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Nối tiếp nội dung phần 1, phần 2 cuốn giáo trình thực hành Ngữ âm học và âm vị học tiếng Anh giới thiệu tới người đọc các nội dung: Complex wordstress, wcak forms, problems in phonemic analysis, aspects of connected speech, functions ofintonation, intonation, further areas ofstudy in phonetics ancl phonology.
134 CHUONG 11 to affi x / 'efrk s / (n) phu co mp l ex w o rd /'k n mp l ek s ' w : d / tu phric co n s t itu en t / b n ' s t tj u : mt / (n ) to, phan en cou n t er / rn ' k au n t :i/ ( v) gi,ip phdi i n q u es t i o n / rn ' k w estJan / dang dugc xet den i n it i al IT ' mj1/ (adj ) kht i ddu, n atu re/ ' n eTtJa/ (n ) t[nh chiit, hdn chat p refi x / ' p ri : fT ks / (n ) tin t6, p ro d u ct i v e / p ro ' d x k trv / (ad j ) tr;.o sinh p ropo rt i o n / p ra' p : [n / (n ) ty le regu l arit y / regju l a: ratT/ tinh ph6 bien, thumng xuyen ro o t / ru : t / (n ) can to: tu ct'in s ak e-> fo r t h e s ak e o f / fa aa ' s e1 k av / d i d11(1 C s t e m I s t e m / (n ) tit goc, tt can, than tt s u ffi x / ' s A fT ks / (n ) hau to, tie t reat men t / ' tri : t man t / (n ) sf!/cdch it a ddu mot tt ti @ p ddu ngit v i ng@ l 135 11 Complex word stress 1 Trgng 11.1 Co mplex wo rds In Ch ap ter 10 th e n ature o f s tres s was exp lain ed an d s o me b road g en eral rules were g iv en for d ecid in g which s y llab le in a wo rd s h o u ld receiv e p rimary s tres s Th e wo rd s th at were d es crib ed were called "s imp le" wo rd s ; "s imp le" in th is tex t mean s "n o t co mp o s ed o f mo re th an o n e g rammatical u n it" , s o th at, for ex amp le, th e wo rd ' care' is s imp le wh ile 'careful' an d ' careles s ' (b ein g co mp o s ed o f two g rammatical u n its each ) are co mp lex ; 'carefu lly ' and ' careles s n ess ' are als o co mp lex , and are co mpo s ed o f three g rammatical u n its ' each Un fortun ately, as was s u g g es ted in th e Ch ap ter 10, it is o ften d ifficu lt to d ecid e o n wh eth er a wo rd s h o u ld b e treated as co mp lex o r s imp le Th e majo rity o f Eng lish wo rd s o f mo re th an o n e s y llab le (po l y s y lla bi c w o rds ) h av e co me fro m o th er lan g u ag es wh o s e way o f co n s tructin g wo rd s is eas ily reco g n is ab le; for ex amp le, we can s ee h o w co mb in in g 'mit' with th e p refix es 'p er-', ' s ub -' , ' co m-' p ro d u ced 'p ermit' , ' s u b mit' , 'co mmit' , wo rd s wh ich h av e co me in to Eng lis h fro m Latin Similarly , Greek h as g iv en u s 'catalo g u e', ' an alo g u e' , 'd ialo g u e' , ' mo n o lo gu e', in wh ich th e p refix es 'cata-', ' an a-' , 'd ia-', ' mo no -' are recog n is ab le Bu t we can no t au to matically treat th e s ep arate g rammatical u n its o f o th er lan gu ag es as s ep arate g rammatical u n its o f Eng lis h ; If we d id , we wo u ld n o t b e ab le to s tu d y Eng lis h mo rph o log y witho u t firs t s tud y in g th e mo rph o lo g y o f fiv e o r s ix o th er lan g u ag es , an d we wo u ld b e forced in to rid icu lou s an alys es s u ch as th at th e En g iis h wo rd 'p arallelep ip ed ' is co mp o s ed o f fou r o r fiv e g rammatical u n its (wh ich is th e cas e in ' An cien t Greek ) We mus t accep t, th en , th at th e d is tin ctio n b etween " s imp le" an d "co mp lex " wo rd s is d ifficu lt to d raw, an d is th erefore n o t alway s u s eful am c ua tu phuc tap 1 Ca c tu phuc tap Chuong 10 da giai thich ban chat cl a trc;rng am va neu mot so qui ti c ph6 bien rong rai de quyet dinh am tiet nao mc)t W nen nh~n am chinh Cac tt da duo·c mieu ta dLlc;IC goi la w "don gian"; "don gian" ngu canh c6 nghia la "khong dugc cau tao tr nhieu hon mot ddn vi ngu phap", vl the, vi du nhu tu 'care' la tu ddn gian 'careful' va 'careless' (m6i w du'(JC cau t 'u n pl eas an t ' ) an d s uffi x es, w hi ch co me aft er t h e s t em ( e.g s t em 'g ood ' + s u ffi x ' -n es s ' 'g oo d n ess ) Tntac tien chung ta se xem cac tu dudc tao voi cac phu to Trong tie'ng Anh, cac phu t6 thuoc hai loai: tien t6, dung truoc goc tu (vi du ti&n to 'un-' + goc W 'pleasant' > 'unpleasant') va h ~u to, dung sau goc tu vi du: goc W 'good' + h~u toe -ness' > 'goodness') A ffi x es h av e o n e o f t h ree p o ss i b l e effect s o n w o rd s t re s s : C ac phu to co the' co ba anh huang len am ca tr: i ) T h e affi x i t s el f recei v es t h e p ri mary s t ress (e.g 's emi -' + 'ci rcl e' s a :kl > 's emi ci rcl e' 's em s a : ' p ers o n ' 'pa :s ~ 'p ers o n alit y ' pa :s ~ 'rel a ti) i) Ban than phu to nhan am chinh (vi du: 'semi-' + 'circle' 's a :kl > 'semicircle' 's em s a :l ; 'person' 'pa:s ~ 'personality' pa :s frelati ) ii) T h e w o rd i s s t ress ed j u s t as i f t h e affi x w ere n o t t h ere (e.g ' p l eas an t' 'pl eznt, ' un p l eas an t ' A n' pl eznt; 'mark et ' m a :kTt, 'mark et i ng ' m a :k1 tJ g ) ii) Tu duqc nhan giong nhu the' khong co phu t6 d d6 (vi du: 'pleasant' ' pl eznt, 'unpleasant ' A n' pl eznt; 'market' m a :k1 t, 'marketing' m a :kTtJ o l i ii ) Th e s t res s remai n s o n t h e s t em, n o t t h e affi x, b u t i s s hi ft ed t o a d i fferen t s y llabl e (e.g ' magn et ' 'm reg na t, ' mag n eti c' m reg ' neti k) iii) Trong am van d tr@n goc tut, khong phi phu to, nhung duoc doi den mot am tiet khac (vi du: 'magnet' 'm reg na t, 'magnetic' m reg ' nehk) 11.2 Suffixes 11.2 Hau T h ere are s o man y s u ffi x es t h at it w ill o n ly b e p o ss i b l e h ere t o ex ami n e a s mall p ro p o rti on o f t h em; w e w ill cen t rat e on t ho s e w h i ch are co mmo n an d pro ducti v e (t h at i s, are app lied t o a co n s i d erabl e n u mb er o f s t ems an d cou l d b e ap p lied t o mo re t o mak e n ew En g lis h w o rd s ) In t h e cas e o f t h e o th ers , fo rei g n l earn ers w o ul d p ro b ab l y b e b etter adv i s ed t o l earn t h e 's t em + affi x ' co mb i n at i o n as an i n d i v i d u al i t em C nhi@u h~u t den n6i d day chl c6 the' xem xet mot phcin nho cua chung; chung ta se tap trung vao nhmng hau bien va h u u (ch (nghia la duoc ap dung vao mot s6 luqng dang ke' cac geic tu va c6 the' dugc ap dung vao nhieu tu hon de tao nhang tu mdi tieng Anh) Trong trl/ong hqp cua nhung tu khac, co le nhung nguoi hQc ngoc1- i ngu nen hoc each ke't hqp 'g6c W + plw to'' n hu mot muc rieng l; t6 to 137 O n e o f t h e p ro b l ems t h at w i ll b e en co u n t ered i s t h at w e may fi n d w o rd s w h i ch are o bvi o u s l y co mp l ex b u t w h i ch , w h en w e d i v i d e t h em i n t o s t em + affi x , t u rn o u t t o h av e a s t em t h at i s d i ffi cu lt t o i mag i n e as an E n g li s h w o rd Fo r ex amp l e, t h e w o rd ' aud aci ty ' s eems t o b e a co mp l ex wo rd b u t wh at i s i t s s t em? Anoth er p ro bl em i s t h at i t i s d i ffi cu l t i n s o me cas es t o kno w w h et h er a wo rd h as o n e, o r mo re t h an o n e, s u ffi x (e.g s h o u ld w e an al y s e ' p ers o n alit y ' , fro m t h e p oint o f v i ew o f s t res s as sign men t, as pa s n + rel;,ti o r as p3 :s n + rel + ;,ti?) In t h e s t u d y o f E n g lis h w o rd fo rmat i on at a d eep er le v el t h an w e can g o i n t o h ere, it i s n eces s ary fo r s u ch reas o n s t o d i s t i