Morphology and Syntax Morphology 3 Trương Văn Ánh Trường Đại học Sài Gòn Chapter 3 WORDS A word is the smallest segment of speech that can be used alone, and at which pausing is possible Ex They call[.]
Morphology Trương Văn Ánh Trường Đại học Sài Gòn Chapter WORDS A word is the smallest segment of speech that can be used alone, and at which pausing is possible Ex: They call up their roommates (they, call up, their, roommates are four words, and no pauses are possible between the two elements of each word) There are three main classes of words: simple words, complex (or derived) words, and compound words Notes: derived = derivational Simple words are composed of a single free morpheme Ex: high, table, Argentina Complex (or derived) words include either two bound morphemes, or a bound and a free form Ex: Two bound forms: televise, sentiment, consent A bound and a free form: telephone, telekiss, happiness, dishonest, nonsense Compound words have two or more free morphemes Ex: Sweetheart, time-table, forget-me-not Notes: Compound words must have figurative meaning (>< literal meaning) Sometimes, it is difficult to decide if the word is a compound word or a group of words (grammatical structure) There are three ways to see the difference 3.a Structural integrity: We cannot add any word to the middle of two morphemes of compound words Ex: It is a greenhouse (compound word) It is a green wooden house (a group of words = grammatical structure) 3.b Semantic criterion: The meaning of a compound word is idiomatic, not the sum of the meaning of the words (grammatical structure) Ex: He has an iron heart (He is not kind) He has a heavy iron heart (He has a heartshaped thing which is heavy) 3.c Phonetic criterion: Most compound words have the main stress over the first word A group of words (grammatical structure) has the main stress over the second word Ex: A swímming tềcher (a compound word) A swìmming tếcher (a group of words) Notes: ‘ main stress ` secondary stress Abbreviation: S simple word Cx Complex word Cd Compound word Gs Grammatical structure Indicate whether each italicized expression is a compound word (Cd) or a grammatical structure (Gs) Pay no attention to hyphens or spaces, for these are deceptive: Jim’s new car is a hardtop This jar has a rather hard top It was a jack-in-the-box There was a plant in the box A hót dịg is not a hịt dóg He has a dog in the manger attitude She has a strong hold on him She has a stronghold in the Women’s Club George found his father-in-law 10 George found his father in trouble 11 They bought it on the black market 12 The electricity went off, and we were caught in a black completely lightless, market 13 Agatha is a desígning tềcher 14 Agatha is a desìgning tếcher For a view of the three classes of words, identify the following items with these symbols: S simple word Cx Complex word Cd Compound word Gs Grammatical structure Make the IC cuts for Cx and Cd Shárpshịoter _ Shàrp shóoter _ act react rattlesnake passbook apparatus glowworm import 10 ripcord 11 unearth 12 stick-in-the-mud State whether the following groups of words are compounds or free word-groups, making use of different criteria: Sweet voice Sweet potato White coffee white-wash White house Hígh-prèssure Hìgh tíde Rèd méat Red eyes 10 Red tap 11 Réd Crịss 12 Gold fish 13 Góld rìng 14 Gólden Àges 15 Golden wedding (50th) Good luck! ... segment of speech that can be used alone, and at which pausing is possible Ex: They call up their roommates (they, call up, their, roommates are four words, and no pauses are possible between the... derived) words include either two bound morphemes, or a bound and a free form Ex: Two bound forms: televise, sentiment, consent A bound and a free form: telephone, telekiss, happiness, dishonest,... of each word) There are three main classes of words: simple words, complex (or derived) words, and compound words Notes: derived = derivational Simple words are composed of a single free morpheme