan tich, tranh khap khiing, phan tich mdt dang ket luan mdt neo. IV. n/IOT SO Kl NANG LAM VAN NGHj LUAN PHAN TICH 1. Phan tich de a) Cac dang de ra Nghi luan phan tich thudc loai de hieu va cim tacpham van hpc. Loai de nay nham kiem tra trinh do tiep nhan tac pham van hgc cua hgc sinh vdi hinh thQc chinh la phan tich. (trQdc day ed khai niem binh giang - mdt kieu rieng cua phan tich). ThQdng ed cac kieu de phan tich nhQ sau : - Phan tich mpt bai tha trdn ven. Vi du : phan tich bai Thp duyen cua Xuan Dieu. - Phan tich mpt nhan vat. Vi du : Phan tich nhan vat Chi Pheo trong tac pham cung ten eua Nam Cao. Hoac phan tich nhan vat Huan Cao trong tac pham Chd ngddi td tu cua Nguyin Tuan. - Phan tich mpt tac pham van xudi (thudng la de lam sang td mdt phQdng dien nao dd ve ndi dung va nghe thuat). Vi du : Phan tich tinh sQ thi eua truyen ngin RQng Xa Nu cua Nguyen Trung Thanh. Hoac: Mdt trong nhQng sang tae nghe thuat dac sic cua Kim Lan trong truyen la da xay dQng mdt tinh hudng truyen ddc dao va hap din hay phan DAY VA HOC NGAY NAY SO 7-2010 43 tich truyen Vd nhat6e chQng minh cho y kien tren. - Phan tich mpt hinh tddng. Vi du: Phan tich hinh tugng "sdn^' trong bai thd sdng cua Xuan Quynh. Anh (chj) cd cam nhan gi ve tam hdn ngudi phu nQ trong tinh yeu qua bai thd nay. Hoac: Phan tich hinh tUdng cay xa nu trong truyen Rdng xi nu cua Nguyin Trung Thanh. - Phan tich mpt hinh anh. 'Vi du : Phan tich hinh anh dau sung trang treo trong bai thd Dong chi cua Chinh HQu. - Phan tich mpt tam trang. 'Vi du: Phan tich tam trang nang kieu qua doan tho Trao duyen trong truyen kieu. Hoac : Phan tich tam trang ba cu TQ trong truyen vd nhatcua Kim Lan. Nhu vay, pham vi nghi luan the loai phan tich gdm : Phan tich bai thd ; Phan tich mgt van de nao dd cua tac pham van xudi; Phan tich nhan vat; Phan tich mgt hinh tUdng ; Phan tich mdt hinh anh; Phan tich mdt tam trang ; So sanh hai tac pham van hgc. b) Phan tich de ra - Xac dinh the loai cua de ra De ra thudng cd yeu cau the loai trdc tieptren cau chQ nhQ : anh (chi) hay phan tich de ra cdn d dang gian tiep ve the loai nhQ : cam nhin, cim tddng, nhan xet, suy nghT cua anh ( chi). ThQc ra, d loai de nay ngQdi viet sCf dung thao tac chu yeu la phan tich, kham pha, tim hieu cac gia trj cua tac pham. Viec xac djnh dung the loai bai viet se cd each lam phu hgp theo yeu cau cua de ra. - Xac djnh luan de (trgng tam) cua bai lam Trgng tam cua bai lam la mgt ndi dung khai quat, cd dgng, dugc diin dat bang mdt vai cau van bao ham dugc ndi dung yeu cau cija bai ra. Nd ed mat d md bai, dugc ly giai d than bai thdng qua cac luan diem va dugc nhac lai d ket bai. Cach xac dinh trgng tam -I- Ddi vdi tac pham trQ tinh : H-) Bai thd : trgng tam chinh la chu de cua bai tho. H-) Doan thd : trgng tam la khai quat ndi dung cua toan bai thd va vj tri, chu de cua doan trich. + Ddi vdi tac pham tu sQ : -h) Phan tich nhan vat: trgng tam la dac diem khai quat eua nhan vat. +) Phan tich mgt gia trj cua tac pham nhu: nghe thuat, nhan dao, hien thQc, sif thi, lang man, cd dien, hien dai trgng tam la khai niem cua gia tri dUdc bieu hien trong tac pham. -h) Phan tich tinh hudng, y nghTa bieu tugng : trgng tam chinh la ndi dung khai quat cua tinh hudng va ngi dung cai dugc bieu hien cua bieu tugng. +j Phan tich tac pham, mdtvan de cua tac pham theo djnh hudng (cd ngi dung nhan xet, y kien danh gia ve tac pham d de ra) : trgng tam chinh la ngi dung cOa ldi nhan xet danh gia dd. + Khi phan tich so sanh hai tic pham, hay hai nhan vat, hay hai doan thd, trgng tam la ndi dung khai quat diem gidng va khac nhau cua hai ddi tugng so sanh. Xac dinh dung trgng