n g u i s h b etw een a s t em (w hich i s w h at remain s w h en affi x es are remo v ed ), an d a root, w h ic h i s t h e s mallest pi ece o f l ex ic al mat eri al t h at a s t em can b e redu ced t o So , i n 'p ers o n al it y ' , w e co u l d s ay t h at t h e suff "ix '-it y ' i s attach ed t o t h e ste m 'p ers o n al' w hich co n t ain s t h e root 'p ers o n ' W e w ill no t s p en d mo re t i me h ere on l o o k i n g at t h es e p ro b le ms, b u t g o o n t o l ook at s o me g en eralis at i o n s ab o u t s u ffi x es an d s t res s , u s i n g o nly t h e t erm ' s t em' fo r t h e s ak e o f s i mp l i ci t y Th e s u ffi x es are referred t o i n t h ei r s p elli n g fo rm Mqt t ro n g n h an g v an d e s e g ap l a ch u n g t a c6 t h e t h ay n h mng tu r6 ran g l a p h u c t q p n h u n g , k h i chu n g t a ch i a ch u n g t h an h g o c tu + p h u t o t h l h a chu n g co mot g o c tu ma t a k h t t fong t L(Q'n g d l a tu t i en g A n h V i d u : t u ' au d aci t y ' c6 v e n hu l a mQ t tu p h t c t ap n h u ng d au l a g o c tu cu a n ? MQ t v an d e k h ac l a t ro n g mo t s o t ru i n g h o p t h at k h b i et d ug c mot tu co mo t h ay n h i eu h o n mot h au t o (v i d 1_1: tu q u an d i em v e cach d at t ro n g am, ch u n g t a co n en ph an tich ' p ers o n al i t y ' l a pa s n + relati h ay la pa :s n +rel + ati?) K h i n g h i en cu u cach th an h l ap tu tien g A n h s au h o n cap d Q ch un g t a x em o cap x et o d ay , v i n h u n g ly d o n hu t h e d n p h p h an b i @t g i l a mo t g o c tu (l a p h an co n l k h i l o b p h u t ) v a g o c (l a p h an n h o n h at cl a t l i eu tu v u n g ma mo t g o c tu c6 g i an l u g c t h an h V ay , t ro n g t u ' p ers o n ali ty ' , ch u n g t a c6 th € n i ran g h a u t6 ' -ity ' d u c g an v ao g o c tt ' p e rs o n a l ' ch d a g o c ' p e rs o n ' O d a y chu n g t a s e k h o n g d an h n h i eu th o i g i an x em x et n h u n g v an d e n ay , m a s e t i ep t i c x em mot s d i eu t o n g qu at v e h au t o v a t ro n g am, d€ d o n g i an ch i d un g t h u at n g d ' g c tu' Cac h u t d u o;c d e cap o d an g ch i n h t a cd a chu n g the de gA U , EX t c6 sin trqng a m ch in h Suf fi xes carrying primary str ess themselves Ca c hau In t h e ex amp l es g i v en , w h ic h s eem t o b e t h e mo s t co mmo n , t h e p ripiary s t res s i s o n t h e fi rs t s y llab l e o f t h e s u ffi x If t h e s t em cons i st s o f mo re t h an o n e s y llabl e t h ere w ill b e a s eco n d ary s t res s o n o n e o f t h e s y llab l es o f t h e s t em T h i s can n o t fall o n t h e l as t s y llab l e o f t h e s t em an d is , i f n ecess ary , mo v ed t o an earl i er s y llab l e Fo r ex amp l e, i n 'Ja p an ' d3a'pen t h e p ri mary s t res s i s o n t h e l as t s y llab l e, b u t w h en w e ad d t h e s t ress carry i n g s u ffi x ' -es e' t h e p ri mary s tr es s i s on t h e s u ffi x an d t h e s eco nd ary s t res s i s p l aced n o t o n t h e s eco nd s y llab l e b u t o n t h e fi rs t: 'Jap an es e' ,d3apa'ni:z T ro ng cac v i d u d u ; c cho , d uong n hu p h bin n h at, t ro n g am ch i n h n am o am t i et d au t i en cu a h au t o N eu g o c tt c6 h o n mot am t i et t h i s e co mQ t t rQ n g am p h v a mQ t t ro ng s o cac am t i &t cl a g o c tt d T rQ n g am n ay k h on g t h € ro i v ao am t i et cu o i cd a g o c tu v a n eu can , n o d u g c d i d en am t i et p h i a t ru ck V i d u , t ro n g tu ' J ap an ' d3a'pan, am t i et ch i n h n am o am t i e t c u i , n h u n g k h i c h u n g t a t h e m h a u t o m a n g t ro n g a m ' -e s e ' t h i t ro n g a m c h i n h n a m & h u t o v a t r o n g a m p h u du o c d a t k h o n g p h a i o am t i et t h t h ma o am t i et t h & n h at: 'J ap an es e' ,d3apa'ni:z 138 • ' -ee': 'refu g ee' ,refju'd3:: 'ev acu ee' 1,vrekju'i: ' -eer': 'mou n tain eer' ,maunh'ma; 'v o l~n teer' , vnlan'lTa I • '-es e' : 'Po rtu gu es e' ,p:,:tJa'gi:z; 'jou rnales e' , dJ3:nl'i:z • '-ette' : 'cig arette' ,s1gi;'et; ' laun d erette' ,b:nd~et • '-es qu e': 'p ictu res q u e' ,pktfr'esk Cac hau to khong anh huong de'n cach dat am ~·uffixes that not af f ect st ress placement • ' -ab le' : 'co mfort' 'kAmfat; 'co mfortab le' 'kAmftabi • '-ag e' : 'an oho r' 'aenka; ' an ch o rag e' 'ankarrd3 • '-al': 'refus e' (v erb ) n'fjuz; 'refus al' n'fju:z! • • '-en ' : 'wid e' ward; 'wid en ' 'wardn ' -ful' : 'wond er' 'wAnda; 'wond erfu l' 'wAvdaft '-in g ' : ' amaze' a'me1z; 'amazing ' a'me1z10 • '-is h' : 'd ev il' 'devl ; 'd ev ilis h ' 'devhf (Th is is th e rule for adjectiv es ; v erb s with s tems o f mo re th an o n e s y llab le alway s h av e th e s tres s o n th e s y llab le immed iately p reced in g 'is h ' , e.g ' rep len is h ' n'plemJ, 'd emo lis h ' dr'mhf.) (Day la q u y tac d an h ch o cac tin h tu; cac d on g tt co cac g o c tu n h ieu h o n mot am tiet lu o n co tro n g am n am & am tiet d u n g n g ay tru o c ' is h ' , v i d u : ' rep len is h ' n'plemJ, ' d emo lis h ' d11mnhJ.) '-lik e' : 'b ird ' 'b3:d; 'b ird lik e' 'b3:dla1k • • • • • • '-les s' : 'p o wer' 'paua; 'po werles s ' 'paualas '-ly': 'tu rried 'hAnd; 'h urried ly ' 'hurdli ' -men e' (no u n ): 'p u n is h ' 'pAmJ; 'pu n is h men t' 'pAmJmant -n ess ': ' y ello w' 'jelau; 'y ello wn es s ' 'jelaunas '-o u s ': 'po is on ' 'przn; 'p o is ono u s ' 'prznas '-fy ' : 'g lo ry ' 'gb:ri; 'g lo ri[y ' 'gb:nfa1 ' -wis e' : ' o th er' 'Ada; ' o th erwis e' 'A0NWa1z ' -y ' (adjectiv e o r no u n ): 'fu n ' 'fAn; 'fu nny ' 'fAni g AUl 1, EX Suffixes that infl uence stress in the st em Cac hau to anh hu ng den am go'c tu In th es e ex amp les p rimary s tres s is o n th e las t s y llab le o f th e s tem Tran g cac v f d u n ay , tron g am ch fn h n am & am tit cu i cia g o c tt • ' -eo u s' : 'adv an tag e' ad'vo:ntTdJ; ' ad v an tag eo u s ' ,redvan'te1d3as ' -g raph y': 'pho to ' 'fautau; 'p ho to g rap h y ' fa'tografi 'ial': 'p rov erb ' 'prva:b; 'p rov erb ial' pro'vs:biol 139 ' -io n ' : 'climate' 'kla,mit; ' climatic' kla1'mret1k '-ion ' : ' p erfect' 'pa:f1kt; ' p erfectio n ' pa'fekJ'} '·-io u s ': ' inju re' 'md3a; 'inju rio u s ' m'd3J:rias ' -ty': 'tran q u il' 'tngkwil; ' tran q u illity ' trreo'kwdati ' -iv e': 'reflex ' 'ri:leks; 'reflex iv e' n'fleks1v Fin ally , wh en th e s u ffix es ' -an ce' , '-an t' an d ' -ary ' are attach ed to s ing le-s y llab le s tems, th e s tres s is almo s t alway s p laced o n th e s tem Wh en th e s tem h as mo re th an o n e s y llab le, th e s tres s is o n o n e o f th e s y llab les in th e s tem To exp lain th is we n eed to u s e a rule b as ed on s y llab le s tructu re, as was d o n e for s imp le wo rd s in th e p rev io u s ch ap ter If th e fin al s y llab le o f th e s tem is s tro n g, th at s y llab le receiv es th e s tress Fo r ex amp le: 'impo rtan ce' mm'p:tns; 'cen ten ary ' sen'ti:nri Oth erwis e th e s y llab le b efore th e las t o n e receiv es th e s tress : ' in h eritan ce' 1n'her1fans; ' military ' 'm1htri Cu i cmn g , k h i cac h au to ' -an ce' , ' -an t' v a ' -ary ' d u o c g an v ao cac g c tu d o n am tiet, tron g am h au n h u lu c n ao cu n g d at len g o c tu Kh i g c tu co h o n mot am ti&t, tro n