Morphology and Syntax Morphology 2 Trương Văn Ánh Trường Đại học Sài Gòn 2 1 Definition A morpheme is a short segment of language that meets three criteria + It is a word or a part of a word that has[.]
Morphology Trương Văn Ánh Trường Đại học Sài Gòn Chapter Morpheme Definition: A morpheme is a short segment of language that meets three criteria: + It is a word or a part of a word that has meaning + It cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts without violation of its meaning or without meaningless remainders + It recurs in differing verbal environments with a relatively stable meaning A morpheme is the smallest unit of language which has an independent function • Word Morpheme Syllable Letter • A word has at least one morpheme • Person > personal > impersonal > impersonalize > impersonalization > impersonalizations • A syllable may be a morpheme Sometimes two syllables may be a morpheme Sometimes more syllables may be a morpheme • Ex: America + n + s • A letter is sometimes a morpheme (rarely) Usually many letters are in one morpheme Classification: 2.1 Form: Free and Bound morphemes Regarding to forms, morphemes can be classified as free and bound morphemes + A free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning Free morphemes are monomorphemic words and they can operate freely in the language Ex: honest, possess, study, girl, danger + A bound morpheme cannot be uttered alone with meaning It is always annexed to one or more morphemes to form a word Bound morphemes must combine with other morphemes Ex: dishonest = dis (BM) + honest (FM) 2.2 Meaning: Roots (bases) and Affixes This classification of morphemes put them into two classes: roots (bases) and affixes + Roots (bases): A base morpheme is the part of a word that has the principal meaning Most of bases in English are free morphemes; but some are bound A word may contain one base and several affixes Ex: personal teacher re-enter FB FB FB consent sentiment assent BB BB BB + Affixes: An affix is a bound morpheme that occurs before or within or over or after a base Affixes differ from roots (bases) in three ways: - They not form words by themselves – they have to be added to a stem Ex: er must be attached to a stem “teach” - Their meaning, in many instances, is not as clear and specific as the meaning of roots, and many of them are almost completely meaningless - Compared with the total number of roots, which is very large, the number of affixes is relatively small By position, affixes are of five kinds: prefixes, infixes, suffixes, superfixes and circumfixes - Prefixes are those bound morphemes that occur before a base (about 75) - Infixes are bound morphemes that occur within a word Infixes in English are most commonly replacements, not additions Ex: ee in geese replaces the oo in goose o in chosen replaces oo in choose - Suffixes are bound morphemes that occur after a base Suffixes may pile up to the number of three or four, whereas prefixes are commonly single, except for the negative un- before another prefix Superfixes are suprasegmental morphemes consisting of stress morphemes Ex: objéct (verb), óbjèct (noun) Circumfixes are bound morphemes that occur both before and after a base Ex: In Indonesian: Root prefix – root – suffix patut mem - patut – kan (to correct) Hantu meng – hantu – i (to haunt) By function, affixes are of two kinds: derivational and inflectional - Derivational affixes are added to stems to form new words Ex: work (V) + -er worker (N) - Inflectional affixes are added to stems to form new grammatical forms Ex: work (V) + -ing working (present participle) (works, worked) The following figure summarizes all the types of morphemes Morphemes Roots Affixes Free Bound Derivational Inflectional dollar hemiprefix suffix -s honor scriban ity -ed nose telemis less -ing Inflectional and derivational affixes: 3.1 Inflectional affixes (suffixes): 3.1.1 Inflectional morphemes are bound morphemes which are part of the grammatical system 10 derivational {-ed aj} (DS/Adjectival) Ex: She was excited about the film She was a devoted mother Past simple: work – worked – worked Past simple Past participle He worked hard >< He has worked hard 4.4 The adverbial derivational suffix {-ly av} (DS/Adverbial) has a homophone (homonym): the adjectival derivational suffix {-ly aj} (DS/ Adjectival) and the nominal derivational suffix {-ly n} (DS/ nominal) Ex: daily (adj), daily (n), daily (adv) 20 ... differently and often have different meanings Homonyms are the words (parts of the words) that have the same sound and spelling, but different meanings Some suffixes, both inflectional and derivational,... = dis (BM) + honest (FM) 2.2 Meaning: Roots (bases) and Affixes This classification of morphemes put them into two classes: roots (bases) and affixes + Roots (bases): A base morpheme is the part... attached to a stem “teach” - Their meaning, in many instances, is not as clear and specific as the meaning of roots, and many of them are almost completely meaningless - Compared with the total