Cac nhdn djnh vl Tuyet khdng nhilu ldi, cung cyc ngdn, tinh gian nhu tdc phdm va cung diu sdc nit, sdng dep, tao nha, Uong treo nhu Tuyit vdy.. Tra chi xudt hidn khi tac phdm ban dd'n n
Trang 1I I MOT TRUdNG HOP
i GIAO THOA
VAN HOA DONG - TAY
HOANG XUAN VINH
Sinh ra trSn mfit dat nirdic nhiet fldi gifi mua,
tai c6 th$t nhieu nang, nhieu mua, nhieu gio,
nhieu sirang mu, vd nhieu cd giong tfi' nua
Nhimg chi thieu tuyet! Toi thuong mo tide mfit lan
h'ong doi duoc mfit minh giua bao la tuyet, dugc
ngufic mat ien troi cao dfin nhiifng hong hoa
hiyet- bdi tho ciia vu tru - dju ddng roi nhe xufi'ng
tay nhu tang pham day yfiu ihuong ciia Thuong dfi'
vfi hinh Vd mfit ngdy, Tuyet id idng le d^n tren
tay tfii, thdt thanh khie't, trang ngan, tinh khoi!
Xudt ban d Phdp ndm 1999 Tuyet ciia
M.Fermine da nhdn dupc nhilu ldi
khen tdng tri ddc gia vd cdc sdch
bdo, tap chf nudc ngoai Cac nhdn djnh vl
Tuyet khdng nhilu ldi, cung cyc ngdn, tinh gian
nhu tdc phdm va cung diu sdc nit, sdng dep, tao
nha, Uong treo nhu Tuyit vdy
Din vdi ban dpc Viet Nam qua hai ban djch
true tilp tri nguydn tdc, mdt cria Nguyln Ddng
Thudng ndm 2007 va mpt cia Minh Phuang
ndm 2008, Tuyet chua kjp cd nhung cdng trinh
nghidn criu ddy di, nhirng bai vid't "ndng ky" vl
tac phdm Trdn mang, chi cd mdt vdi trang gidi
thidu sdch vd mdt sd ldi nhdn xit rd't ngdn
nhung dep vd tinh te vl Tuy/f * '
Dd khdng phai Id nhimg ldi khen ngpi
chung chung hay dl dai Mdt trong nhung ve
dep dfch thyc: Tuyet la sy gap gd, sy giao thoa
cua nhilu ylu td
1 Giao thoa the loai vdn hoc
Tuyet Id mOt tilu thuylt, mdt truydn ngdn
hay mdt bdi haiku? Thdt khd ma phdn djnh rach
r6i ranh gidi thi loai Tuyet cd kit cdu, ed't
truydn, sd chuong, sd trang cua mdt tilu thuylt
SACH HAY NFN OOn
nhung lai cd sd tri ft di cia mdt truydn ngdn
Tuyit khdng chi viet vl nha tho va nghd thuat
tho haiku, ma cdn chua dyng trong nd rdt nhieu
bai tho haiku Tuyet cd dang dap va ve dep cia
mpt bai haiku cd diln vdi rat nhieu khoang trd'ng vdng cia "thi phap chan khdng" Q e chucmg 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11 diu md ddu bdng mpt bdi tho haiku cia Basho va cdc mdn dd nhu Issa, Chosui, Soseki Chuong 11 cdn chria ca ba trong sd bay muoi bay bdi tho haiku ma Yuko sang tdc trong mua ddng nam mudi bay tudi Ddc bidt chuong 1 va chucmg 54, md ddu va kit thuc tac phdm la hai doan van xuoi nhung hoan toan cd kit cdu va dang dap mpt bdi haiku gian dj nhdt:
Yuko ed hai dam me Tho haiku
Vd tuyit (chucmg 1)
Vd hp yeu nhau
Lo lifng tren mdt spi ddy Tuyit (chuong cudi) Tuyit Id haiku hay monogatari vdy?