g am n am o mot tron g s o cac am tiet tron g g c tu d o € g iai th ich d ieu n ay , chu n g ta can d un g mot qu y tac d u a tren cau tru c am tiet, gio n g n hu d 15'i v o i cac tu d o n g in tron g ch l.id n g tru o c Neu am ti&t cu o i cla g o c tu man h th i am ti@t d o n h an tro n g am Vi d u : ' imp ortan ce' 1m'pJ:tns; ' cen ten ary ' sen'ti:nri Ng u o c lai, am tie' t d u n g truo c am tiet cu o i n h an tro n g am: ' in h eritan ce' m'hentans; ' military ' 'm1htri 11.3 Prefixes 11.3 Tie n t We will o n ly d eal b riefly with p refix es Th eir effect o n s tres s d o es n o t h av e th e co mp arativ e reg u larity, ind ep en d en ce an d p red ictab ility o f s u ffix es , an d th ere is no p refix o f o n e o r two s y llab les th at alway s carries p rimary s tres s Co n s eq u en tly, th e b es t treatmen t s eems to b e to s ay th at s tres s in wo rd s with p refix es is g ov erned by th e s ame rules as tho s e for wo rd s with o u t p refix es Chun g ta s e ch i b an n g iln g o n v e cac tien to Su tac d on g cla ch un g len tro n g am co tin h qu y tile tu o n g d i, tfn h - d q c lap v a tfn h co th e d o an truo c cd a cac h au to , v a k h o n g co tien t6 n ao cla mo t h o ac h am tiet lu o n man g tron g am ch in h Do d o , each g iai q u y et t6 t n h a' t co v e n h u la p h n o i ran g tro n g am tron g cac tu co tien to bi ch i p h o i b i cac qu y tac g io n g n h u qu y t a c d an h ch o cac tt k h o n g co ti@n t6 , I O AU11, EX4 11.4 Compound words 1 Ca c tu ghep th e word s d is cu s s ed s o far in this ch ap ter h av e all cons is ted o f a s tem p lu s an affix We n o w p as s o n to an o th er typ e o f wo rd Th is is , called co mp o und , an d its main ch aracteris tic is th at it can_ b e an aly s ed in to two wo rd s , bo th o f wh ich can ex is t ind ep end en tly as Eng lis h wo rds (So me co mpou n d s are mad e o f mo re th an two wo rd s , b u t \v e will, n o t s id er th es e.) As with man y o f th e d is tin ctio n s b eing mad e in n ection with s tres s , th ere are areas o f u n certain ty Fo r ex amp le, it cou ld b e arg u ed th at 'p h o tog rap h ' may b e d iv id ed Cac tu d a d uo c th o lu an ch o d en b ay g io o tron g ch u o ng n ay tat ca d eu co mot g o c tu g mo t p h u t6 Bay g id ch u n g ta chu y € n q u a mt lo k h ac Lo tut n ay d u g c g o i la tu ghep v a d ac d i€ m ch in h cd a n o la n o co th € d L((JC p h an tich th an h h tu , ca h tu n ay d eu co th € t6 n ti! i d o c lap n h u cac tt tie' n g An h (Mot s o tu g h ep dug c tao tut n h ieu h d n h tu, 11h u n g ch u n g ta s e k h o n g x em x et 11h Cl11g w n ay ) Co n g co n h iJ u s u k h ac b i~t v ~ tron g am, c6 cac ITn h VI/ C k h n g tu 14 in to two in d ep en d en t wo rd s, ' p h o to ' an d 'g raph ' ; y et we u s u ally d o n o t reg ard it as a co mp o u n d , b u t as a s imp le wo rd (If, ho wev er, s o meon e d rew a g raph d is p lay in g n u merical in formatio n abou t p h o to s, th is wou ld p erh ap s b e called a 'p h o to -g rap h ' an d th e wo rd wo u ld b e reg ard ed as a co mp ound ) Co mp o u n d s are written in d ifferen t way s ; s 01n:etimes th ey are written as o n e wo rd e.g ' armch air' , 's u n flo wer' - s o metimes with th e wo rd s s ep arated b y a h yph en - e.g 'g ear ch ang e', 'fru it-cak e', an d s o metimes with two wo rd s s ep arated b y a s p ace - e.g ' d es k lamp ' , 'b attery ch arg er' In this las t cas e th ere wou ld, o f co u rs e, b e no in d icatio n to th e foreig n learner th at th e p air o f wo rd s was to b e treated as a co mpo und Th ere is n o clear d iv