Sáng kiến kinh nghiệm, SKKN Phương pháp giúp học sinh làm tốt phần chọn câu gần nghĩa nhất với câu đã cho trong đề thi THPT quốc giaSáng kiến kinh nghiệm, SKKN Phương pháp giúp học sinh làm tốt phần chọn câu gần nghĩa nhất với câu đã cho trong đề thi THPT quốc giaSáng kiến kinh nghiệm, SKKN Phương pháp giúp học sinh làm tốt phần chọn câu gần nghĩa nhất với câu đã cho trong đề thi THPT quốc giaSáng kiến kinh nghiệm, SKKN Phương pháp giúp học sinh làm tốt phần chọn câu gần nghĩa nhất với câu đã cho trong đề thi THPT quốc giaSáng kiến kinh nghiệm, SKKN Phương pháp giúp học sinh làm tốt phần chọn câu gần nghĩa nhất với câu đã cho trong đề thi THPT quốc giaSáng kiến kinh nghiệm, SKKN Phương pháp giúp học sinh làm tốt phần chọn câu gần nghĩa nhất với câu đã cho trong đề thi THPT quốc giaSáng kiến kinh nghiệm, SKKN Phương pháp giúp học sinh làm tốt phần chọn câu gần nghĩa nhất với câu đã cho trong đề thi THPT quốc giaSáng kiến kinh nghiệm, SKKN Phương pháp giúp học sinh làm tốt phần chọn câu gần nghĩa nhất với câu đã cho trong đề thi THPT quốc giaSáng kiến kinh nghiệm, SKKN Phương pháp giúp học sinh làm tốt phần chọn câu gần nghĩa nhất với câu đã cho trong đề thi THPT quốc giaSáng kiến kinh nghiệm, SKKN Phương pháp giúp học sinh làm tốt phần chọn câu gần nghĩa nhất với câu đã cho trong đề thi THPT quốc giaSáng kiến kinh nghiệm, SKKN Phương pháp giúp học sinh làm tốt phần chọn câu gần nghĩa nhất với câu đã cho trong đề thi THPT quốc giaSáng kiến kinh nghiệm, SKKN Phương pháp giúp học sinh làm tốt phần chọn câu gần nghĩa nhất với câu đã cho trong đề thi THPT quốc giaSáng kiến kinh nghiệm, SKKN Phương pháp giúp học sinh làm tốt phần chọn câu gần nghĩa nhất với câu đã cho trong đề thi THPT quốc giaSáng kiến kinh nghiệm, SKKN Phương pháp giúp học sinh làm tốt phần chọn câu gần nghĩa nhất với câu đã cho trong đề thi THPT quốc giaSáng kiến kinh nghiệm, SKKN Phương pháp giúp học sinh làm tốt phần chọn câu gần nghĩa nhất với câu đã cho trong đề thi THPT quốc gia
PHẦN MỞ ĐẦU
Lý do chọn đề tài
Trong cuộc sống, có muôn vàn cách để diễn đạt một suy nghĩ hay ý tưởng Do vậy, khả năng biến hóa và sử dụng các câu đồng nghĩa giúp chúng ta làm cho ngôn ngữ thêm phong phú Đề thi THPT Quốc gia môn Tiếng Anh có 3 câu phần chọn câu đồng nghĩa So với phần kiểm tra lựa chọn từ (word choice), phần từ đồng nghĩa, trái nghĩa hay phần đọc hiểu với dạng câu hỏi suy luận (inferring questions) thì phần chọn câu gần nghĩa nhất không khó Tuy nhiên, trong quá trình ôn thi THPT quốc gia cho học sinh khối 12, tôi nhận thấy các em gặp khó khăn khi làm phần này và thường đưa ra đáp án sai Xuất phát từ những lí do nêu trên tôi đã chọn đề tài “ Phương pháp giúp học sinh làm tốt phần chọn câu gần nghĩa nhất với câu đã cho trong đề thi THPT quốc gia” cho sáng kiến kinh nghiệm của mình.
Mục tiêu nghiên cứu
Đề tài nghiên cứu nhằm tìm hiểu những khó khăn mà học sinh gặp phải khi làm phần chọn câu đồng nghĩa Hơn thế nữa, tôi muốn giới thiệu phương pháp để học sinh làm tốt phần này trong đề thi THPT quốc gia Cuối cùng nhưng cũng không kém phần quan trọng, thông qua thu thập và phân tích các dữ liệu cũng như áp dụng các phương pháp đó vào một số lớp học tại trường, tôi sẽ đưa ra một số gợi ý để giáo viên Tiếng Anh có thể áp dụng hiệu quả các giải pháp đó.
Đối tượng nghiên cứu
Đối tượng nghiên cứu của đề tài này là 2 lớp khối 12 tại trường tôi.
Phạm vi nghiên cứu
Đề tài nghiên cứu về các phương pháp giúp học sinh làm tốt phần chọn câu gần nghĩa nhất với câu đã cho trong đề thi THPT quốc gia Các số liệu nghiên cứu được thu thập trong năm học 2018 – 2019.
Nhiệm vụ nghiên cứu
- Tìm hiểu những khó khăn mà học sinh gặp phải khi làm phần chọn câu đồng nghĩa
- Giới thiệu phương pháp để học sinh làm tốt phần chọn câu đồng nghĩa trong đề thi THPT quốc gia.
- Áp dụng những phương pháp trên vào lớp 12 tại trường để tìm ra tính hiệu quả của sáng kiến.
Phương pháp nghiên cứu
Đề tài sử dụng các phương pháp nghiên cứu sau:
- Phương pháp nghiên cứu tài liệu.
- Phương pháp trưng cầu ý kiến bằng bảng hỏi.
- Biên soạn các bài tập và áp dụng chúng vào việc dạy học.
- Phương pháp quan sát, trao đổi với đồng nghiệp.
- Phương pháp xử lý dữ liệu: phương pháp xử lý dữ liệu định lượng và định tính.
Những đóng góp mới của đề tài
Đề tài tìm ra những phương pháp để giúp đối tượng học sinh trung bình và khá giỏi có thể làm tốt phần chọn câu gần nghĩa nhất với câu đã cho Thông qua đề tài, các giáo viên Tiếng Anh có thể giúp học sinh cải thiện điểm số Học sinh có thể sử dụng đề tài để tự học và phát triển kỹ năng viết.
Bố cục của đề tài
Đề tài gồm 3 phần: Phần mở đầu, phần giải quyết vấn đề và phần kết luận kiến nghị Phần mở đầu nêu lý do chọn đề tài, tính cấp thiết, mục tiêu, đối tượng, phạm vi, nhiệm vụ và phương pháp nghiên cứu cũng như dự báo những đóng góp mới của đề tài Phần giải quyết vấn đề nêu cơ sở khoa học của vấn đề, trình bày khảo sát tình hình thực tế, đưa ra một số phương pháp gồm cả lý thuyết và bài tập thực hành để học sinh có thể làm tốt phần chọn câu có nghĩa tương đương, nêu những nhận định về tính hiệu quả của đề tài thông qua đối chiếu các số liệu liên quan Phần kết luận và kiến nghị nêu quy trình nghiên cứu, ý nghĩa của đề tài và những đề xuất.
PHẦN GIẢI QUYẾT VẤN ĐỀ
Cơ sở khoa học
1.1.1 Khái niệm câu đồng nghĩa
Theo Nguyễn Hữu Chương (2009), những câu có hình thức khác nhau nhưng lại diễn đạt cùng một nội dung, cùng chỉ một đối tượng, một sự tình v.v… đó là những câu đồng nghĩa (paraphrase)
1.1.3 Các loại câu đồng nghĩa
Trong nghiên cứu “Đối chiếu một số loại câu đồng nghĩa giữa tiếng Việt và tiếng Anh”, Nguyễn Hữu Chương đã nêu ra rất nhiều loại câu đồng nghĩa Tuy nhiên, những loại câu đồng nghĩa sau đây là phổ biến: a Câu đồng nghĩa bởi phép thế bằng các từ đồng nghĩa.