Tri gdc nhin thi loai, tdc phdm cdn la sy giao thoa giua tho haiku va Tuydt
Tho haiku Id mdt thi Ioai van hpc Ddng y! Nhimg Tuyit sao lai gpi la mdt thi loai dupe
VP ly! Nhung vdi Yuko cia Nhdt Ban TK XIX thi Tuydt cung Id mdt thi loai!
"Haiku la mpt thi Ioai vdn hpc Nhdt Ban
Dd Id mdt thi tho ngdn gdm ba cdu vdi mudi bay dm tid't Khdng ban
Tuyet Id mdt bdi tho Mpt bai tho rai xudng tri nhung cum mdy thanh nhung bdng trdng nhe Bdi tho rai xud'ng tri bdu trdi, tu ban tay Thupng dd" (chuong 1)
"Tuyit Id mdt bai tho Mdt bai tho cia mau trdng tinh khidt
Noi Yuko sd'ng, tuyit Id nhung bai tho cia mua ddng" (chuong 5)
"Nhung ngay ddu ddng, tuyit rai Cung vdi tuyit Id vdt mye ddu tidn cua bai tho ddu tidn trdn manh gid'y lua" (chuong 47)
Cd thi ndi rdng, Tuyet dang trdn tay ban la
mdt tilu thuyet bl nhd nhu mpt truydn ngdn, dep nhu mpt bdi tho!
2 Giao thoa cac loai hinh nghe thuat Tuydt vd haiku da hda thdn, da ddng nhdt
S6 302 Thang 8-2009
Trang 2THdMC TIM VAN H 6 A NGHg T H U A T
lam mdt, dl rdi nhit thi dy lai tilp me hidn hun
vd giao thoa vdi cdc loai binh nghd thudt khdc
Yuko da nhin thay trong tuyet 5 ddc tinh Anh
cd cdch ly giai ridng cia minh:
"Tuyit trdng Vdy, dd Id mdt bai tho Mpt
bdi tho vo cung thudn khiit
Tuyit ngung dpng vd che chd thidn nhidn
Vdy dd Id mpt brie tranh Brie tranh tinh triy
nhd't cua mria ddng
Tuyit bid'n ddi Udn tyc Vdy, dd la nghd
thudt thu phap Cd hdng van, hang van cdch viet
tri tuyit
Tuyet tron trpt Vay dd Id mdt vu didu Trdn
mat tuyet, td't ca mpi ngudi diu Id vu cPng
Tuyet tan thdnh nudc Vdy dd la mdt didu
nhae Mria xudn nd bid'n nhung con sudi vd
nhung ngpn thdc thanh nhung ban giao hudng
dudi trang" (chucmg 7)
Vi vdy, nghe thudt phai tim thdm crin cdnh tri
nghd thudt de di din tan cring cdi dep cia dich
thyc, cua tuydt ddi va cia vinh ciru Haiku phai
tim dd'n sy ddng nhd't cia bao loai hinh nghd
thudt tuydt my kbdc Cdi dep khdng chi cd mdu
trdng nbu Yuko vdn nghi Didu ky thay ngudi
cam nhdn va nhin thdu sudt hit mpi sdc mdu,
mpi ve dep cia tuyit Iai chinh Id ngudi hpa si
mu - Soseki - ngudi thdy cia anh Vd Yuko phai
hpc each nbin thdy td't ca ve dep d'y bdng cdch
nhdm mdt "Mdu sdc khdng d ben ngodi Mdu
sac d ben trong ta " (chucmg 22) Dpc dd'n ddy
dpt nhidn ta cam nhdn mpt vj thiin lan tda
Hay ldng nghe doan dd'i thoai ngdn md sdu
sdc giua Yuko vd nha tho cung dinh Minh Trj:
"Tdi Id nhd tho Tdi vid't nhung vdn tho Tdi