id ing lin e b etween two -wo rd co mp o u n d s an d p airs o f wo rd s th at s imp ly h app en to o ccu r to g eth er q u ite freq u en tly chac chan Vi du, ngudi ta c6 the lap luan rang 'photograph' c6 the' dl.iQ'c chia hai tu doc lap, 'photo' va 'graph'; nhung, chung ta thuong khong xem no la tu ghep, ma la mot tt don gian (Song, nu mot ngudi nao ve bieu bi&u dien thong tin bling so ve cac hinh anh, thl co le no dllQ'c gc;>i la 'photo-graph' va tu duoc xem la W ghep.) Cac W ghep du@c viet theo nhieu cach khac nhau; d6i chung duoc viet du@i dang mot tu - vi du: 'armchair', 'sunflower' - d6i v6i cac tu dudc tach rdi bang dau gqch ngang - vi du: 'gear-change', 'fr uit cake' - va d6i voi cac tu dudc tach rdi bang mot khoang - vi du: 'desk lamp', 'battery charger' Di nhien trllong hqp cuo'i cung khong cho nglloi hoc ngoai ng@ thay rang cap tu phai du;c xem la tu ghep Khong co duong phan chia ro rang gil a cac tu ghep hai tu va cac cap tu von don gian xuat hien voi kha thllong xuyen As far as s tres s is cerned, th e q u es tio n is q u ite s imp le Wh en is p rimary s tres s p laced o n th e firs t cons titu en t wo rd o f th e co mp o u n d and wh en o n th e s econ d ? Bo th p atterns are fou nd A few rules can b e g iv en , althou g h th es e are n o t co mp letely reliab le Wo rd s wh ich n o t receiv e p rimary s tress n o rmally h av e s eco n d ary s tres s , alth o u g h for th e s ak e o f s imp licity th is is n o t mark ed h ere Perh ap s th e mo s t Iamiliar ty p e o f co mp ou n d is th e o n e wh ich co mb in es two n o un s, an d n o rmally h as th e s tres s on th e firs t elemen t, as in : Ve mat am, cau hoi kha don gian Khi nao am chinh dLiQC dat & tu phan dau tien cua tu ghep va nao duoc dat o tu phan tht hai? C a hai mau deu du;c tim thay C6 the' c6 m9t vai qui tile dl.ic;Jc dl.ia ra, mac du nhung qui tfr kh6ng hoan toan dang tin cay C ac tr khong nhan am chinh thuong co am phu, mac du de don gin no khong duoc danh dau d day C o le loq i tu ghep quen thuoc nhat la loai kt hop hai danh tu va thllong c6 am & phan dau tien, nhu trong: 'ty p ewriter' 'ta rpra rto 's u itcas e' 's u:tke1 s 'car-ferry ' 'ko :feri 'tea-cu p ' 'ti :kA p ' s u nris e' 's A nra z It is p rob ab ly s afes t for foreign learners to ass u me th at s tres s will n o rmally fall in th is way on o th er co mpo u n d s; ho wev er, a v ariety o f co mp o u n d s receiv e s tres •, in s tead o n th e s econd elemen t Fo r ex all' p le, co mpou n d s with an adjectiv al firs t elemen t an d th e -ed mo rp h eme at th e en d h av e this p attern (g iv en in s p ellin g o n ly ): C6 le an toan nhat la gia st ding tn:rng am thudng se roi vao cac tu ghep khac theo each nay; nhien, co du loqi tu ghep nhan am thay vi roi vao phan thCt hai Vi du, cac tu ghep voi phan th& nhat co ch&c nang tinh t u t va am vi -ed o cuoi co mau (chi dL(Q'C cho o dang chinh ta): 41 b ad -' temp ered bad-'tempered h alf-' timb ered half-'timbered h e a v y -' h a n d e d heavy-' handed Co mpound s in wh ich th e firs t elemen t is a n u mb er in s o me form als o tend to h av e fin al s tress : Cac tu ghep ma d6 phan th& nhat la theo mot dang no cung co khuynh huong co am cu6i: so th ree-' wh eeler th ree-' wh eeler s eco n d -' clas s s econd -' clas s fiv e-' fin g er fiv c-' fing er Co mpou n d s fun ctio n ing as adv erb s are u s u ally fin al-s tress ed : C ac tu ghep thuc hi@en cht c nang la tinh tu thuong dugc nhan o tu cu6i: h ead -' firs t h ead -' firs t No rth -' Eas t No rth -' Eas t wn's tream wn ' s tream Fin ally , co mp ou nd s wh ich fun ctio n as v erb s an d h av e an ad v