tam de trien khai cac y xoay quanh trgng tam va cung lam sang td trgng tam giup cho bai viet logic, mach lac, chat che. - Dinh hudng pham vi tu lieu TQ lieu la yeu td quan trgng trong bai van nghj luan. Nd la cac din chQng, cac chat lieu de ngudi viet van cd cd sd khach quan de phan tich, danh gia tdng hgp cac gia tri cua tac pham. TQ lieu thQdng la cac van de lien quan den trgng tam cija bai lam. Nd cd trong van hgc va trong ddi sdng. Cd tu lieu bit budc (cac din chQng nam trong pham vi tac pham) va tQ lieu md rdng (cac din chQng nim ngoai tac pham, cd chung de tai, chu de, giai doan sang tac hay phong each cua nha van vdi npi dung dang dugc ly giai). 2. Md bai, ket bai trong nghi luan phan tich a) Md bai Muc dich cija md bai la nhim gidi thieu van de ma minh se viet, se trao ddi ban bac trong bai. Vi the khi viet md bai, thQc chat la tra ldi cau hdi: Anh (chj) djnh viet, dinh ban bac van de gi? - Nguyen tic: -I- Neu dung trgng tam (luan de) cua bai lam H- Chi neu nhQng y khai quat -I- Ke't cau thanh mgt doan van (khoang 5 den 8 ddng) - Cach md bai: -I-Gidi thieu din dit van de H-) TrQc tiep : di thing vao van de qua xuat xQ, hoan canh sang tac. Gidi thieu theo hinh thQc nay thQdng it sai nhQng hanh van kem hap din. -h) Gian tiep : neu ra nhQng y lien quan den van de can nghi luan de kheu ggi rdi mdi bit vao van de ay. Tuy vao mdi lien he giQa ngi dung phan gidi thieu va trgng tam cua bai viet cd the xac dinh each gidi thieu theo kieu gian tiep bing hinh thQc diin djch, quy nap, tQdng lien, ddi lap Gidi thieu theo kieu nay di phat huy dugc sd trQdng cua hanh van hay nhung di sa da, vdng veo xa trgng tam, ldi gidi thieu khdng khcip vdi trgng tam. H-) ket hdp gian tiep va true tiep. + Neu trong tam : day la van de chinh se ban trong than bai + Phan chuyen y xuong than bai : Neu phUdng thQc nghi luan va pham vi tu lieu se trinh bay hay trich din doan trich. De cd mdt ket bai hay can tranh : - Din dat vdng vo qua xa mai mdi gan dUdc vao viec neu van de - Y din dit khdng lien quan gi den van de se neu. - Neu van de qua dai ddng, chi tiet, cd gi ndi het ludn roi than bai lai lap lai nhQng dieu da ndi d md bai. De cd mdt md bai hay can phai : - Ngin ggn : Din dit thudng vai ba cau, neu &! S DAY vA HOC NGAY NAY SO 7-2010 van de mdt vai cau va gidi ban van de mdt cau. - Day du : Dge xong md bai, ngUdi dpc biet dugc bai Viet ban ve van de gi ? trong pham vi ndi dung tu lieu nao ? Thao tae chinh van dung d day la gi ? - Ddc dao : Md bai phai gay dugc sQ chu y cua ngudi dge vdi van de minh se viet. Mudn the phai cd each neu van de khac la : giQa cau din dit va cau neu van de phai tao dugc sQ bat ngd. - TQ nhien : sCf dung tQ ngQ can ddc dao, khac la nhQng phai gian di, tQ nhien gan gui vdi van boa ddi sdng va tam ly tiep nhan. Tranh lam van vung ve, gUdng ep gay cho ngudi doc cam giac khd chju bdi su gia tao. b) Ke't bai - Nguyen tic : -I- The hien dung quan diem da trinh bay d than bai (mieu ta lai trgng tam ) H- Chi neu nhQng y khai quat, thien ve tdng ket, danh gia van de -I- Ket cau thanh mgt doan van ( khoang 5 den 8 ddng) - Cach ket bai + Khai quat ndi dung bai viet H- Mieu ta lai trgng tam -I- Lien he, tdng ket danh gia van de (d phUdng dien ddi sdng va van hgc nghe thuat). - Mdt sd kieu ket bai tieu bieu. + Tdm Iddc {torn tit quan diem cua ngUdl vietd than bai) + Phat trien (md rdng them van de dat ra trong de bai) + Van dung {neu ra phQdng hQdng ap dung eai tdt, cai hay hoac khic phuc cai xau, cai dd cua hien tUdng hay y kien ndi trong bai van vao cudc sdng) + Lien tddng (mugn y kien tugng tQ cua dan gian, cua mdt ngudi cd uy tin hay Idi binh