kbdng cdn bill diiu gi khdc nria dl cd thi hodn
thidn nghd thudt cia minh
Sai rdi! Tbi ca trude hit Id hpi hpa Id nghd
thudt mria Id am nhae, va la nghd thudt thu
phdp cia tdm hdn Mdi bdi thP ddng thdi la mdt
brie hpa, mdt didu nhay, mdt bai ca vd mdt brie
thu phdp Nd'u mudn trd thanh mdt nha tho thyc
thy, cdu cdn phai cd tdi ndng tuydt dd'i d'y"
(chuong 12)
Chinh sy giao thoa nghd thudt d'y dn gidu
mdt quan diim nghd thudt nghidm ngdt, khdt
khe nhung dring ddn Dd la con dudng dl tid'p
nhdn vd sdng tao cdi dep hodn my, tuydt ddi va suih ddng cua cudc sdng
Vd trong Tuyit ludn cd sy hidn hriu cua dao
tra (Chado) - mdt dinh cao cua nghd thudt va tin ngudng Nhdt Ban Tra chi xudt hidn khi tac phdm ban dd'n nghd thudt tho haiku, khi cd sy xudt hidn cia nhung nhdn vdt ddc bidt nhu nha tho cung dinh cia Thidn hodng Minh Trj hay cd
gdi dep Hoa Xudn "Vi tu si ddn tiip ndng dn cdn vd mdi tidng mot chen trd ndtig Thiiu nd vifa chdm rdi nhdp trd vifa ngam eon sudi bqc "
(chuong 48) Trong sudt hdnh trinh tim kilm Iy tudng tho haiku va tuyet, Yuko chua bao gid vl
nha trd dl la mdt Ie tra "Anh ludn trd vi dimg gid udng trd " (chucmg 5) Do la ve dep cia mdt
nit tinh each Nhat!
Trd giao thoa vdi van vdt bdng sy im ldng, chi mdt hoi dm, mdt Ian huong lan tda trong khdng gian tinh khdi tuydt trdng
3 Giao thoa vdn hda Ddng - Tay Khdng sinh ra trdn dd't nudc Nhdt Ban cd xua va hidn dai, nhung M Fermine lai am hilu sdu sdc vd ydu min thid't tha nin van hda nghd thudt tdn thd cdi dep nay mpt cdch that ky la Hidn tupng vdn hpc ndy tuy khPng phai duy nhd't, nhung cung khdng phai Id phd bid'n trong Ijch su vdn hpc nhdn loai Pearl Buck cia vdn hpc My (Nobel 1938) Id mpt hidn tupng nhu vdy M Fermine sinh ra vd ldn Idn chi ylu trdn
ddt nudc Phdp, nhung Tuyet lai la mdt cudn tilu
thuylt rd't Nhdt Thdm chi, chat Phu Tang trong
Tuyet cdn ddm da hon nhilu tdc pham cua cdc
nhd vdn hidn dai Nhdt Ban kbdc Trong khi mdt
sd tdc phdm vdn hpc Nhdt hidn dai cd dau hidu bac mdu ban sdc, thi thri vj thay mdt tac phdm best seller cua vdn hpc Phdp lai dam da sdc huong Nhdt Ban Chdt Nhdt d'y thdm ddm vd todt ra tri ca ndi dung ldn nghd thudt tdc phdm, chri khdng phai chi mdt bdi canh khong gian Nhdt la da d i lam ndn ehd't Nhdt! Cd thi ndi, Fermine da dupe tai sinh tri ve dep Phri Tang Nhu vdy, chinh md'i quan he nhd vdn - tdc phdm
la ylu td ddu tidn tao ndn sy giao thoa cia vdn hda Ddng - Tdy
