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Untitled e ISSN 2582 5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume 03/Issue 05/May 2021 Impact Factor 5 354 www irjmets com www irjmets com @Interna[.]
e-ISSN: 2582-5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume:03/Issue:05/May-2021 Impact Factor- 5.354 www.irjmets.com RESEARCH ABOUT THE ASSESSMENT PROBLEM FUEL CONSUMPTION ON HYBRID VEHICLES Quy Duc Nguyen*1, Thoi – Le Nam*2 *1,2Faculty Of Technology, Dong Nai Technology University, Dong Nai, Vietnam ABSTRACT The development of internal combustion engine vehicles, especially automobiles, is one of the greatest achievements of modern technology Automobiles have made great contributions to the growth of modern society by satisfying many of its needs for mobility in everyday life However, the large number of automobiles in use around the world has caused and continues to cause serious problems for the environment and human life Air pollution, global warming, and the rapid depletion of the Earth’s petroleum resources are now problems of paramount concern In recent decades, the research and development activities related to transportation have emphasized the development of high efficiency, clean, and safe transportation Electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, and fuel cell vehicles have been typically proposed to replace conventional vehicles in the near future In this thesis, the author focused " research about the assessment problem fuel consumption on Hybrid vehicles " I INTRODUCTION Hybrid cars are being researched and manufactured by many scientists and car manufacturers in the world More and more hybrid cars appear on the market and more and more consumers use this type of car This topic focuses ‘‘research on assessment of fuel consumption on Hybrid ’ A normal gasoline car and a hybrid car with the same capacity, same mass and same distance, which car consumes more gas? If more economical, the problem helps the car to save more fuel II EQUATION OF ENGINE FUEL CONSUMPTION 2.1 Types by drivetrain structure 2.1.1 Series hybrid In a series hybrid system, the combustion engine drives an electric generator (usually a three-phase alternatorplus rectifier) instead of directly driving the wheels The electric motor is the only means of providing power to the wheels The generator both charges a battery and powers an electric motor that moves the vehicle When large amounts of power are required, the motor draws electricity from both the batteries and the generator www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science [1206] e-ISSN: 2582-5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume:03/Issue:05/May-2021 Impact Factor- 5.354 www.irjmets.com Figure Structure of a series hybrid vehicle 2.1.2 Parallel hybrid Parallel hybrid systems have both an internal combustion engine(ICE) and an electric motor in parallel connected to a mechanical transmission Figure Structure of a parallel hybrid electric vehicle 2.1.3 Combined hybrid Combined hybrid systems have features of both series and parallel hybrids There is a double connection between the engine and the drive axle: mechanical and electrical This split power path allows inter connecting mechanical and electrical power, at some cost in complexity Power-split devices are incorporated in the www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science [1207] e-ISSN: 2582-5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume:03/Issue:05/May-2021 Impact Factor- 5.354 www.irjmets.com powertrain The power to the wheels can be either mechanical or electricalor both This is also the case in parallel hybrids But the main principle behind the combined system is the decoupling of the power supplied by the engine from the power demanded by the driver Figure Simplified structure of a combined hybrid electric vehicle 1: Fuel tank 2: Engine 3: Wheels 4: Battery 5: Convertors 6: MG2 7: Power Split device 8: Differential 9: MG1 www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science [1208] e-ISSN: 2582-5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume:03/Issue:05/May-2021 Impact Factor- 5.354 www.irjmets.com 2.2 Theoretical basis The general economy of the car is assessed by the cost per unit of quantity and the distance transported: tonkm or per passenger-km The total cost of transportation of cars depends on: the structure of the car, their technical status, the cost of fuel consumed, road conditions, climatic conditions when using the car, the salary to be paid The fuel economy of a car is assessed by the fuel consumption per 100km distance or the fuel consumption per ton-km For passenger cars, it is calculated according to the fuel consumption per passenger-km or 100km Fuel consumption for a unit of distance qd of the car is calculated by the expression qd Q - Fuel consumption (l) S* - Car travel distance (km) 100Q S * 100Km (1) Fuel consumption per unit of distance is calculated according to the formula, regardless of the amount of goods that the car can transport, although when a car transports goods, the amount of fuel consumed will be higher when there is no specialist delivery For example, for transport cars, the fuel consumption per unit of goods q c is calculated by the following expression: qc Q n kg (2) Gt St t.km Gt - Volume of freight (t) St - The distance traveled by car when there is goods (kilometer) n - Fuel density (kg / l) 2.3 Equation of engine fuel consumption A car's fuel consumption depends first on the fuel economy of the engine, then on fuel consumption to overcome motion resistance Building the relationship between qd with the engine's fuel consumption factor and the moving forces is called the fuel consumption equation When testing the engine on the test tape, we can determine the fuel consumption over time (kg / h) and the output power of the Pe engine (kW) The fuel consumption over time is determined by the following formula: Gt Q - The amount of fuel consumption (l) n - density of fuel (kg / l) t - time (h) Q n kg (3) t h To evaluate the fuel economy of an engine, we use the useful fuel consumption rate g e ge Pe Gt Q.n kg (4) Pe Pe t kW h - Useful motor power (kW) Through the experiments of the engine, we can build the relationship between the engine power and the fuel consumption rate and the number of revolutions of the engine crankshaft Pe f (ne); ge f (ne) www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science [1209] e-ISSN: 2582-5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume:03/Issue:05/May-2021 Impact Factor- 5.354 www.irjmets.com qd 100 ge Pet 100 ge Pe (5) * S n n 100km This graph is shown in Picture and is