Ví dụ: - Peter goes to Ha Noi by airplane/ craft
- Please close/ shut the window. b Câu đồng nghĩa bởi lối phủ định kép.
Tiếng Anh dùng các phủ định (negative prefixes) như: in – (incorrect = không đúng), un – (unreasonable = vô lý), dis – (dislike = không thích), im – (impossible không thể), ir – (irregular = không đều đặn),v.v…
Ví dụ: - His reaction was explainable His reaction was not unexplainable.
- His anger is reasonable His anger is not without any reason. c Câu đồng nghĩa bởi phép thế bằng các từ đảo nghĩa (converse).
Các cặp từ đảo nghĩa là những cặp từ như: buy (mua) – sell (bán), borrow (mượn) – lend (cho mượn), give (giao, cho) – take (nhận), win (thắng) – lose (thua), teach (dạy) – study (học), own (có, sở hữu) – belong to (thuộc về), v.v.
Ví dụ: - Bill bought a chicken from salesman Salesman sold a chicken to Bill
- She had to eat her dinner before she went out She could go out after she ate her dinner She could not go out until she finished her dinner. d Câu đồng nghĩa bởi phép thế bằng các danh từ chỉ số lượng, các con số.
I have been living here for a year I have been living here for 12 months e Câu đồng nghĩa bởi phép thế các từ phái sinh cùng gốc.
Ví dụ: - He plays football well He is a good football player.
- He admires her He has admiration for her f Câu đồng nghĩa bởi việc dùng cấu trúc mang nghĩa tương đương.
Ví dụ: - Gas is easy to buy It’s easy to buy gas.
- Nam bought this book This book was bought by Nam. Đây là dạng gặp phổ biến nhất trong các đề thi THPT quốc gia môn Tiếng Anh.
Ví dụ: (Mã đề 403 – năm 2018)
Question 43: “Don’t forget to submit your assignments by Thursday,” said the teacher to the students.
A The teacher reminded the students to submit their assignments by Thursday.
B The teacher allowed the students to submit their assignments by Thursday.
C The teacher ordered the students to submit their assignments by Thursday.
D The teacher encouraged the students to submit their assignments by Thursday.
Question 44: They expect that recent changes will bring about an overall improvement in the quality of the country’s education.
A Recent changes are expected to lead to an overall improvement in the quality of the country’s education
B The quality of the country’s education is expected to be the consequence of recent changes.
C It is expected that recent changes are caused by an overall improvement in the country’s education.
D It was expected that recent changes would result in an overall improvement in the quality of the country’s education.
Question 45: She wasn’t early enough to catch the bus.
A She wasn’t late for the bus B She didn’t arrive late for the bus.
C She arrived too early for the bus D She was too late to catch the bus.
Cơ sở thực tiễn
2.1 Ma trận đề thi THPT quốc gia môn Tiếng Anh năm 2019
Dựa vào ma trận, ta thấy phần chọn câu gần nghĩa với câu đã cho có 3 câu, chủ yếu nằm ở mức độ thông hiểu và vận dụng thấp Thông thường, trong các đề thi, theo nhận định của bản thân và trao đổi với đồng nghiệp thì các câu hỏi này thường không khó.
2.2 Những khó khăn học sinh gặp phải khi làm phần chọn câu gần nghĩa nhất
Qua thăm dò ý kiến học sinh bằng bằng phiếu hỏi, ta có thể thấy không có em học sinh nào nhận xét phần này là rất dễ, chỉ có 2 em trong 78 em (chiếm 2.56%) đánh giá là dễ, 11 em (14.1%) nhận xét là độ khó trung bình Đa số học sinh coi phần này là khó (29.49%), và thậm chí là rất khó (53.85%).
Các nguyên nhân học sinh đưa ra phổ biến là do các em không hiểu nghĩa câu gốc, các phương án A, B, C, D gần giống nhau nên dễ gây nhầm lẫn Một số em thừa nhận do phần này có vẻ dài, nhiều từ mới nên các em thấy sợ, không muốn làm.
Phương pháp làm phần chọn câu gần nghĩa với câu đã cho
Bước 1: Đọc kỹ câu cho trước và cố gắng hiểu trọn vẹn ý của câu đó Chú ý đến những từ khóa, và cấu trúc được sử dụng ở câu gốc.
Bước 2: Nghĩ ra ý tưởng viết lại câu sử dụng cách khác, cấu trúc khác mà vẫn giữ được ý nguyên vẹn của câu cho trước.
Bước 3: Đọc các phương án cho sẵn và loại các phương án sai về ngữ pháp hoặc sai về nghĩa.
Bước 4: Tìm ra phương án đúng, đọc và kiểm tra lại để chắc chắn nghĩa của câu không đổi so với câu ban đầu.
Tuy nhiên, để làm dạng bài tìm câu gần nghĩa hiệu quả nhất, học sinh nên được khuyến khích ghi nhớ được các cấu trúc, từ, cụm từ tương đương và luyện tập thường xuyên dạng bài này để phát triển khả năng phát hiện và loại trừ các phương án sai.
3.2 Hệ thống hóa các cấu trúc, cụm từ có ý nghĩa tương đương và bài tập.
3.2.1 Cấu trúc liên biến đổi về thì
* S + began / started + to V/ V-ing + time ago / when… (bắt đầu làm gì)
=> S + have/has + Vpp / been Ving+ for / since …
Ví dụ: She began to play the piano 5 years ago.
=> She has played/ has been playing the piano for 5 years.
* S + last + Vpast + time+ ago: Lần cuối cùng làm gì
=> S + have/ has + not + Vpp + for + time.
=> It’s + time + since + S + last + Vpast.
=> The last time + S + Vpast+ was + time + ago.
Ví dụ: It last snowed 2 weeks ago.
=> It hasn’t snowed for 2 weeks
=> It’s 2 weeks since it last snowed.
=> The last time it snowed was 2 weeks ago.
* This is the first time + S +have/has + Vpp: Lần đầu làm gì
=> S +have/ has + never + Vpp + before.
=> S+ have/ has not+ Vpp + before.
Ví dụ: This is the first time I have met him
=> I have never met him before.
* This is the Superlative (…est/ most ADJ N) S +have/has+Vpp: Đây là… nhất từng…
=> S +have/ has + never + Vpp+ such a/an+ ADJ+ N.
=> S+ have/ has never + Vpp + a more + ADJ+ N than this.
* S + often + V = S + be used to +Ving /N = S + be accustomed to +
Ving: thường/quen với làm gì
* S + used to + Vbare…… = S + usually + Vpast… = S + no longer + V(s,es) = S + don’t / doesn’t V-bare + any more: đã từng (thói quen trong quá khứ)
1 Steve left before my arrival.
A When I arrived, Steve had already left B Steve left as soon as I arrived.
C While Steve was leaving I arrived D Steve hadn’t left until I arrived.
A Being here is a pleasant experience.
B This is the first time I have been here.
C I have wished to be here for long.
D Before long I will be here.
3 The last time I saw Rose was three years ago.
A I hasn’t seen Rose for three years B I haven’t seen Rose three years ago.
C I haven’t seen Rose since three years D I haven’t seen Rose for three years.
4 Eight years ago we started writing to each other.
A We have rarely written to each other for eight years.
B Eight years is a long time for us to write to each other.
