Morphology and Syntax Morphology 4 Trương Văn Ánh Trường Đại học Sài Gòn 2 Chapter 4 Processes of word formation 1 Compounding Compounding is the joining of two or more words into a single word Compou[.]
Morphology Trương Văn Ánh Trường Đại học Sài Gòn Chapter Processes of word formation Compounding Compounding is the joining of two or more words into a single word Compounds may be written as one word (without a hyphen or a space), as a hyphenated word (with a hyphen), or as two words (with a space) Ex: sunflower, school-girl, high school, skateboard, whitewash, cat lover, self-help, red-hot, etc 2 Derivation, conversion or functional shif Derivation is the forming of new words by combining derivational affixes or bound bases with existing words Ex: teacher, re-ask, abuser, refusal, untie, inspection, pre-cook, etc Zero derivation: (also called conversion or functional shift): Adding no affixes; simply using a word of one category as a word of another category Examples: Noun-verb: comb, sand, knife, butter, referee, proposition Stress shift: no affix is added to the base, but the stress is shifted from one syllable to the other With the stress shift comes a change in category Noun cómbine ímplant réwrite tránsport Prógress Verb combíne implánt rewríte transpórt progréss Noun cóncrete ábstract Adjective concréte abstráct Affixation: adding a derivational affix to a word Ex: abuser, refusal, untie, inspection, pre-cook feet (foot), geese (goose) [inflection] Clipping or contraction Clipping is the forming of new words by cutting off the beginning or the end of a word, or both, leaving a part to stand for the whole (3 ways) Ex: laboratory lab dormitory dorm brother bro professional pro Caravan van parachute chute Influenza flu Acronymy or abbreviation Acronymy is the forming of new words from the initials or beginning segments of a succession of words Ex: MP: military police/member of parliament TOEFL: Test of English as a foreign language radar: radio detecting and ranging NASA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Scuba: self-contained underwater breathing apparatus ASEAN: Association of South East Asian Nations Blending or mixture Blending is the forming of new words by joining the first part of one word with the last part of another word breakfast + lunch brunch smoke + fog smog motor + hotel motel television + marathon telethon modulator + demodulator modem Spanish + English Spanglish Singlish Back-formation or reversion Back formation is the forming of new words from the one that looks like its derivative Ex: beggar to beg editor to edit resurrection to resurrect enthusiasm to enthuse burglar to burgle hamburger burger untie tie pre-cook cook Adoption of brand names as common words (coinage/invention/neologism): a proper name becomes the name for the item or process associated with the name The word ceases to be capitalized and acts as a normal verb/noun (i.e takes inflections such as plural or past tense) The companies using the names usually have copyrighted them and object to their use in public documents, so they should be avoided in formal writing (or a lawsuit could follow!) Examples: xerox, kleenex, cola, up Onomatopoeia or sound imitation or reduplication/echo: words are invented which (to native speakers at least) sound like the sound they name or the entity which produces the sound Ex: hiss, sizzle, cuckoo, cock-a-doodle-doo, buzz, beep, ding-dong Borrowing: a word is taken from another language It may be adapted to the borrowing language's phonological system to varying degrees 10 Ex: tomato (from indigenous languages of the Americas), sushi, taboo (from Pacific Rim languages), macho, spaghetti, psychology, telephone, physician, education (from European languages), yam, banana (from African languages), ao dai (Vietnamese) 10 Antonomasia or words from names: The formation of a common word from the name of a person or place Ex: sandwich, champagne 11 11 Isolation on word formation: a new word is obtained by isolating the plural form which is then with its own particular meaning Ex: colours (flags), glasses (spectacles) Conclusion: English speakers coin new words every day We can find them in newspapers, magazines or daily speech, but to use them, we should be more careful because not all these are accepted in standard English 12 Good luck! ... parliament TOEFL: Test of English as a foreign language radar: radio detecting and ranging NASA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organisation AIDS: Acquired... Adoption of brand names as common words (coinage/invention/neologism): a proper name becomes the name for the item or process associated with the name The word ceases to be capitalized and acts as... affixes; simply using a word of one category as a word of another category Examples: Noun-verb: comb, sand, knife, butter, referee, proposition Stress shift: no affix is added to the base, but the stress