erb ial firs t elemen t tak e fin al s tress : C u6i cung, cac tu ghep thuc hien ch(c nang la dong tu va co phan tht nhat thuc hi@en ch(c nang lam trang tu nhan am cuoi: d o wn -' g rad e d o wn -' g rad e b a ck -' p e d a l b a ck -' p e d a l ill-' treat ill-' treat 11.5 Variable stress 1 Trqng a m bie n dfii It wo u ld b e wron g to imag in e th at th e s tres s p allern is alway s fix ed and u n ch an g in g in En g lis h wo rd s Stres s p o s itio n may v ary for on e o f two reas o n s : eith er as a res u lt o f th e s tres s o n o th er wo rd s o ccu rrin g n ex t to th e wo rd in q u es tio n , o r b ecau s e n o t all s p eak ers ag ree o n th e p lacemen t o f s tres s in s o me wo rd s Th e former cas e is an as p ect o f n ected s p eech th at will b e en co un tered ag ain in Ch ap ter : th e main effect is th at th e s tres s o n a fin al-s tress ed co mpoun d ten d s to mo v e to th e p reced in g s y llab le if th e follo win g wo rd b eg in s with a s ly s tres s ed s y llab le Thu s (us in g s o me ex amp les fro m th e p rev io u s s ectio n ): That sai lam nghT rang mau am lun co dinh va khong thay di cac tu tieng Anh Vi tri am c6 th€ thay do'i vi mot hai ly do: la am trn cac tu khac xuat hien ke ben tu dang de cap, hoac vi khong phai tat ca nhung ngudi noi deu chap nhan cach dat am o mot s6 tt Truong hop dau la khia canh noi am ma chung ta se gap lai chuong 14: su tac dong chfnh la am o tu ghep dugc nhan cuoi co khuynh huong chuyen sang am ti&t dung truoc neu tu theo Sall ba' t du bang mot am tiet dugc nhan manh Vay (mot so vi du tu phan truoc): b ad -' temp ered but a 'b ad -temp ered 'teach er h alf-' timb ered but a ' h alf-timb ered 'h o u s e h eavy -' h an d ed but a ' h eavy -h an d ed 's en ten ce 42 Th e s econ d is n o t a s eriou s p rob lem, b u t is o n e th at foreig n learners s h o u ld b e aware o f A well-k n o wn ex amp le is 'co n trov ers y ' , wh ich is p ronoun ced b y s o me s p eak ers as 'kuntrav3:si an d b y o th ers as kan'truvasi; it wou ld b e q u ite wron g to say th at o n e v ers io n was co rrect an d o n e in co rrect Oth er ex amp les o f d ifferen t p os s ib ilities are 'ice cream' (eith er ,a1s'kri:m o r 'a1skri:m) ' k ilo metre' ('k1lami:ta o r k1'lum1ta) an d 'formid ab le' ('fa:m,dabl o r fa:'mrdabl') Ly th& hai khong phai la van de nghiem trong, nhung la ly ma ngudi hoc ngoai ngd nen biet Mot vi du bien la 'controversy', duoc mot so ngudi noi phat am la 'kntrava:si va mot so khac phat am la kon'trvasi; se that sai lam n6i rang mot phien ban dung va mot phien ban sai Cac vi du khac ve nhung kha nang khac la 'ice-cream' ,ars'kri:m hoac 'arskri:m ), 'kilometre' ('krlami:ta ho~c k1'lnm1ta) va 'formidable' ('fa:mrdabf ho~c fa:'mrdabp 11.6 Word-class pairs 11.6 Cac cap tu loai " AUll, EX On e as p ect o f wo :d s tres s is b es t treated as a s ep arate is s u e Th ere are s ev eral d o zen p airs o f two -s y llab le wo rd s with id en tical s p elling wh ich d iffer fro m each o th er in s tres s p lacemen t, ap p aren tly acco rd in g to wo rd clas s (no u n , v erb o r adjectiv e) All app ear to s is t o f p refix + s tem We s h all treat th em as a s p ecial typ e o f wo rd an d g iv e th em th e follo win g rule: if a p air o f p refix -p lus -s tem wo rd s ex is ts , b o th memb ers o f which are s p elt id en tically , o n e o f wh ich is a v erb and th e o th er o f wh ich is eith er a n ou n o r an adjectiv e, th en th e s tres s will b e p laced o n th e s econ d s y llab le o f th e v erb b u t o n th e firs t s y llab le o f th e n o u n o r ad jectiv e So me co mmon ex amp les