C We wrote to each other eight years ago.
D We have been writing to each other for eight years.
5 My father hasn’t smoked cigarettes for a month.
A It’s a month since my father last smoked cigarettes.
B It’s a month ago that my father smoked cigarettes.
C It’s a month that my father hasn’t smoked cigarettes.
D It’s a cigarette that my father smoked a month ago.
6 He used to jog every morning.
A He enjoys jogging every morning B He never fails to jog every morning.
C He doesn’t now jog every morning D He intended to jog every morning.
7 Having finished their work, the workers expected to be paid.
A The workers expected to pay because they had finished their work.
B Having their work finished, the workers expected to be paid.
C Having expected to be paid, the workers finished their work.
D Having been finished their work, the workers expected to be paid.
8 Someone knocked on the door during my lunchtime.
A I had lunch when someone knocked on the door.
B When I had had lunch, someone knocked on the door.
C I was having lunch when someone was knocking on the door.
D I was having lunch when someone knocked on the door.
9 Nigel and I haven't met each other for years.
A It was years since I met Nigel B It is years since I met Nigel.
C I didn't meet Nigel years ago D It is years ago that I met Nigel.
10 This is the first time I have lived in such a friendly neighborhood.
A I have lived in such a friendly neighborhood before.
B I haven’t lived in such a friendly neighborhood before.
C I had lived in such a friendly neighborhood before.
D I hadn’t lived in such a friendly neighborhood before.
3.2.2 Cấu trúc giả định / điều kiện / ước
If you don’t have a visa, you can not come to America.
=> Unless you have a visa, you can not come to America.
* Đảo ngữ trong điều kiện
+ Loại 1: Should+ S+ V, S + will / can / may + V bare.
+ Loại 2: Were S+ Adj/N / to V, S + would / could / might + V bare.
+ Loại 3: Had+ S+ (not) Vpp, S + would / could / might + have + Vpp.
* S + regret + Ving = S + wish + S + had + not +Vpp (hối tiếc vì đã….)
S + regret + not + Ving = S + wish + S + had +Vpp.
* Without + N = But for +N = Had it not been for / Were it not for + N (nếu không nhờ
1 Susan regretted not buying that villa
A Susan wished she had bought that villa
B Susan wished she bought that villa.
C Susan wished she could buy that villa
D Susan wished she hadn’t bought that villa.
2 It’s a pity that you didn’t tell us about this.
A I wish you told us about this B I wish you would tell us about this.
C I wish you had told us about this D I wish you have told us about this.
3 But for two minor mistakes, I would have got full marks for the test.
A If I didn’t make two minor mistakes, I would have got full marks for the test.
B I would have got full marks for the test if there hadn’t been these two minor mistakes
C Had I made two minor mistakes, I would have got full marks for the test.
D If the mistakes hadn’t been minor, I could have got full marks for the test.
4 Get in touch with me as soon as possible if you change your mind about the trip.
A Should you change your mind about the trip, contact me as soon as possible
B If you changed your mind about the trip, get in touch with me as soon as possible.
C You should call me whenever you changed your mind about the trip.
D Having changed your mind about the trip, you should get in touch with me soon
5 If it hadn’t been for the goalkeeper, United would have lost.
A United didn’t lose the game thanks to their goalkeeper.
B United lost the match because of their goalkeeper.
C Without their goalkeeper, United could have won.
D If their goalkeeper didn’t play so well, United would have lost.
6 Had the announcement been made earlier, more people would have attended the lecture.
A Not many people came to hear the lecture because it was held too late.
B The lecture was held earlier so that more people would attend.
C Fewer people attended the lecture because of the early announcement.
D Since the announcement was not made earlier, fewer people came to hear the lecture.
7 But for Helen acting so wonderfully, the play would be a flop.
A Helen acted so wonderfully, but the play was a flop.
B If it weren’t for Helen’s wonderful acting, the play would be a flop.
C The play was a flop although Helen acted so wonderfully.
D The play was a flop although Helen was such a wonderful actor.
8 But for his father’s early retirement, Richard would not have taken over the family business.
A Richard only took over the family business because his father decided to retire early.
B Richard didn’t take over the family business because his father didn’t retire early.
C His father retired early but he still ran the family business.
D Richard’s father didn’t want him to take over the family business despite his retirement.
9 Were it not for the money, the job wouldn’t be worthwhile.
A This job is not rewarding at all.
B This job offers a poor salary.
C Although the salary is poor, the job is worthwhile.
D The only thing that makes this job worthwhile is the money.
10 You can stay in the flat for free if you pay the bills
A Provided you pay the bills, you can stay in the flat for free.
B Without the bills paid, you can stay in the free flat.
C Unless the flat is free of bills, you cannot stay in it.
D Whether you pay the bills or stay in the flat, it is free.
3.2.3 Các cấu trúc liên quan đến bị động
* Have Sb do sth / Get Sb to do sth => have /get Sth done (nhờ ai làm gì)
Ví dụ: We get him to look after our house when we are on business.
=> We get our house looked after (by him) when we are on business.
* Make Sb do sth-> Sb be made to do Sth (bắt ai làm gì)
The teacher made the students work hard.
=> The students were made to work hard.
* People say / think / believe S+ V (người ta nói / nghĩ / tin… rằng…)
=> It be said / thought / believed that S+ V
=> S be said / thought / believed to V/ to have P2
Ví dụ: People say that he drinks a lot of wine.
=> It is said that he drinks a lot of wine.
=> He is said to drink a lot of wine.
1 They cancelled all flights because of fog.
A All flights because of fog were cancelled.
B All flights were cancelled because of fog.
C All flights were cancelled by them because of fog.
D All flights were because of fog cancelled.
2.They are building a new highway around the city.
A A new highway is being built around the city.
B A new highway are being built around the city by them.
C A new highway around the city is being built.
D Around the city a new highway is being built.
3 Thieves stole all her priceless jewels.
A She was stolen all her priceless jewels.
B All her priceless jewels are stolen by thieves.
C All her priceless jewels were robbed away from her.
D She was robbed of all her priceless jewels.
4 People don’t use this road very often.
A This road is not used very often.
B Not very often this road is not used.
C This road very often is not used.
D This road not very often is used.
5 It has been said that UFO sightings are increasing.
A People say that UFO sightings are increasing
B People said that UFO sightings are increasing.
C That UFO sightings are increasing is true
D UFO has been said to be inreasing.
6 He is getting them mend the windows.
A He’s having the windows to mend B He’s having to mend the windows.
C He’s having to be mended the windows D He is having the windows mended.
7 They say that many people are homeless after the tsunami.
A They say many people to have been homeless after the tsunami.
B They say many people to be homeless after the tsunami.
C Many people are said to have been homeless after the tsunami.
D Many people are said to be homeless after the tsunami.
8 They know that the Prime Minister is in favour of the new law.
A The Prime minister is known to have been in favour of the new law.
B They know the Prime Minister to be in favour of the new law.
C The Prime Minister is known to be in favour of the new law.
D They know the Prime Minister to have been in favour of the new law.
9 They never made us do anything we didn’t want to do.
A We are never made to do anything we didn’t want to do.
B We were never made to do anything we didn’t want to do.
C We have never made to do anything we didn’t want to do.
D We had never made to do anything we didn’t want to do.
10 People believe he won a lot of money on the lottery.
A He is believed that he won a lot of money on the lottery.
B He won a lot of money on the lottery, it is believed.
C He is believed to have won a lot of money on the lottery.
D He was believed to win a lot of money on the lottery.
3.2.4 Các cấu trúc liên quan đến câu gián tiếp
- Gián tiếp của câu trần thuật, câu nghi vấn và câu mệnh lệnh.
