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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING MINISTRY OF CONSTRUCTION UNIVERSITY OF ARCHITECTURE HO CHI MINH TRINH NGOC PHUONG CONSTRUCTION PLANNING OF SOUTHWESTERN BORDER GATE ECONOMIC ZONES (APPLIED FOR MOC B[.]
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND MINISTRY OF TRAINING CONSTRUCTION UNIVERSITY OF ARCHITECTURE HO CHI MINH _ TRINH NGOC PHUONG CONSTRUCTION PLANNING OF SOUTHWESTERN BORDER GATE ECONOMIC ZONES (APPLIED FOR MOC BAI BORDER GATE ECONOMIC ZONE, TAY NINH) Field of study: REGIONAL AND URBAN PLANNING Code: 9.58.01.05 THE DISSERTATION SUMMARY IN REGIONAL AND URBAN PLANNING HCMC – 2022 The dissertation is accomplished at: THE UNIVERSITY OF ARCHITECTURE HCMC The academic supervisor: ASSOCIATE PROP., DR., ARCH LE ANH DUC The reviewer 1: PROF., DR., ARCH NGUYEN TO LANG The reviewer 2: PROF., DR., ARCH DOAN MINH KHOI The reviewer 3: DR., ARCH NGUYEN ANH TUAN This dissertation was defensed at University Dissertation Asssessement Committee organized at The University of Architecture HCMC At ……… o’clock, dated 2022 This dissertation could be found at: GENERAL LIBRARY OF HCMC LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ARCHITECTURE HCMC 1 A INTRODUCTION Statement purpose After more than 30 years of renovation, Vietnam's economy has achieved many great achievements, in which it is impossible not to mention the important contribution of border gate economy - a key factor promoting exchanges and sustainable development of our country's economy in the context of integration After more than 20 years of establishment and development, Border gate economic zones have also made an important contribution to consolidating the traditional friendship and comprehensive cooperation between Vietnam and bordering countries According to the Master Planning for the development of Vietnam's border gate economic zones (BEZs) until 2020 under the Decision 52/2008/QD-TTg dated April 25, 2008, which regards approving the Planning Project on the development of Vietnam's BEZs by 2020, the whole country will have 26 BEZs with a total area of over 660 thousand hectares However, since the issuance of the Decision 52/2008/QD-TTg so far, Vietnam has founded 28 zones as BEZs or the ones that has been applied wtih policies of BEZs in 21/25 border provinces Up to now, the planning work for BEZs has been prepared and approved as a basis for the organization of investment implementation and management, contributing a significant part to the socio-economic development of each locality in particular and the whole country in general However, the socio-economic context has experienced many changes, which has had more influence on the procedure of formulating and implementing projects compared to the actual implementation of construction investment The research of the BEZs to find out the nature of their effective development today under the influence of the procedure of international economic integration, local socio-economic development, and review spatial development orientation of the economic zone in order to propose appropriate planning solutions to successfully develop the economic zones in the future is necessary and urgent The Southwest border gate is a place of trade between the Southwestern provinces of Vietnam and Cambodia The geographical and socio-economic conditions of some border provinces here are still challenged because their economic and social infrastructure systems are still not complete The system of border-gate markets and markets in the BEZs is small in scale, and many temporary markets are available to serve the retail trading needs of local people The planning for the development of BEZs still has many limitations without enough comprehensive vision to ensure sustainable and long-term development In addition, the procedure of management and construction of BEZs is still fragmented, temporary and inconsistent, causing management challenge and loss of revenue for the economy With the open economic mechanism and policy, the traditional friendly diplomatic relations between Vietnam and Cambodia and the current development situation of the two countries, the existing construction planning (CP) of the border economic zones are no longer appropriate; it is necessary to have an in-depth research and development orientation with long-term and sustainable vision As result, the thesis topic: "CP of the Southwest border economic zone, applied for Moc Bai economic zone, Tay Ninh province" is really necessary and urgent Objectives of the research - Orientation of the development model of the Southwest BEZs - CP of the Southwest BEZs: orientation of CP; the procedure of preparation, appraisal and approval of the projects; completion of the legal basis - CP of Moc Bai Economic Zone, Tay Ninh province Object and study area 3 - Research object: Southwest border gate economic zone - Research scope: + About space: determined based on the spatial characteristics of the regions related to the BEZs + About time: until 