are g iv en b elo w (V = v erb , A = adjectiv e, N = n oun ): ' ab s tract' 'co nd u ct' ' co n tract' ' co n tras t' 'd es ert' 'esco rt' 'expo rt' 'imp o rt' ' in s u lt' ' o b ject' 'p erfect' 'p ermit' 'p res en t' 'p rodu ce' 'p rotes t' 'reb el' ' re co rd ' 'sub ject' 'aebstrkt(A), 'kDndAkt ( N) , 'kuntrrekt (N), 'kuntra:st (N), 'dezat(N), 'esk:>:t(N) 'eksp:>:t (N), '1mp:>t (N), 'msAlt ( N) , 'nbd31kt (N), 'p3:fkt (A ), 'pa:mt (N), 'preznt (N A), 'prudju:s ( N) 'prautest (N), 'rebl ( N) 'rek:>:d(N) 'sAbd31kt ( N) , Mot khfa canh ci a am tt tot nha't dt1t (V) 1m'p:>:t (V) m'sAlt (V) ab'd3ekt (V) pa'fckt (V) po'm t (V) pn'zcnt (V) pra'dju:s (V) pr a' tcst ( V) n ' b el (V) n ' k:,:d (V) sob' d3ekt ( V) 14 Not es on problems and further reading Mo s t o f t h e readin g reco mmen d ed i n t h e n o t es fo r t h e p rev i o u s ch ap t er i s rel ev an t fo r t h i s o n e t o o Lo o k i n g s p eci fi cally at co mp o u nds, i t i s w o rt h read i n g Fu d g e (1 : Ch ap t er 5) See al s o Cru ttend en (1994: 207-9) If y ou w i s h t o g o mo re d eep l y i n t o co mpou n d -wo rd s t res s, y o u s h ou l d fi rs t s tu d y E ng l i sh w o rd fo rmat i o n Reco mmen d ed read ing fo r t h i s i s Bau er (1983) O n t h e d i s tin cti o n b et w een ste m and root, s ee Rad fo rd e t al (1999), pp 67-8 Bai tap Written exercises Pu t s t res s mark s o n t h e fo llo w in g w o rd s (t ry t o p u t s eco n d ary s t res s mark s o n as w ell) viet Eat dau nhn len cac t! sau day (cung co gang dat cac dau am phu) a) s h o p -fi tt er b ) o p en -end ed c) Ja v an es e d) b i rt h -mark e ) an ti -cl o ck w is e f ) confi rmat i o n g) ei gh t -s i d ed h ) fru it -cak e i ) d e fec t i v e j ) ro o f-timb er W rit e t h e w o rd s i n p h on emi c t ran s cri pt i o n , i n cl u d i n g t h e s t res s mark s P hi@n am cac tu theo am v i hoc, bao gom cac dau nhan 27 and 3: :,u toy tore phone coin corn boat bought beard bead boil ball code cord mere me boy bore stoke stork steered steed foil fall bowl ball peer pea el CJ J;) ua :n ea and and and J: 10 fawn fear and I: fee and 3: dare day fare fear poor paw stared stayed pair pier sure shore pairs pays stare steer moor more hair hay a1r ea r dour door mare may snare tour tore sneer Exe rcise Triph tlz oll gs Bai tap Ta m trung a m Listen and repeat: Nghe va lip lai e 1a player p le 1a 000 a1o tyre ta1a aua shower Jaua mower maua JIJ loyal b 1al am ca c tr Exe rcise Tran sc ription of w ords Bi tap Phi@n You should now be able to recognise all the vowels diphthongs and triphthongs of English, and alt the plosives In the next exercise you will hear one-syllable English words composed of these sounds Each word will be said twice You must transcribe these wot·ds using the phonemic symbols that you have learned in the first three chapters When you hear the word, write it with phonemic symbols (l 20) Bay gio ban phai c6 kha nang nhn biet tat cac nguyen am, nhi trmng am va tam trmng am rong tieng Anh, va tat ca cac am bat Trong bi tap tiep theo, ban se nghe cac tu tieng Anh mot am tiet duoc tao tu cac am Moi tu se dL((;IC n6i hai lan Ban phi phien am nhmng tu bang cach dung ky hi@u ngCI am ma ban da hoc o ba chuong dau Khi ban nghe tt, hay viet no voi cac ky hieu ngL7 am (1 20) Now check your answers Exe rc ise Produ c tion II ► The following are all English words: they are given only in phonemic transcription When you hear the number you should say the word: you will then hear the correct pronunciation which you should repeat If you want to see how these words are spelt ca Bay gio hay kiem tra dap an cua 6