- Gián tiếp với Ving / to Vbare
Shall we + V /Let's + V /How/What about + Ving /Why dont we + V
=> S+ suggested + Ving: đề nghị cùng làm gì.
Ví dụ: "Why don’t we go out for a walk?” said the boy.
=> The boy suggested going out for a walk.
* Gợi ý cho người khác: Why don’t you+ V?
=> S+ suggested+ that+ S+ (should/shouldn't) Vbare / S + advised Sb to Vbare.
Ví dụ: “Why don’t you have a rest?” he said to her.
=> He suggested that she should have a rest.
* Cáo buộc : S accused Sb of doing sth
“You stole the money on the table”, she said to him.
=> She accused him of stealing the money on the table.
* Thừa nhận hoặc phủ nhận
S+ admitted/ denied+ Ving/ having Vpp.
He said “Yes, I did I stole the money on the table.”
=> He admitted stealing/ having stolen the money on the table.
He said: “No, I didn’t steal the money on the table.”
=> He denied stealing/ having stolen the money on the table.
* Lời khuyên (should/ought to/ had better/ If I were you / Why don’t you)
“If I were you, I would save some money” she said.
=> She advised me to save some money.
“You shouldn’t believe him” Jane said to Peter.
=> Jane advised Peter not to believe him.
* Câu mời (Would you like ?)
Would you like a cup of coffee, Peter?” I said.
=> I offered Peter a cup of coffee.
“Would you like me to clean the house for you?” he said.
=> He offered to clean the house for me.
“Would you like to go to the cinema with me tonight?” he said.
=> He invited me to go to the cinema with him that night.
- Dặn dò: Remember + to do Sth
Don’t forget + to do Sth
=> S reminded Sb to do Sth
He told me: “Don’t forget to come here on time tomorrow”.
=> He reminded me to come there on time the next day.
She said to all of us: “Remember to submit the report by this Thursday”
=> She reminded all of us to submit the report by that Thursday.
- Cảm ơn: Thank Sb for Ving/ N
“Thank you for helping me finish this project “ he said to us.
=> He thanked us for helping him finish that project.
“ Thank you for this lovely present.” I said to him.
=> I thanked him for that lovely present.
- Xin lỗi: S apologized to sb for Ving
“Sorry, I broke your vase” he said to his mother.
=> He apologized to his mother for breaking her vase
- Khen ngợi: S congratulated Sb on Ving
“Congratulations! You won the first prize” he said to me.
=> He congratulated me on winning the first prize.
- Đe dọa: S+ threatened (sb)+ to V/ not to V: đe doạ (ai) làm gì
He said "I will kill you if you don’t do that ".
=> He threatened to kill me if I didn’t do that.
1 “Where did you go last night?” she said to her boyfriend.
A She asked her boyfriend where did he go last night.
B She asked her boyfriend where he went the night before.
C She asked her boyfriend where had he gone the night before.
D She asked her boyfriend where he had gone the night before.
2 “Don’t make noise because I am listening music now” he said to me.
A He asked me not to make noise because I am listening music now.
B He asked me not to make noise because I was listening music then.
C He asked me not to make noise because he was listening music then.
D He asked me to make noise because I was listening music then.
3 “I have just seen your mother this morning” Laura said to Lewis.
A Laura told Lewis I have just seen your mother this morning.
B Laura told Lewis she had just seen his mother that morning.
C Laura told Lewis she has just seen his mother that morning.
D Laura told Lewis he had just seen your mother that morning.
4 “You cheated in the exam.” The teacher said to his students.
A The teacher insisted his students on cheating in the exam.
B The teacher prevented his students from cheating in the exam.
C The teacher advised his students to cheat in the exam.
D The teacher accused his students of cheating in the exam.
5 “Would you like to go to the cinema with me tonight?” he said.
A He invited me to go to the cinema with him that night
B He offered me to go to the cinema with him tonight.
C He asked me if I'd like to go to the cinema with him tonight.
D He would like me to go to the cinema with him this night.
6 “Let's have a picnic next Saturday,” Julia said.
A Julia said that let's have a picnic the next Saturday.
B Julia suggested having a picnic the following Saturday.
C Julia advised how about having a picnic the next Saturday.
D Julia told that why they didn't have a picnic next Saturday.
7 “If I were you, I'd tell him the truth,” she said to me.
A She said to me that if I were you, I'd tell him the truth
B She will tell him the truth if she is me.
C She suggested to tell him the truth if she were me
D She advised me to tell him the truth.
8 “You mustn't call the police,” he said to his wife.
A He accused his wife of calling the police
B He warned his wife calling the police.
C He stopped his wife from calling the police
D He apologized his wife for calling the police.
9 “It's me I made your dress dirty,” Jane said to Ann.
A Jane accused Ann of making her dress dirty
B Ann prevented Jane from making her dress dirty.
C Jane denied making Ann's dress dirty
D Jane admitted making Ann's dress dirty.
10 “How beautiful the dress you have just bought is!” Peter said to Mary.
A Peter promised to buy Mary a beautiful dress.
B Peter said thanks to Mary for her beautiful dress.
C Peter complimented Mary on her beautiful dress.
D Peter asked Mary how she had just bought her beautiful dress.
3.2.5 Các cấu trúc liên quan đến so sánh:
- Sự chuyển đổi cấu trúc ngang bằng so sánh hơn so sánh hơn nhất:
Ví dụ: Sally is the tallest girl in her class.
=> No one in Sally’s class is as tall as her.
=> No one in Sally’s class is taller than her.
- Cấu trúc tăng tiến cấp độ: Your younger brother is getting more and more handsome.
- Cấu trúc càng… càng…: The older he is, the less he wants to travel.
1 She is the most intelligent woman I have ever met.
A I have never met a more intelligent woman than her.
B She is not as intelligent as the women I have ever met.
C I have ever met such an intelligent woman.
D She is more intelligent than I.
2 Apples are usually cheaper than oranges.
A Oranges are usually the most expensive.
B Oranges are usually more expensive as apples.
C Apples are not usually as expensive as oranges.
D Apples are usually less cheap than oranges.
3 It is much more difficult to speak English than to speak French.
A To speak French is more difficult than to speak English.
B To speak English is more difficult than to speak French.
C Speaking English is more difficult than to speak French.
D Speaking French is not as difficult as to speaking English.
4 When I was younger, I used to go climbing more than I do now.
A Now I don’t go climbing anymore
B I used to go climbing when I younger.
C Now I don’t go climbing as much as I did
D I don’t like going climbing any more.
5 I can’t cook as well as my mother does.
A My mother can cook better than I can.
B My mother can’t cook better than I can.
C My mother can cook well than I can.
D I can cook better than my mother can.
6 Murder is the most serious of all crimes.
A Murder is very serious B No crime is more serious than murder.
C Everyone is very afraid of murder D Murder is the dangerous crime.
7 No one in this class as tall as peter.
A Peter is taller than in this class B Peter is the tallest in this class.
C Peter is the most tall in this class D Peter is more tall than in this class.
8 This is the most interesting novel I’ve ever read.
A Knowing that the novel will be interesting, I read it.
B If only I had known the novel was so interesting, I’d have read it earlier.
C I don’t think it is the most interesting novel.
D I have never read a more interesting novel than this.
9 We do not need much furniture because the room is small.
A The smaller the room is, the less furniture we need.
B The smaller the room, the fewer furniture we need.
C The small room makes the furniture less and less.
D Much furniture is needed for a small room.
10 As she became more famous, it was more difficult for her to avoid paparazzi.
A Being famous means avoiding paparazzi is not difficult.
B The more she became famous, the more it was difficult for her to avoid paparazzi.