2030 + In the field of: urban planning, spatial organization of landscape architecture, land use, technical infrastructure, the procedure preparing, appraising and approving CP of BEZs Methodologies The thesis uses research methods including: method of investigation and survey (chapters 1,2,3); method of collecting, synthesizing and analyzing (chapters 1,2,3); expertise method (chapters 1,2,3); inheritance method (chapter 1,2); application validation method (chapter 3); graphical method (chapters 1,3); multi-criteria assessment method (chapters 1,2,3) Scientific and reality meaning of study - Scientific significance: Spatial orientation; land use planning and technical infrastructure of the BEZs; Contributing to the renovation and improvement of management capacity and CP of BEZs - Practical significance: The procedure of preparing, appraising and approving the CP of BEZs is highly feasible; Model of development orientation, land use structure of functional areas and connections of regional and national technical infrastructure; Application in the CP of Moc Bai Economic Zone, Tay Ninh Dissertation contribution - Procedure of preparing, appraising and approving the CP of border economic zones 4 - Solutions on the CP of the border economic zone: the model of the spatial planning, the structure of land use, the connections of the interregional and national technical infrastructure - Recommendations to amend and supplement a number of contents on the CP of the BEZs in the current system of legal documents Terminologies and definitions used in the dessertation The thesis covers basic concepts about economic zones, BEZs and constructions planning of economic zones… that are related to the research topic Dessertation structure The thesis has 148 pages, in addition to the introduction, conclusions and recommendations; the main content of the thesis includes chapters: - Chapter Overview of the CP of the border economic zone and related issues - Chapter Research methods and scientific basis for the CP of the Southwestern border economic zones of Vietnam - Chapter Proposal on the CP of the Southwest border economic zone, applied research for Moc Bai BORDER GATE ECONOMIC ZONE, Tay Ninh province and discuss the research results B DESSERTATION CONTENTS CHAPTER LITERATURE REVIEW OF CP OF BEZS AND RELATED ISSUES 1.1 Awareness of the Economic Zone According to Decree 82/2018/ND-CP issued on May 22, 2018 of the Prime Minister, a border gate economic zone is the one built in the mainland border area and its surroundings with international border gates or main border gate The connotation of the concept of the border gate economic zone shows that it has some similarities and differences compared to some economic models such as IZs, EPZs, etc And through this comparison we will have a more comprehensive view of this economic model 1.2 Overview of BEZs in the world The construction of cross-border economic zones is very important to attract investment and improve trade balance between countries along the direction of economic development corridors Countries around the world with their contiguous borders have been investing heavily in the construction and development of the border gate economic zone systems in order to exchange and cooperate for global economic development The thesis covers situations as well as achievements on the planning and construction of the countries’ BEZs in Europe, North America, and Asia 1.3 Overview of CP, spatial development orientation and BEZs in Vietnam 1.3.1 Overview of border economic zones in Vietnam Our country has borders with countries: China, Laos and Cambodia Over the past 20 years of establishment and development of the BEZs, Vietnam's economy has experienced significant growth and has had a certain position in the international market In accordance with the Master Plan for the Development of Vietnam's BEZs by 2020, there will be 30 BEZs across the country by 2020 along 4,639km of the border line 1.3.2 Current status of CP and development orientation of border economic zones in Vietnam a) Regarding the issuance and implementation of CP documents of the BEZs: step by step promulgate and complete documents related to the CP of the BEZs The provisions and terms in such documents are relatively good b) Regarding the planning of Vietnam border economic zones: 30 border economic zones (as of June 2019) have been approved by the National Assembly as the basis for taking the next steps The BEZs basically include the following functions: immigration area, urban area, agriculture and forestry areas and key technical infrastructure areas c) Procedure of preparing, appraising and approving the CP of BEZs: In compliance with the Construction Law 2014 and Decree 44/2015/ND-CP guiding the CP through units and organizations from central to local levels d) Several existing issues - Regarding the procedure of preparing, appraising and approving CP: A wide range of existing shortcomings and complications - Regarding the master plan of the BEZs: including tariff and