luan, danh gia ve tac pham, ddi tugng phan tich d SGK, tai lieu nghien cQu cd gia trj de thay cho ldi tdm tit cua ngudi lam bai). Ngoai ra ngUdi viet cd the van dung mdt sd kieu ke't bai nhU: Ket bii theo ldi diem nhan (dQng lai d nhQng chi tiet dit, cd gia trj nghe thuat cua ddi tugng phan tich tu dd binh luan md rdng ggi ra nhQng rung cam cho ngudi doc). Ket bai theo ldi binh luan md rpng va nang cao luan de cua bai viet, tQ tdng ket rdi phat trien nang len, tQ tdm tit den rQt ra bai hgc theo nhieu ldp, ldp nay gdi ldp kia lan toa cho tdi ket thQc. Ket bai theo Idi dau cudi tddng dng - ket bai Qng vdi md bai. Ket bai lay lai md bai ma khdng roi vao tinh trang lap lai nguyen van ldi le d md bai, vi nd la sQ luyen lay de nang cao, khing djnh chic chin lan cudi cung nhQng gi da neu d than bai bing mpt gipng day truyen cam. Ket bdi ma nhd khong ket: dd la nhQng ket bai khdng gidng bat ky mdt each ke't bai nao ma ly thuyet ed ban da neu. Nd la nhQng cau van tQ nhien dQde gdi ra tQ sQ logic cua bai viet va phu hgp vdi tam ly tiep nhan eua ngQdi doe, tao nhieu lien tQdng sau xa. Mdt ke't bai hay that da dang va thu vj nhung deu chung nhau nhOng diem nhat djnh : dung, nhUng phai sang tao, gay dugc an tQpng va de lai dQ vj trong ngQdi dge. Ket bai hay vQa phai ddng lai, chdt lai, vQa phai md ra, nang cao va cQ ngan nga mai trong Idng ngQdi. 1/. KET LUP Nghi luan phan tich tae pham van hpe la kieu bai lam van ed vai trd, vj tri quan trpng trong day va hgc lam van d trudng THPT. Thuc te hien nay khdng y hgc sinh edn nham lan ve the loai phan tich va cac the loai khac mdt sd giao vien chua eit nghTa rd cac khai niem the loai. Vi vay ket qua bai lam van eua hgc sinh ve phan tich chua duge kha quan, nhieu dap an cham bai thi td't nghiep THPT, tuyen sinh dai hpe, eao dang eung cdn nhieu van de ehua thdng nhat ve yeu cau the loai. Viee nim chic khai niem, phan biet kieu bai nghj luan phan tich cd y nghTa thiet thQc giup hpe sinh thuan thuc ky nang, thao tac kie'u bai nghj luan nay de van dung vao thQc te lam bai viet dat ket qua tdt. TAI LIEU THAIVl KHAO 1. Phan Trpng Luan (ehu bien) (2000), Sach giao khoa lam van 11, Sach giao khoa lam van 12, NXB GD, tr71 2. Phan Trgng Luan (tdng chu bien), Le A (chu bien phan lam van)(2007), SGK Ngd van 11 tap 1, NXB GD, tr 25. ^ 3. Phan Trgng Luan (Tong ehu bien), Le A (chu bien phan lam van), (2009), SGK Ngd van 12 tap 1, NXB GD, tr 86. ^ 4. Phan Trgng Luan (Tong chu bien), Le A (chu bien phan lam van), (2009), SGK Ngd van 12 tap 2, NXB GD, tr 36. 5. Hoang Phe (ehu bien), (1997), Tddien tieng Viet, NXB Da Ning, tr 746. 6. Nguyin Khic Phi (tdng chu bien), Tran Dinh SL/ (chu bien phan Tap lam van)(2005), SGK Ngd van 9 tap 2, NXB GD, tr 10 7.Tran Dinh SQ (chu bien) (1994), Tai lieu chuan kien thdc Van - Tieng Viet 12, NXB GD, tri 77 8.Tran Dinh SQ (ehu bien), (2000), SGK lam van 12, NXB GD, tr 53. 9.Tran Dinh SQ (tdng chu bien)(2007), SGK Ngd van nang cao 11 tap 1, NXB GD.tr 70, 10.Tran Dinh SQ (ehu bien)(2000), SGK lim van 12, NXB GD, tr 87. DAY VA HOC NGAY NAY SO 7-2010 45 . qua tdt. TAI LIEU THAIVl KHAO 1. Phan Trpng Luan (ehu bien) (2000), Sach giao khoa lam van 11, Sach giao khoa lam van 12, NXB GD, tr71 2. Phan Trgng Luan (tdng chu bien), Le A (chu bien. sinh cdn nhieu lin Idn, hinh thQc diin dat gan gidng nhau. Cac loai sach tham khao, sach giao khoa va ke ca dap an cac ky thi td't nghiep phd thdng, tuyen sinh cao dang - dai hgc cung. dung tQng phan, tQng khia canh ay qua cac bieu hien cu the (phan tich ehi tiet). - Sach giao khoa (SGK) lam van 12 (2000), Tran Dinh SQ (chu bien), NXB GD, tr 53, cd dUa ra khai niem: Phan