called engine outer characteristic line Figure Line characteristics of the engine From the formula (1) and (4) we can draw the expression to determine the fuel consumption level as follows: qd 100 ge Pet 100 ge Pe n 100km S * n (6) When a car is in motion, the power generated by the engine is needed to overcome motion resistance and is indicated by the power balance equation as follows Pe F F; F; Fj - Force of resistance (N) v - Car speed (m / s) F Fj 1000 kW (7) Thus, the fuel consumption of a car depends on the useful fuel consumption of the engine and the power consumed to overcome the motion resistance From the formula (5) and (7) we have the formula for calculating fuel consumption: qd 0.36 ge F F Fj n (8) Equation (8) is called the rating equation fuel consumption for cars with unstable movements When the car has stable movement, Fj = 0, the consumption rate car fuel: qd III 0.36 ge F F n (9) CONSUMPTION FUEL IN HYBRID VEHICLES 3.1 Energy transmission line diagram on Hybrid car www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science [1210] e-ISSN: 2582-5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume:03/Issue:05/May-2021 Impact Factor- 5.354 www.irjmets.com Figure Energy transmission diagram 3.1.1 E : Engine MG1 : Motor generater MG2 : Motor generater BAT : Battery Wh : Wheel Dif : Differential Inf : Voltage converter The capacity of the electric motor Figure Power transmission diagram of M-axis The M-axis is the axis that generates power from the MG2 electric motor, so the parameters on the axis will be determined through the external characteristics of the MG2 electric motor Figure Characteristic line outside electric motor www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science [1211] e-ISSN: 2582-5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume:03/Issue:05/May-2021 Impact Factor- 5.354 www.irjmets.com Pm M x *x M k M xixrxr MX Mk (10) ixr xr Mk : Torque at the active wheel Fk Mk O f Ow Oa r x x ixr r ixr (11) 3.1.2 The capacity of the battery Figure Characteristic line outside battery Pm Pem Paqaq mf *m Pem Pm Paqaq Pew Pk Pm Pe Pew Pm Paq: Capacity of the battery Pew: The power from the gasoline engine goes to the wheels Pm: Power from the electric motor to the wheel Pem: The capacity that the gasoline engine uses to pull the generator : efficiency of the energy transmission line 3.2 The road features fuel economy when the car is moving stably Based on engine experiments on the test bed to plot the useful fuel consumption of the engine according to the power usage of the engine ge = f (Yp) corresponding to different revolutions of the engine (Picture 10) www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science [1212] e-ISSN: 2582-5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume:03/Issue:05/May-2021 Impact Factor- 5.354 www.irjmets.com Figure Graph of load characteristics of the engine Construct a graph of vehicle power balance with stable motion with drag coefficients of different types of road surface to find the level of using different capacity of Y p engine We construct a graph of P e = f (v) for a transmission ratio of the powertrain Based on the car's power balance equation when motion is stable, we have: Pe P P Create a curve of the engine output of Pe = f (v), derived from this curve, build on its bottom a curve representing the power dissipation for air resistance and take into account the power dissipated for friction in the drivetrain P f 0.63Cx S Based on the graph, we can determine that Y p corresponds to a number of revolutions of the engine, ie corresponding to a speed v at a given gear and depends on the road Figure 10 Car capacity balance graph with different drag coefficient of road surface From equation (9), we determine the value of fuel consumption and construct a curve of the fuel consumption of the car when the motion is stable Proceed with many different types of lines, we have a set of curves This graph is a graph of fuel economy in steady motion Figure 11 Graph of vehicle fuel consumption characteristics www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science [1213] e-ISSN: 2582-5208 International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science Volume:03/Issue:05/May-2021 Impact Factor- 5.354 www.irjmets.com IV CONCLUSION Based on the theory of Hybrid cars and fuel consumption on pure gasoline cars, the topic "Research on the evaluation of fuel consumption on Hybrid cars" was conducted and mentioned the following issues.: - Introduce overview of Hybird vehicles - Research on fuel consumption on Hybrid vehicles - The topic just stops at analyzing and evaluating, there are no experiments to verify the results V [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] REFERENCES Mehrdad Ehsani, Yimin Gao, Sebastien E Gay, Ali Emadi “Modern electric, Hybrid electric, and Fuel cell Vehicles Fundamentals, Theory and Design” Yimin Gao, Liping Chen and Mehrdad Ehsani “Investigation of the effectiveness of regenerative braking for EV and HEV” Ali Emadi; Young Joo Lee; Kaushik Rajashekara “Power Electronics and Motor drives in Electric, Hybrid Electric, and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles” A Emadi, K Rajashekara, S S Williamson and S M Lukic, "Topological overview of hybrid electric and fuel cell vehicular power system architectures and configurations", IEEE Trans Veh Technol., vol 54, no 3, pp 763-770, May 2005 J Walters, H Husted and K Rajashekara, "Comparative study of hybrid powertrain strategies", Proc SAE Future Transp Technol Conf., 2001-Aug M Bajec, D Voncina, D Miljavec and J Nastran, "Bi-directional power converter for wide speed range integrated starter-generator" K Rajashekara, "Power electronics for the future of automotive industry", Proc PCIM Europe, 2002May-14-16 BUI VAN GA Research power transmission system of hybrid vehicles Đa Nang University – 2005 LAM MAI LONG , Automobile motion mechanics, HCMC University of Science and Technology - 2001 www.irjmets.com @International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering, Technology and Science [1214] ... there is goods (kilometer) n - Fuel density (kg / l) 2.3 Equation of engine fuel consumption A car''s fuel consumption depends first on the fuel economy of the engine, then on fuel consumption. .. by the fuel consumption per 100km distance or the fuel consumption per ton-km For passenger cars, it is calculated according to the fuel consumption per passenger-km or 100km Fuel consumption. .. theory of Hybrid cars and fuel consumption on pure gasoline cars, the topic "Research on the evaluation of fuel consumption on Hybrid cars" was conducted and mentioned the following issues.: -