non-tariff areas, it is no longer suitable in the trend of global integration - Regarding land use norms: higher than that of urban areas and national norms, leading to wastefulness and inefficiency in land use right - Regarding land size and management: The size is too large and it is mainly agricultural and forestry land, so it leads to natural resources waste, difficulties and overlaps in land management between the locality and the PMU 1.4 Situation of the CP of the Southwest border economic zones 1.4.1 General introduction about the Southwestern border area The Southwestern border area of Vietnam borders the Southeast region of Cambodia, which includes provinces: Binh Phuoc, Tay Ninh (Southeast region), Long An, Dong Thap, An Giang, Kien Giang (Mekong Delta) and BEZs (Hoa Lu - Binh Phuoc; Xa Mat, Moc Bai - Tay Ninh, Long An - Long An, Dong Thap - Dong Thap, An Giang - An Giang and Ha Tien - Kien Giang) a) Southwest financial markets: As of December 2020, the Southwest region has securities markets approved by the Prime Minister (Hoa Lu - Binh Phuoc; Xa Mat, Moc Bai - Tay Ninh; and Moc Bai - Tay Ninh; Long An - Long An; Dong Thap - Dong Thap; An Giang - An Giang; Ha Tien - Kien Giang b) Road network of the Southwest border economic zones: In addition to the East-West international economic corridor associated with inter-Asian routes, the space of the BEZs in particular and the Southwest region in general is influenced by economic corridors associated with North-South road network, especially the National Highway N2 1.4.2 Situation of the CP of the Southwest BEZs a) The actual situation of the planning of the Southwest border economic zones - The master planning of Southwest BEZs have been all prepared and approved but they are no longer suitable with new development orientation - Land use criteria and norms comply with the regulations and standards of the urban planning and applied with foreign standards - Model of spatial development is based on the straight line model -Economic connection has not been evaluated and regional and national linkage has not been recommended b) Situation of construction of BEZs in the Southwest border - Step by step calling for investment and construction according to the approved master planning - Changes in mechanisms and policies affecting the procedure of investment, construction, completion and development of the BEZs 1.4.3 Difficulties and inadequacies in the CP of the Southwest border economic zones - No instruction documents on criteria, standards, grade, and model of spatial orientation for the CP of BEZs - Insufficient information in connection with dynamic regions in the country and neighboring countries 8 - Insufficient vision in spatial development orientation to ensure sustainable development in the context of global integration - The inconsistency of investment priorities and policies has affected the structure of land use in public planning projects, causing challenges in management as well as development investment 1.5 Overview of documents, projects and conducted research works related to the thesis topic This thesis focuses on analyzing scientific research topics, PhD theses, master's thesis, economic career project, scheme and international research works The studies mainly focus on issues related to functional structure, mechanisms and policies, orientations of economic development, and connection of the economic system of BEZs 1.6 Issues that need to be researched in the thesis - Research on the general spatial orientation of BEZs - Research on spatial organization model of BEZs - Proposing indicators on land use, technical infrastructure and inter-regional connectivity - Studying the procedure of preparing, appraising and approving the CP project of BEZs - Applying research results to the CP of Moc Bai border gate economic zone, Tay Ninh province CHAPTER RESEARCH METHOD AND SCIENTIFIC BASIS OF THE SOUTHWEST BEZS OF VIETNAM 2.1 Research approach Overall research approach is in accordance with the figure 2.1; The diagram of the research steps is shown in Figure 2.2 9 Figure 2.1 Overall research approach Figure 2.2 Research steps 2.2 Theoretical basis for the CP of the border economic zones 2.2.1 The role of border economic zone construction for growth 10 2.2.1.1 Basic characteristics of the border economic zone: location, population and culture, economy - society - environment, security and defense 2.2.1.2 The importance of border economic zone construction: promoting economic growth, reducing poverty; protecting and improving environmental conditions; ensuring national defense and security; urban development 2.2.2 CP of border economic zones 2.2.2.1 Regional connection: Connection between BEZs with the BEZs; connection between BEZs and dynamic economic development regions 2.2.2.2 Contents of the CP of the border economic zones: mainly specified in the Construction Law, the Urban Planning Law and several applicable laws 2.3 Factors affecting the CP of the Southwest border economic zone 2.3.1 Natural conditions: floods, sand