Sy giao thoa vdn hda d'y cdn thi hidn trdn cap nhdn vdt Soseki - Neige, cd gai tdc vang
|pSd302
Thang 8-2009
Trang 3^ 6 t tinh ydu ky la, mdt hdn nhdn hanh phuc
giira mdt samurai trung thdnh cia Thidn hodng
vdi mdt nghd si di trdn ddy, cd mdi tdc vang rye
ra din tri nudc Phdp Tinh ydu bdt ddu tri cdi
nhin djnh mdnh: "Dd la ldn ddu tidn mpt nghd
Sl nudc ngoai trinh didn trdn xri sd cdc
samu-rai Ong nhin vao mdt ndng vd nang cung nhin
dng say ddm Hp khong cdn phai ndi gi thdm
niia Ndng khe mim cudi va trong nu cudi dd,
Soseki da lac ldi" (chucmg 31)
Kit qua cua tinh ydu va cupc hPn nhdn
Ddng - Tdy dy Id sy ra ddi cua cP con gai: "Co
be thria hudng lan da trdng mudt tri me va mai
toe den nhanh tri cha Mpi ngudi gpi cd la Hoa
Xudn" (chuong 32) Hoa Xudn chinh Id nhd't
thi ddng nhdt tri cap ddi ddng nhd't cha vd me,
phuang Ddng vd phuang Tdy, samurai vd nghd
si, tho haiku vd nghd thudt di trdn ddy! Va tri
cap tinh nhdn d'y, tinh ydu da hda tan vao nghd
thudt: "Bdi vi tinh ydu la mdn nghd thudt khd
khan nhdt Vilt chri, nhay mria, soan nhae, va
ve ciing diu Id ydu ca thdi Gidng nhu ngudi di
trdn ddy Khd khdn ldn nhdt Id budc ldn phia
trude ma khdng nga" (chuong 24)
Tuyet cdn Id noi giao thoa, gap gd giua ve
dep cia "thi phap chdn khdng" phuong Ddng
vd ky thudt vid't vdn each tdn cua vdn hpc
phuang Tdy hidn dai M.Fermine la mdt nhd
van tre cia nudc Phdp - dinh cao cua vdn hpc
phuang Tdy hidn dai, ndn chdc chdn dng am
hilu sdu sdc cdch vilt ddnh thric sy ddng sdng
tao d ddc gia cia vdn hpc phuang Tdy
M.Fermine ydu tho haiku dd'n thi ndn chdc
chdn dng cung am hilu tdn cung vdn hda Uuyln
thdng ddm vi thiin cia Nhdt Ban Tuyet cd
nhring khoang trdng vdng trdn nhung ddng chu
va giria nhihig ddng chu Dd chinh Id noi hdi tu
giau cd nhdt cua thi phdp chdn khdng phuong
Ddng vd nguydn tdc bd sdt, cring nghd thudt tdy
trdng cia vdn hpc phuong Tdy hidn dai nhu
trong "tang bdng trPi" cia Hemingway
Tuyet kidm ngdn dd'n vd ngon, gian dj ma
khdng so sdi, ft di md khdng ngheo nan, Udng
ngdn ma khdng lanh leo Tuyet uuyln thd'ng
qud ma cung hidn dai qud! Tuyet la noi hdi ngd
ctia cai duy tinh, duy my cia phuang Ddng vd
S A C H H A Y NFN nocL
eai duy Iy sdc sao cia phuang Tdy Vi vdy ma
Tuyit da cang dupc mdt spi ddy ngPn tri ndi
Iiln hai bd vdn hda
Tuyit la tinh ydu khdng bidn gidi, ndn Tuyit
cung la noi nghd thudt Ddng - Tdy ddng nhd't, giao thoa, gap go Chi khi cd sy ddng nhd't ky la
