Morphology and Syntax Morphology 7 Trương Văn Ánh Trường Đại học Sài Gòn 2 Structure classes A structure class is a part of speech class It has three characteristics Members of a given structure class[.]
Morphology Trương Văn Ánh Trường Đại học Sài Gòn Structure classes A structure class is a part-of-speech class It has three characteristics: - Members of a given structure class have no characteristics of form They are recognized mainly by position, excepting a few, not change form - A structure class is small - A structure class has a stable membership and is a closed class, that is, it rarely admits new members Qualifiers Position: qualifiers occur in the position just before an adjectival or an adverbial Functions: Qualifiers modify other words Most qualifiers are uninflected words Examples: very, much A few qualifiers have the same form as adjective In the qualifier position, they not take –er or –est > They are considered as uninflected qualifiers Pretty good, mighty fine, jolly hot, great big, full well, dead right Prepositions Prepositions are usually followed by a noun phrase, personal pronoun called the object of preposition Prep + N phrase (O of prep.)= Prep Phrase Kinds of prepositions: a) Single prep.: mono syllabic Prep.: at, on, to, …; twosyllable prep.: before, above… b) Compound prep.: into, onto,… c) Complex prep.: on behalf of, due to,… d) -ing prep.: during, concerning,… Determiners A determiner is a word that patterns with a noun It precedes the noun and signals that a noun is soon to follow Determiners can be subdivided into the following general classes: Articles – the words the, a, and an Demonstratives – words such as this, that, these, and those Possessives – noun phrases followed by the suffix’s, such as John’s and the fat man’s, as well as possessive pronouns, such as her, my, and whose Wh-determiners – words used in questions, such as which and what Quantifying determiners – words such as some, every, most, no, any, both, and half Auxiliaries Auxiliaries are closely associated with the verb and are of two kinds Modal auxiliaries There are ten modal auxiliaries: can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, ought (to) Primary auxiliaries: have, be, semi-auxiliaries: need, dare, used to, have to Pronouns Personal pronouns: Singular Subject Object Prenominal Substitutional possessive possessive 1st I me my mine 2nd You you your yours 3rdMale he him his his Female she her her hers N It it its its Plural 1st We us our ours 2nd you you your yours 3rd they them their theirs Interr who whom whose whose Interrogative pronouns: who, whom, whose Ex: Who borrowed my book? (S of verb) Who (whom) did you take to the theatre? (O) Who (whom) are you referring to? (O of prep.) Relative pronouns: Who, whom, whose Ex: Mary, who is a student, learns well (S) Mary, whom you know, learns well (O) Mary, whose father is a doctor, learns well (Poss.) EXERCISE: Unverbalized Helpless Reimbursements Refertilize Lifelessness embodiment started insufferably favoritism Anticlerical itemized Unlawful midafternoon Preprofessional supernatural Newspaperdom uncomfortable Counterdeclaration engaging 10 Malconstruction misjudgement Contradictory buildings 11 Summary A morpheme=prefix/base/stem/suffix stem (thân từ) Base= mort Stem= mort Im mort al ly Stem= mortal base (gốc từ) Stem= mortally (3 stems) Prefix= im Prefix suffix Suffix= al Suffix= ly Affix In this word, mort is called both base and stem 12 IC: Immediate Constituent (thành tố trực tiếp) The number of ICs is equal to the number of stems or the number of affixes (prefix and suffix) In the word immortally, there are three affixes (prefix im, suffix al and suffix ly) and there are three stems (mort, mortal and mortally) So this word has three A morpheme may be bound or free (independent) Im mort al ly IC 1: mort and al IC 2: mortal and ly IC 3: Im and mortally An IC must have at least one independent morpheme 13 Processes of forming words: Clipping (cắt xén): lab (laboratory) Compounding (Ghép từ): School-girl Derivation (phái sinh): Actor (act) Back formation (thành lập ngược): Act (actor) Acronymy (chữ viết tắt đầu): MC (master of ceremony) Blending (pha trộn): Brunch (breakfast + lunch) Word classification: - N, V, Adj, Adv - UW (Uninflected word): No inflectional ending 14 Good luck! ... suffix al and suffix ly) and there are three stems (mort, mortal and mortally) So this word has three A morpheme may be bound or free (independent) Im mort al ly IC 1: mort and al IC 2: mortal and. .. questions, such as which and what Quantifying determiners – words such as some, every, most, no, any, both, and half Auxiliaries Auxiliaries are closely associated with the verb and are of two kinds... as this, that, these, and those Possessives – noun phrases followed by the suffix’s, such as John’s and the fat man’s, as well as possessive pronouns, such as her, my, and whose Wh-determiners