C It was more difficult for her to avoid paparazzi though she became more famous.
D The more famous she became, the more difficult it was for her to avoid paparazzi.
3.2.6 Các cấu trúc liên quan đến cụm từ / mệnh đề
* Because / as / since + clause = because of / owing to / due to / thanks to + N (chỉ nguyên nhân)
* Although/ Though/ Even though + clause (S+V), S + V + O (chỉ nhượng bộ)
=> Despite / In spite of+ Noun/gerund (Ving), S + V + O.
=> Despite/ in spite of the fact that S+ V, S + V + O.
=> No matter how / However Adj / Adv S + V + O, S + V + O.
Ví dụ: Although they don’t have money, they still live happily.
=> Despite no money/ having no money, they still live happily.
=> In spite of the fact that they don’t have money, they still live happily.
* S + Be/V + so + adj/ adv + that + S + V+O (chỉ kết quả)
It + Be/V + such + (a/an) + (adj) + N(s) + that + S + V +O.
S + Be/V + adj/ adv + enough + (for someone) + to do something.
S + Be/V +too + adj/ adv + (for someone) + to do something.
Ví dụ: She is too young to get married.
=> She isn’t old enough to get married.
She is so young that she can’t get married.
She is such a young girl that she can’t get married.
* S + V + so that/ in order that+ S + V (chỉ mục đích) => S + V + to / in order to / so as to + V
Ví dụ: She studies hard in order that she can pass the final examination.
=> She studies hard to pass the final examination.
1 Despite his early retirement, he found no peace in life.
A Although he retired early, but he found no peace in life
B His early retirement has brought him peace in life.
C He found no peace in life because he retired early.
D Early as he retired, he found no peace in life.
2 The boy was so lazy that he couldn’t stay up late to learn his lessons.
A The boy was lazy enough not to stay up late to learn his lessons.
B The boy was too lazy to stay up late to learn his lessons.
C The boy was lazy enough but he stayed up late to learn his lessons.
D The boy was lazy enough to stay up late to learn his lessons.
3 We stayed in that hotel despite the noise.
A Despite the hotel is noisy, we stayed there.
B We stayed in the noisy hotel and we liked it.
C Although the hotel was noisy, we stayed there.
D Because of the noise, we stayed in the hotel.
4 Young as he is, he has a big fortune.
A Although he is young, he has a big fortune.
B He has a big fortune because he is young.
C He is not only young but also has a big fortune.
D When he is young, he has a big fortune.
5 Although she was very old, she looked very grateful.
A Despite she was very old, she looked very grateful.
B Despite her old age, she looked very grateful
C In spite of very old, she looked very grateful.
D In spite her being old, she looked very grateful.
6 She was so busy that she couldn’t answer the phone.
A She was very busy that she couldn’t answer the phone.
B She was too busy to answer the phone.
C She was too busy not to answer the phone.
D She was very busy so that she couldn’t answer the phone
7 The coffee was too hot for me to drink
A The coffee is so hot that I can’t drink it
B The coffee is so hot that I can’t drink.
C The coffee was so hot that I couldn’t drink it.
D The coffee was so hot that I could drink it.
8 It was such a boring speech that we began to yawn.
A The speech was very boring that we began to yawn.
B It was so a boring speech that we began to yawn.
C The speech was too boring that we began to yawn.
D The speech was so boring that we began to yawn.
9 The test was so difficult that we couldn’t finish it in two hours.
A It was such a difficult test that we couldn’t finish it in two hours.
B The test was so difficult for us to finish it in two hours.
C The test was not difficult enough for us to finish in two hours.
D The test was too difficult for us to finish it in two hours.
10 Sue is too slow to understand what you might say.
A Sue is not enough quick to understand what you might say.
B What you might say, Sue can understand slowly.
C Sue is so slow to understand what you might say.
D So slow is Sue that she can ’ t understand what you might say.
3.1.7 Các cấu trúc liên quan đến động từ khuyết thiếu
* S + need + Vbare = It is necessary that S + Vbare = S + need + to Vbare = S + have/ has to + Vbare.
* S + should (not) + have + Vpp: đáng lẽ ra nên (không nên) làm gì
S + might + have + Vpp: có thể đã xảy ra (nhưng không xảy ra)
S + must + have + Vpp: chắc chắn đã xảy ra trong quá khứ.
S + can’t + have + Vpp: chắc chắn đã không xảy ra trong quá khứ.
S + could + have + Vpp: đáng lẽ ra đã có thể.
1 Smoking isn’t allowed in the airport.
A You don’t have to smoke in the airport.
B You have to smoke in the airport.
C You mustn’t smoke in the airport.
D You must smoke in the airport.
2 I am sure that Tina didn't steal the money.
A Tina couldn't steal the money
B Tina can't have stolen the money.
C Tina mustn't have stolen the money.
D Tina shouldn't have stolen the money.
3 The paper must have been written by Katie.
A Katie must write the paper.
B It was Katie who writes the paper.
C The paper must be written by Katie.
D Certainly Katie wrote the paper.
4 You needn't have brought a laptop.
A You should have brought a laptop.
B It was not necessary to bring a laptop, but you did.
C You didn't need to bring a laptop.
D It was not necessary to bring a laptop, and you didn't bring it.
5 It was wrong of you to put too much sugar into the soup.
A You have not put enough sugar into the soup.
B The soup was wrong to put in too much sugar.
C You were wrong not to put enough sugar into the soup
D You shouldn't have put too much sugar into the soup.
6 I am not sure, but perhaps he went to London.
A He might go to London B He must have gone to London.
C He might have gone to London D He could go to London.
7 In my country, you can carry your passport with you if you want, but it’s not necessary.
A You can’t carry your passport with you.
B You mustn’t carry your passport with you.
C You don’t need to carry your passport with you.
D You needn’t to carry your passport with you.
8 Please do not ring me unless it is urgent.
A You should not ring me when it is urgent.
B Only when it is urgent should you ring me.
C If it is not urgent, you should ring me.
9 It's possible that John was not feeling well.
A John was possible not to be feeling well B John was feeling not well, possibly.
C John might not have been feeling well D John may not be feeling well.
10 Luckily, it wasn't necessary for us to write a summary of the story.
A We needn't written a summary of the story.
B We don't need to write a summary of the story.
C We didn't need write a summary of the story.
D We didn't have to write a summary of the story.
3.2.8 Các cấu trúc liên quan đến câu đảo ngữ.
Ví dụ: I will never forget you.
* Harly / Scarcely / Barely + had +S + Vpp when S + Vpast: ngay sau khi thì…
No sooner + had +S + Vpp than S + Vpast
VD: As soon as I left the house, he appeared.
=> Harly had I left the house when he appeared.
=> No sooner had I left the house than he appeared.
* Not until……… did + S + Vbare: Mãi cho đến khi thì
* So + adj / adv + be / Aux + S … that …
* Only if / after / when… Aux + S + V
1 Everyone started complaining the moment the announcement was made.
A No sooner did everyone start complaining than the announcement was made.
B Hardly had the announcement been made when everyone started complaining.
C No sooner had the announcement been made when everyone started complaining.
D Everyone started complaining that the announcement was made.
2 This is the first time I've made such a stupid mistake.
A Never before have I made such a stupid mistake.
B I had never made a stupid mistake.
C The first mistake I made was a stupid one.
3 My uncle didn't recognize me until I spoke.
A My uncle recognized me not until I spoke
B Not until I spoke did my uncle not recognize me.
C Not until I spoke did my uncle recognize me
D Only when my uncle recognized me did I speak.
4 As soon as he arrived at the airport, he called home.
A He arrived at the airport sooner than he had expected.
B No sooner had he arrived at the airport than he called home.