dd, haiku mdi trd thdnh tuydt dinh cia nghd thudt ngdn tri Soseki, mdt budi sang trude ngdy
vl vinh cun da day Yuko bdi hpc cudi: "Yuko, con se trd thdnh nhd tho thdt sy khi nhung ddng chu con vilt ra chria dyng ca hdi hpa, thu phap,
dm nhae va nhiing didu mua Va dae bidt khi con da hoan thidn nghd thudt mua trdn ddy Tai sao u? Bdi vi nhd tho, mdt nha tho that sy, ndm bdt dupc nghd thudt trdn day Vid't, dd Id tid'n Idn phia trude, tri tilp ndi tri, trdn spi ddy cdi dep, spi day cia mdt bai tho, cia mpt tac phdm, mdt cdu chuydn cdn dn gidu trdn trang gidy Vilt, dd Id tiln ldn phia uudc, budc ndi tilp budc, trang nay tiep trang khdc, trdn con dudng cua cud'n sach Vdy dd, diiu khd khan nhd't, la ud thdnh nghd si
di trdn ddy ngdn tri" (chuong 40)
Cdc loai hinh nghd thudt DPng - Tdy da tao
ndn mdt gian giao hudng thdt hai hda Uong Tuyet
Trdn phuang didn my hpc tinh due nu, hinh tupng Neige Uong sudt trong tuyit trdng trdn dinh nui cao Id noi gdp go giua tinh thdn nhdn vdn chi nghia trong cdi ngudn vdn hda Hy Lap, Phuc hung cia van hpc phuong Tdy vdi truyin thd'ng ngpi ca den mric tin nguong cdi dep nhuc thi trong truyin thd'ng vdn hda Nhdt Ban
"Ndng mong manh nhu mdt gidc mpng Dd
Id mpt thilu nu chdu Au khda thdn ed mai tdc vang dng Nang da chit Nang dang ngi dudi mdt Idp bang" (chucmg 15) 'Thilu nu uong bang manh mai vd dju dang nhu mpt gidc mpng Yuko ngdm nhin, khong thdt ndn ldi, hoan todn bj ve dep cia ndng chinh phuc (chuong 16) Buc tranh ngudi dep tdc vdng uong tuyit dy khiln ta khdng thi khdng Iidn tudng din
brie hpa khda thdn ndi tidng Venus ngu cia
Giorjtone thdi Phuc hung Thilu nu khda thdn Uong gidc ngi ndng cd thi xem la dinh cao hodn hao nhd't ve dep nhuc thi cia con ngudi
Sy gap gd my bpc tfnh due nri DPng - Tdy cdn d nhung chucmg ta canh Yuko Iam tinh vdi
Sd302 Th^ng 8-2009
Trang 4THdMC TIM V A N H 6 A NGHg THUAT
cd gai bdn dai phun trdn tuyit vd vdi Hoa Xudn
giria trdi ddm tuyit trdng Trong truyin thdng
vdn hda Nhdt Ban, ve dep nhuc the cia ngudi
nu Id cdi dep dupc ton thd va tuyd't trdng Id sy
thudn khidt tuydt dd'i cria vu try trong nghi Id
Thdn dao - qud'c gido cia Nhdt Ban Vd quan he
tfnh dye chfnh Id sy thdng hoa cia tinh ydu vd
cdi dep nhuc the Cdn chi nghia nhdn vdn
phuong Tdy tri ngdn xua, da ca ngpi ve dep
nhyc thi, da dua nhu cdu va khd ndng trdn thi
cia con ngudi ldn mye tidu ddu tidn cria cupc
ddu tranh vi con ngudi, vi hanh phric cd that
giua trdn gian!