drift, landslides, climate change and sea level rise 2.3.2 Socio-economic conditions: there are similarities between the economies of countries in the region; economic freedom affects the procedure of preparation and planning economic models in the BEZs 2.3.3 The size and nature of the border gate: The larger the border gate and the more important its nature is, the more favorable conditions are in all economic aspects, policies, mechanisms, connections, etc National security is always a top priority during developing economic zones 2.3.4 Foreign policy and political-economic relations: bilateral, multilateral and diversified cooperation mechanisms to facilitate economic development of the parties; friendship, comprehensive and close cooperation is an important basis in the establishment of the BEZs between the two countries 2.3.5 Mechanisms and policies for the development of BEZs: The change in mechanisms and preferential policies for BEZs greatly affects the existence and development of economic zones 11 2.4 Technical requirements in the CP of the border economic zone 2.4.1 Requirements on the development orientation of BEZs 2.4.2 Land use requirements 2.4.3 Models of development of border economic zones 2.5 Legal basis for the CP of the border economic zones 2.5.1 Law: the contents of the CP of BEZs is prescribed in the construction law (Law No 50/2014/QH13); the law on urban planning (Law No 30/2009/QH12), the Land Law (Law No 45/2013/QH13); the law amending and supplementing a number of articles of 37 laws related to planning (Law No 35/2018/QH14) and related laws 2.5.2 Sub-law: Decree 37/2010/ND-CP, Decree 44/2015/ND-CP, Decree 82/2018/ND-CP, QCXDVN 1:2021/BXD, QCVN 07:2016/BXD and Circular 12/ 2016/TT-BXD 2.5.3 Development planning orientation of the research area 2.6 Learned lessons from the CP of border economic zones of several countries in the world 2.6.1 Experience in CP of border economic zones in countries around the world - China's experience: The overall planning of the BEZs is based on the arguments and development dynamics of domestic and international dynamic centers; promulgate mechanisms and policies to encourage development of border gate economic zone; promulgate regulations on land use in functional areas - Indonesia’s experience: agreement to develop BEZs with neighboring countries; planning the strategic structure of the economic zone development; promulgate a flexible mechanism 12 - Thailand's experience: focusing on building and developing duty-free shops; studying the plan to liberalize the exchange of products and the movement of people in the region - Korea's experience: Building border gate economic zone on a transnational economic system; private enterprises operate under the management of the two states; Planning is divided into stages suitable for development - Turkey’s experience: Small-sized CP of BEZs based on local needs without government intervention 2.6.2 Learned lessons from CP of border economic zones applied to the Southwestern border area of Vietnam - Planning of development and construction of BEZs must be synchronous, unified and complete - There must be a master construction plan of the BEZs and it is required to determine the plan and resources for development - The planning of BEZs is approached as the planning of a special new urban form with a set of flexible criteria in terms of land use - The size of the BEZs is not necessarily large with many preferential policies from the Government - Building and promulgating a synchronous legal corridor on the CP of the border gate economic zone as well as other relevant planning - It is necessary to develop EZ management units with the involvement of the private sector CHAPTER PROPOSAL ON THE MANAGEMENT OF THE SOUTHWEST BORDER GATE ECONOMIC, RESEARCH APPLIED FOR MOC BAI BORDER GATE ECONOMIC ZONE, TAY NINH PROVINCE AND DISCUSSION OF THE RESEARCH RESULTS 3.1 Perspectives and principles of CP of the Southwest border economic zone 13 - Comply with the provisions of applicable laws, suitable to the specific conditions of each locality; in compliance with the plan approved by the competent authorities; The Government uniformly manages such zones on the basis of assignment to the People's Committee of the provinces - It is required to have inheritance and comply with the sequence of preparation, appraisal and approval according to current law - Comply with the approved planning - Suitable to the actual conditions of the border regions - Determine the border gate economic zone is a complex urban area (industrial-commercial-service-tourist-border-gate); multi-functional economic sector; general urban area; special security and defense area; urban tourism, agriculture-forestry; regional, national and international transport focal point 3.2 Proposing solutions for the CP of the Southwest border economic zones 3.2.1 Orientation of regional spatial development in the Southwest border economic zones The space of the border gate economic zone must not only meet the requirements of