C Calling home, he said that he had arrived at the airport.
D He arrived at the airport and called me to take him home.
5 Helen wrote a novel and made a cowboy film.
A Helen wrote not only a novel but also made a cowboy film.
B Helen both wrote a novel as well as made a cowboy film.
C Helen either wrote a novel or made a cowboy film.
D Not only did Helen write a novel but she also made a cowboy film.
6 Not until I met Jack did I get some news about you.
A I didn't get any news about you until I met Jack
B Jack shouldn't have told me news about you.
C Until I met Jack I got some news about you
D As soon as I got news about you, I met Jack.
7 But for Susan's help, you couldn't have finished the work.
A Had Susan not helped you, you couldn't have finished the work.
B You can't finish the work without Susan's help.
C Susan didn't help you, and you couldn't finish the work.
D Susan helped you, but you couldn't finish the work.
8 Jenny is so creative that we all can rely on her for original ideas.
A Being creative, we can all rely on Jenny for original ideas.
B Creative as Jenny is, we can rely on her for original ideas.
C Jenny is such creative girl that we all can rely on her for original ideas.
D So creative is Jenny that we all can rely on her for original ideas.
9 It was only when I left home that I realized the meaning of "family".
A I realized the meaning of "family" before I left home
B Only when I left home I realized the meaning of "family".
C Not until I left home did I realize the meaning of "family".
D I didn't leave home until I realized the meaning of "family".
10 The government does not know what to do with household rubbish in large cities.
A Little does the government know what to do with household rubbish in large cities
B It is unknown what to do with household rubbish in large cities by the government
C Rarely the government knows what to do with household rubbish in large cities.
D Hardly any government knows what to do with household rubbish in large cities.
3.2.9 Một số cấu trúc và cụm từ khác.
* It + be + adj (for Sb) to do sth: Ai đó làm gì như thế nào
=> Doing sth be ADJ (for sb)
=> S find Ving/ it/ N + ADJ to do sth.
Ví dụ: It’s difficult for me to wake up early in the morning.
=> Waking up early in the morning is difficult for me.
=> I find waking up early in the morning difficult.
=> I find it difficult to wake up in the morning.
* S+ should/ ought to/ had better+ V
=> It’s time for sb to do sth
=> It’s (high/ about) time S+ did sth (thể hiện sự phàn nàn, chê trách “sao tới bây giờ mà vẫn chưa làm?”)
Ví dụ: You’d better go right now.
=> It’s time for you to go now.
=> It’s time you went now.
* It’s not worth doing sth = there is no point in doing sth = It’s no good/ no use Ving It’s a waste of time doing sth: không đáng, vô ích làm gì
Ví dụ: There’s no point in arguing.
=> It’s no good/ no use arguing
* S + prefer doing sth to doing sth = S + would rather do sth than do sth = S + like sth/doing sth better than sth/doing sth: thích làm gì hơn làm gì
* It’s one’s duty to do sth = S + be + supposed to do sth: có nghĩa vụ làm gì
* It seems that = it appears that = it is likely that = it looks as if/ as though: dường như, có vẻ như
* S + often + V = S + be used to +Ving /N = S + be accustomed to + Ving: quen với
* It takes / took + O + time + to do sth= S + spend / spent + time + doing sth.
* Can = tobe able to = tobe possible: có thể
* Like = to be interested in = enjoy = keen on = fond of sth: yêu thích cái gì
* Succeed in doing sth = manage to do sth: làm việc gì thành công
* to try to (+inf) = to make an effort to/ to make an attempt to : cố gắng
* result in = cause = lead to = bring about: gây ra / dẫn đến
* result from = be caused = as a result of: xuất phát từ
∗ to look at (v)= to have a look at (n): nhìn vào
∗ to think about = to give thought to: nghĩ về
∗ to be determined to = to have a determination to: dự định
∗ to know (about) = to have knowledge of: biết
∗ to tend to = to have a tendency to: có khuynh hướng
∗ to intend to +inf = to have intention of + Ving: dự định
∗ to desire to = have a desire to: khao khát, mong muốn
∗ to wish = to have a wish / to express a wish: ao ước
∗ to visit Sb = to pay a visit to Sb / to pay Sb a visit: thăm viếng
∗ to discuss Sth = to have a discussion about: thảo luận
∗ to decide to = to make a decision to: quyết định
∗ to talk to = to have a talk with: nói chuyện
∗ understand = to be aware of: hiểu, nhận thức
∗ to explain Sth = to give an explanation for: giải thích
∗ to call Sb = to give Sb a call: gọi điện cho…
∗ to be interested in = to have interest in: thích
∗ to drink = to have a drink: uống
∗ to photograph = to have a photograph of: chụp hình
∗ to live = to lead a life: sống
∗ to laugh at = to give a laugh at: cười nhạo
∗ to welcome Sb = to give Sb a welcome: chào đón
∗ to reject = to refuse = to turn down: từ chối
∗ to ring / phone Sb = to give Sb a ring: gọi điện
∗ to warn = to give warning: báo động, cảnh báo
∗ to meet Sb = to have a meeting with Sb: gặp ai
1 I was offered to work for IBM, but I rejected.
A I turned down the offer to work for IBM B I rejected to offer to work for IBM.
C IBM refused my offer to work D I was refused by IBM at work.
2 He is a reliable person, which is different from what people think.
A People think differently about the reliable person.
B Contrary to what people think, he is reliable.
C Contrary to what people think, he is unreliable
D He, who is reliable, is not what people think.
3 It is no good sending me the brochures; I never travel abroad.
A I never travel abroad, so sending me the brochures is good.
B It is not good to send me the brochures of the countries which I have never been to.
C I never travel abroad, so there is no point in sending me the brochures
D I never travel without good brochures.
4 My teacher wouldn’t let me leave early.
A My teacher refused to let me leave early.
B My teacher refused letting me leave early.
C My teacher allowed me to leave early.
D My teacher permitted me to leave early.
5 Provided your handwriting is legible, the examiner will accept your answer.
A Although the examiner cannot read your handwriting, he will accept your answer.
B Whatever your handwriting, the examiner will accept your answer.
C The examiner will accept your answer if your handwriting is beautiful.
D So long as the examiner can read your handwriting, he will accept your answer.
6 It is pointless to try to make him change his mind.
A It is a waste of time trying and making him change his mind.
B It is a waste of time to try and make him change his mind.
C There is no time to try to make him change his mind.
D There is no time trying to make him change his mind.
7 I want to know the depth of the river at this point.
A I want to know how the river is deep at this point.
B I want to know how deep is the river at this point.
C I want to know how deep the river is at this point.
D I want to know how the deep river is at this point.
8 It’s a waste of time trying to explain anything to Tony.
A Tony should be given explanation.
B It’s not worth trying to explain anything to Tony.
C To save time, explain it to Tony.
D It’s well worth trying to explain things to Tony.
9 I couldn’t help laughing when he told me that story.
A I couldn’t resist laughing when he told me that story.
B I couldn’t help him tell that story.
C I did not laugh when hearing that story.
D The story he told me not help at all.
10 There’s no point in persuading him to do this.
A He is able to do this although he does not want to.
B It would be useful to persuade him to do this.
C I enjoy persuading him to do this.
D It is useless to persuade him to do this.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.
Question 1 They are going to build a supermarket in this area.
A A supermarket is being built in this area.
B A supermarket are going to be built in this area
C A supermarket is going to be built in this area
D A supermarket is going to be build in this area.
Question 2 He didn ’ t hurry so he missed the plane.
A He didn ’ t miss the plane because he hurried
B If he had hurried ,he might catch the plane
C If he hurried ,he wouldn ’ t miss the plane
D If he had hurried, he could have caught the plane
Question 3 My uncle didn’t recognize me until I spoke.