Nhring phuong didn va cap dp giao thoa
trdn nhu mdt ldi giai thfch vi sao Tuyet he
nhd, mdng manh nhu vdy, md vdn nhanh chdng trd mpt hidn tupng vdn hpc sdng gia trong vdn hpc thi gidi va trong thanh tyu vdn
hpc djch Viet Nam Vdi Tuyet, M.Fermine da
that sy bdc dupe cdy cdu ngdn ngu khdng chi
di qua bidn gidi cdc thi loai, cdc loai hinh nghd thudt, ddng quy hon hit la da ndi Iiln dupe hai miln vdn hda Ddng - Tdy xua nay vdn ft nhilu each bidt •
Hui, thdng 4-2009 H.X.V
P H I E N BAN Mffl
(Tiep theo trang 96)
nam trdm tridu ngudi (Narayan vid't cdi nay vdo
nam 1971) dang sd'ng d An Dp diu y thric dupc
cdu chuydn (Ramayana) d mric dp nao dd"
Cdu chuydn da thdm nhap vao y thric cia
ngudi dan sinh sdng khdp chdu A mpt each dd
dang, ndi bat nbu Id mpt trong nhung thidn sri
thi vl dai nhdt cia thi gidi Trude dd, cdc nha
van da timg vilt cac phidn ban Ramayana trong
truyin thd'ng van chucmg thdng trj cia thdi dai
hp; vi du, Ramayana cua Kamban gdm cd
10.500 khd tho vdi nhung Idi chri thich hidn dai
xuydn sudt sdu phdn, vdi mdi phdn gdm mdt
nghin trang
Vdi sy phat trien cria phuong tidn thong tin
dai chring vd sy chri y cia cPng chring trong
thdi gian ngdn hem, Andy Warthol, nghd si
ngudi My, dy doan tri ndm 1968 rdng "tucmg
lai, ta't ca mpi ngudi se ndi tid'ng the gidi trong
vdng mudi lam phrit" Phidn ban cria Nina
Paley phai dupc ghi nhdn, nhu la mdt phidn ban
My hidn dai cia mdt sri thi - mac du nd cd the
la dj ban thri 301 hay 3001
Romila Thapar vilt ndm 1989: "Sy chiim
bun mpt cdu chuydn bdng each cd vd sd cdc
phidn ban thdng qua cdi ma cam hung xa hdi va
nhung mdi ban tdm vl mat tu tudng cia mdi
nhdm Id rd rdng Cdu chuydn trong nhung phidn
ban nay bao gdm nhung dj ban quan trpng vdi
nhung thay ddi nhung quan nidm vl nhdn vdt
sy kidn va y nghia" Bdi bao cria Ramanujan thao ludn mpt vai trong sd nhilu phidn ban nay: Iramavataram cria Kamban, mpt sy midu ta van hpc Tamil kd't hpp vdi cdc ehd't lidu miln Nam
An Dp; cdc cdch ke cria ngudi Jaina, cung cdp mdt cai nhin kbdng hi cd tinh ehd't Hindu vl cdc sy kidn quen thudc; mpt cdu chuydn ddn gian Kannada da dl xudt rdng Sita la con gdi cua Ravana; Ramakirti trinh didn d Thai Lan chdng cd diim gi chung vdi bat ky phidn ban
An Dp ndo
Bdi vi cdc xa hpi da khdm phd ra Ramayana cria ridng hp, bd phim cria Nina Paley vdi td't ca nhirng thilu sdt va nghidn crin cd ban, cring vdn
Id kd't qua sy lidn he ca nhdn cua co vdi sy phu phiem cia md'i quan he Chi Id khi mpt bd sri thi dupe kl va kl lai, ddc bidt mpt sri thi ddc sdc nhu Ramayana, chinh sy trdi dao drie vdn chuong cia nd da dupc thill lap Thdm chi Mohammed Iqbal, nha trid't hpc - nhd tho ngudi
cd nhilu cdng sric trong vide cho ra ddi nin tang tri thric cho Pakistan, da khdng tranh dupc nhung anh hudng cia sri thi Ramayana va la mdt ngudi ngudng mp Rama Mpt trong nhung
bai tho cria dng dupe ddt tdn la Imaam e Hind
va mpt bai tho hai cdu cua dng nhu sau: "Ngucfi
An Dp tu hdo vi sU tdn tqi ciia Rama/ Nhdng tdm hdu sdng sudt coi ngdi nhu Id ngudi Idnh dqo eiia viing ddt" m
V.A.S
HA DAN dich
Ngudn: hllp://floniiet.com/stories/2fX)90522261009200
So 302
Thang 8-2009