architectural organization, landscape and functional zoning, but also ensure elements that are in harmony with the regional, national and international economic and political space The spatial development orientation model of the BEZs studied in association with the related regional spaces is shown in Figure 3.1 14 Figure 3.1 Regional spaces of BEZs in the related regional spaces 3.2.2 Spatial orientation of Southwest BEZs The author proposes to build a model of pairs of economic zones in the Southwestern region of Vietnam and Cambodia according to the model of "counterbalance - symmetry - spillover" For the BEZs in the Southwestern border of Vietnam, the author proposes a CP based on the combined model of the sector-shaped model and spillover model (see Figure 3.2) 15 note: KCN: Functional area Figure 3.2 Model of spatial development of Southwest BEZs 3.2.3 Contents of the urban planning and construction project of the economic zone Figure 3.4 Diagram of steps of preparing CP of BEZs 16 The author proposes to amend and supplement some contents guiding the preparation of the urban planning of BEZs, including underground planning; the steps are diagrammed in Figure 3.4 3.3 Proposal on the management of CP of BEZs 3.3.1 Proposing the procedure of preparing, appraising and approving the CP of BEZs The author proposes the procedure of preparing, appraising and approving the CP to develop BEZs, ensuring compliance with the applicable laws and the speed of socio-economic progress in steps as shown in Figure 3.5 Figure 3.5 Procedure of preparing, appraising and approving CP of BEZs 3.3.2 Proposing amendments and supplements to legal documents on the CP of BEZs a) For the legal system: propose amendments to the content of the construction law to prescribe the approach to planning of BEZs in particular and the functional area in general as an urban area and provide specific instructions in sub-law documents b) For sub-law documents: They shall be changed in response to the changed law contents; they shall be supplemented with the content of the CP of functional areas and the economic zones in QCXDVN 01:2021/BXD 17 3.4 Application of research results for Moc Bai border gate economic zone, Tay Ninh province 3.4.1 Introduction about Moc Bai border gate economic zone, Tay Ninh province Moc Bai is the largest international border gate in the South on the VietnamCambodia land border; it belongs to the communes of Long Thuan, Tien Thuan and An Thanh of Ben Cau district and the communes of Phuoc Luu, Binh Thanh and Phuoc Chi of Trang Bang district Moc Bai border gate is not only a gateway of Tay Ninh Province in developing trade exchanges with Cambodia, but also plays an important role in building and developing an outward-looking economy, becoming a commercial transaction center of the sub-regional cooperation program in the economic development strategy in South Vietnam 3.4.2 Adjustment of CP of Moc Bai border gate economic zone Applying the research results in Section 3.2, the adjustment of the orientation of spatial development and land use of Moc Bai border gate economic zone is prepared: - Picture of Moc Bai border gate economic zone: General trade, service, tourism, industrial and agricultural center with high technology; dynamic and modern border-gate city - Outlook: Dynamic economic zone associated with the value of Moc Bai international border gate - Development strategy of Moc Bai border gate economic zone: strategy 1: Use the value of the border gate; strategy 2: buildi a modern dynamic border gate urban area; strategy 3: development-conservation balance, urban area economic functional zones - Orientation of spatial development, structure of land use (see Figure 3.18) - Infrastructure connection: connections of road, railway and waterway 18 Figure 3.18 Functional structure of land use of Moc Bai border gate economic zone 3.5 Discussion about research results 3.5.1 Discussion about the organizational model of the border gate economic zone space - The model of development orientation of the space of the BEZs pair follows the model of "counterbalance - symmetry and spillover" to bring about synchronous development and equal cooperation between the two countries Simultaneously it creates conditions for spreading development to neighboring areas - The model of orientation for the development of the Southwest BEZs according to the model of "sector-shaped model and spillover model" is the ... development of Vietnam''s BEZs by 2020, the whole country will have 26 BEZs with a total area of over 660 thousand hectares However, since the issuance of the Decision 52/2008/QD-TTg so far, Vietnam has... development orientation and BEZs in Vietnam 1.3.1 Overview of border economic zones in Vietnam Our country has borders with countries: China, Laos and Cambodia Over the past 20 years of establishment... 4,639km of the border line 1.3.2 Current status of CP and development orientation of border economic zones in Vietnam a) Regarding the issuance and implementation of CP documents of the BEZs: step