A My uncle recognized me until I spoke.
B Only when my uncle recognized me did I speak.
C Not until I spoke did my uncle recognize me.
D When I spoke, my uncle didn’t recognize me.
Question 4 “No, it’s not true I didn't steal the money!" Jean said.
A Jean denied having stolen the money B Jean admitted stealing the money.
C Jean refused to steal the money D Jean did not intend to steal the money.
Question 5 The students at this school are required to wear uniforms on weekdays.
A It is this school’s requirement that the students wear uniforms on weekdays.
B It is at this school’s where the students will have to wear uniforms on weekdays.
C Wearing uniforms on weekdays are the only requirement for the students at this school.
D To wear uniforms on weekdays at this school are required for the students
Question 6 The sea was too rough for the children to swim in.
A.The sea was so rough that the children could swim in.
B.The children couldn't swim because the sea was not rough enough.
C It was such a rough sea for the children to swim in it.
D The sea was very rough, and the children could not swim in it.
Question 7 It was wrong of you not to turn off the gas cooker.
A You should have turned off the gas cooker.
B You were wrong to turn off the gas cooker.
C You were wrong that you turned the gas cooker off.
D You wrongly turned off the gas cooker.
Question 8 The book interested me more than the film.
A In my opinion the film was not as interested as the book.
B I thought the book was more interesting than the film.
C In my opinion the film bored me than the book.
D I thought the book didn’t interest me as the film.
Question 9 It is a pity you didn't tell us about this.
A I wish you would tell us about this B I wish you had told us about this.
C If only you have told us about this D I wish you would have told us about this.
Question 10 "You should have finished the report by now." John told his secretary.
A John scolded his secretary for not having finished the report.
B John reproached his secretary for not having finished the report.
C John reminded his secretary of finishing the report on time.
D John said that his secretary had not finished the report.
Question 11 My brother used to smoke a lot.
A My brother doesn’t smoke anymore B My brother smokes a lot now.
C My brother gets used to smoking D My brother will give up smoking. Question 12 “It was your fault You gave us unclear instructions,” Nam said to his sister.
A Nam blamed his sister for giving them unclear instructions.
B Nam admitted having given his sister unclear instructions.
C Nam accused his sister of giving him clear instructions.
D Nam denied having given his sister unclear instructions
Question 13 Cong Phuong is not such a good player as he used to be.
A Cong Phuong is a good player as always.
B This is the first time Cong Phuong has played the best.
C Cong Phuong used to be a better player than he is now.
D Cong Phuong plays better than he used to.
Question 14 It’s no use trying to persuade Tom to change his mind.
A There’s no point to try to persuade Tom to change his mind.
B It’s useful trying to persuade Tom to change his mind.
C It’s worth trying to persuade Tom to change his mind.
D It’s a waste of time trying to persuade Tom to change his mind.
Question 15 “Don't forget to go to the supermarket after work”.
A He told me that I shouldn't forget to go to the supermarket after work.
B He reminded me to go to the supermarket after work.
C He requested me not forget to go to the supermarket after work.
D He asked me not to forget to go to the supermarket after work.
Question 16 The court found the man innocent of murdering his wife.
A The man was judged not guilty of killing his wife.
B The man was found murdered by his wife.
C The court found a murdered man and his wife.
D The court decided that the man had killed his wife.
Question 17 I haven’t tried this kind of food before.
A It’s a long time since I tried this kind of food.
B I have tried this kind of food many times.
C This is the first time I had tried this kind of food.
D This is the first time I have tried this kind of food
Question 18 “I’ll speak calmly I really will!”, he said.
A He offered to speak calmly B He reminded me to speak calmly.
C He promised to speak calmly D He refused to speak calmly.
Question 19 We had no sooner got to know our neighbors than they moved away.
A Soon after we got to know our new neighbors, we stopped having contact with them.
B If our new neighbors had stayed longer, we would have got to know them better.
C Once we had got used to our new neighbors, they moved somewhere else.
D Hardly had we become acquainted with our new neighbors when they went somewhere else to live.
Question 20 As television programmes become more popular, they seem to get worse.
A The worse television programmes seem to be, the more popular it will become.
B The popular television programmes become better and better
C The more popular television programmes become, the worse they seem to get.
D The most popular television programmes become worse and worse.
Question 21 “If you don’t pay the ransom, we’ll kill your boy,” the kidnappers told us.
A The kidnappers offered to kill our boy if we did not pay the ransom.
B The kidnappers threatened to kill our boy if we refused to pay the ransom.
C AThe kidnappers ordered them to kill our boy if we did not pay the ransom.
D The kidnappers promised to kill our boy if we refused to pay the ransom.
Question 22 People say that Mr Goldman gave nearly a million pounds to charity last year.
A.Mr Goldman is said to have given nearly a million pounds to charity last year.
B.Mr Goldman was said to have given nearly a million pounds to charity last year.
C.Nearly a million pounds was said to have been given to charity by Mr Goldman last year.
D.Nearly a million pounds is said to be given to charity by Mr Goldman last year.
Question 23 The family find it difficult to manage on the money they have.
A It is difficult for the family to get by on the money they have.
B The family could manage on the money they have.
C It is difficult for them to earn money.
D The family managed to earn enough money.
Question 24 It is said that he has broken several world records.
A People said that he has obtained several world records.
B He is said to have broken several world records.
C It is said that several world records has been destroyed by him.
D He is said that he has broken several world records.
Question 25 He was such a bright student that he could solve all the math problems.
A He was not bright enough to solve all the math problems.
B He was so intelligent that he could solve all the math problems.
C The math problems were too difficult for him to solve.
D All the math problems were so bright that he could solve them.
Mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the sentence that is closest in meaning to each of the following questions.
Question 1 The last time I went to the museum was a year ago.
A I have not been to the museum for a year
B A year ago, I often went to the museum.
C My going to the museum lasted a year
D At last I went to the museum after a year.
Question 2 Many people think Steve stole the money.
A It was not Steve who stole the money
B Steve is thought to have stolen the money.
C Many people think the money is stolen by Steve.
D The money is thought to be stolen by Steve.
Question 3 I am very interested in the book you lent me last week.
A The book is interesting enough for you to lend me last week.
B It was the interesting book which you lent me last week.
C The book which you lent me last week is too interesting to read.
D The book that you lent me last week interests me a lot.
Question 4 It's a long time since we last went to the cinema.
A We haven’t been to the cinema for a long time.
B We have been to the cinema for a long time
C We don't go to the cinema as we used to
D We wish we went to the cinema now
Question 5 You should take regular exercises instead of sitting in front of the television all day
A Sitting in front of the television all day helps you take regular exercises
B Sitting in front of the television all day and taking exercises are advisable
C Taking regular exercises is better than sitting in front of the television all day
D Don’t take regular exercises; just sit in front of the television all day
Question 6 Without my teacher’s advice, I wouldn’t have participated in the competition.
A If it hadn’t been for my teacher’s advice, I wouldn’t have participated in the competition.
B If my tutor hadn’t advised me, I would have participated in the competition.
C Had my teacher advised me, I wouldn’t have participated in the competition.
D If my teacher didn’t advised me, I wouldn’t have participated in the competition
Question 7 It is believed that a buried treasure was hidden in the tomb.
A They believed that a buried treasure was hidden in the tomb.
B A buried treasure is believed that was hidden in the tomb.
C A buried treasure is believed to hide in the tomb.
D A buried treasure is believed to have been hidden in the tomb.
Question 8 “If you touch my bike again, I’ll tell mother”, said my elder brother
A My elder brother threatened to tell mother if I touched his bike again
B My elder brother said that he will tell mother if I touched his bike again
C My elder brother advised me to tell mother if I touched his bike again
D My elder brother tried to convince me that touching his bike again is not allowed.
Question 9 The level of unemployment in this area is said to be far higher than anywhere else in the country.
A This area is worse than the rest of the country, especially in terms of the quality of work that get done.
B People believe that the lack of work is not so keen in the rest of the country as it is in this area.
C Because of its position, this region has fewer jobs on offer than other places in the country.
D People say that there is a much higher rate of unemployment in this area than elsewhere in the country.
Question 10 I have every intention of finding out who is responsible for the graffiti.
A I fully intend to find out who is responsible for the graffiti.
B I have many intentions of finding out who is responsible for the graffiti.
C Who is responsible for the graffiti is not my concern.
D I am not interested in the graffiti.
Question 11 The man wore gloves in order not to leave any fingerprints.
A The man wore gloves in order that his fingerprints would be taken.
B His fingerprints would not be left unless the man wore gloves.
C In order to leave some fingerprints the man took off his gloves.
D The man wore gloves so that he would not leave any fingerprints.
Question 12 She didn’t shed a tear as the play ended in tragedy.
A The tragedy play wasn’t good for her to shed tear.
B Without her tear, the play didn’t end tragically.
C So tragic was the play that she didn’t shed a tear.
D Not a tear did she shed when the play ended in tragedy.
Question 13 In spite of his poverty, he led a devoted life to the revolutionary cause.
A He could not devote his life to the revolutionary cause because of his poverty.
B If he had not been so poor, he could have devoted his life to the revolutionary cause.
C Poor as he was, he led a devoted life to the revolutionary cause.
D He led a devoted life to the revolutionary cause, but he was so poor.
Question 14 It's ages since I last saw a Hollywood film.
A I saw a last Hollywood film since ages ago
C I haven't seen a Hollywood film for a long time.
B I haven't seen any Hollywood films before
D It's ages because I last saw a Hollywood film
Question 15 Housewives don’t have to spend a lot of time doing housework any more.
A Housework will never be done by housewives any more
B Housewives have to spend more and more time to do housework
C Never have housewives spent as much time doing housework as they do now
D No longer do housewives have to spend a lot of time doing housework
Question 16 Without transportation, our modern society could not exist.
A Our modern society could not exist if there is no transportation.
B Our modern society will not exist without having transportation.
C If there were no transportation, our modern society would not exist.
D If transportation no longer exists, our modern society will not exist.
Question 17 "Don't go near that deserted house." David said to me.
A David advised me not going near that deserted house
B David insisted me going near that deserted house.
C David warned me against going near that deserted house.
D David suggested me not to going near that deserted house.
Question 18 It was so noisy that nothing could be heard.
A It was too noisy to hear nothing.
B It was too noisy for anything to hear.
C It was too noisy for nothing to be heard.
D It was too noisy to hear anything.
Question 19 Bob said that my new hairstyle was nice.
A Bob thought much of my new hairstyle
B Bob congratulated me on my new hairstyle.
C Bob complimented me on my new hairstyle.
D My new hairstyle was nice, said Bob.
Question 20 I’m sure Luisa was very disappointed when she failed the exam.
A Luisa must be very disappointed when she failed the exam.
B Luisa must have been very disappointed when she failed the exam.
C Luisa may be very disappointed when she failed the exam.
D Luisa could have been very disappointed when she failed the exam.
Question 21 There is very little chance of them winning the game.
A It is very likely that they will win the game.
B There is likelihood that they will little win the game.
C It is highly likely that they will not win the game.
D They have none chances of winning the game.
Question 22 It was your assistance that enabled us to get achievement.
A But for your assistance, we could not have got achievement.
B Your assistance discouraged us from get achievement.
C If you assisted us, we could not get achievement.
D Without your assistance, we could get achievement.
Question 23 “Why don't you ask the teacher for help?" Peter asked me.
A Peter advised me to ask the teacher for help.
B Peter recommended me not to ask the teacher for help
C Peter told me the reason why I did not ask the teacher for help.
D Peter suggested that he should ask the teacher for help.
Question 24 Garnet could not get the job because she did not speak English well.
A Despite her poor English, Garnet was successful in the job.
B Garnet wishes she had got the job so that she could speak English well.
C Garnet would have spoken English well if she could get that job.
D Garnet failed to get the job because of her poor English
Question 25 It wasn’t necessary that I went out after all.
A I must not have gone out after all.
B I needn’t have gone out after all.
C I should have gone out after all.
D I didn’t need to have gone out after all.
Đánh giá tính hiệu quả của đề tài
Trong năm học 2018 – 2019, để kiểm nghiệm tính hiệu quả của đề tài, sau khi học sinh đã học các phần từ vựng và ngữ pháp cơ bản, tôi tiến hành hướng dẫn học sinh phương pháp làm bài chọn câu gần nghĩa nhất với câu đã cho Chúng ta có thể thấy được những tác động tích cực của đề tài khi nhìn vào bảng thống kê sau đây:
Bảng 1: Điểm trung bình kiểm tra phần chọn câu gần nghĩa nhất với câu đã cho lớp 12A2 (thực nghiệm) và 12A1 (đối chứng)
Lớp Điểm trước tác động Điểm sau tác động
Sau khi ôn tập các phần từ vựng và ngữ pháp cơ bản, học sinh hai lớp làm PRACTICETEST 1 theo hình thức chọn câu gần nghĩa, điểm số trung bình của hai lớp gần tương đương Tuy nhiên, với lớp thực nghiệm 12A2, tôi tiến hành hướng dẫn cụ thể từng bước làm bài và hệ thống hóa các cấu trúc thường sử dụng trong phần chọn câu đồng nghĩa, học sinh luyện tập từng mẫu câu Kết quả làm bài PRACTICE TEST 2 của lớp 12A2 cao hơn lớp đối chứng 12A1 là 1.03 điểm.
PHẦN KẾT LUẬN VÀ KIẾN NGHỊ
Tóm tắt quá trình nghiên cứu
Căn cứ vào đề thi THPT quốc gia môn Tiếng Anh và kết quả bài kiểm tra của học sinh, tôi đã nghiên cứu phương pháp giúp học sinh làm tốt phần chọn câu gần nghĩa với câu đã cho Các tài liệu liên quan đến đề tài được tập hợp và nghiên cứu nhằm đưa ra cơ sở khoa học Các thông tin về khó khăn học sinh gặp phải khi làm phần chọn câu đồng nghĩa được thu thập thông qua bảng hỏi và trao đổi với đồng nghiệp Các cấu trúc câu thường sử dụng để diễn tả ý tương đương được liệt kê theo nhóm, kèm theo bài tập để học sinh thực hành và ghi nhớ Tính hiệu quả của đề tài được đánh giá bằng phương pháp quan sát sự tiến bộ của học sinh, cũng như so sánh kết quả học tập với lớp đối chứng.
Ý nghĩa của đề tài
Đề tài mang lại những lợi ích cho các giáo viên Tiếng Anh và cho các em học sinh.
2.1 Đối với giáo viên Tiếng Anh Đề tài đã giúp giáo viên nhìn nhận được những khó khăn học sinh gặp phải khi làm phần chọn câu đồng nghĩa Bên cạnh đó, giáo viên có thể sử dụng đề tài như một tư liệu trong quá trình ôn thi THPT quốc gia môn Tiếng Anh cho học sinh
Các em học sinh được chia sẻ những khó khăn khi làm bài Hơn nữa, với việc nắm được các bước làm dạng bài chọn câu đồng nghĩa, ghi nhớ các cấu trúc mang ý nghĩa tương đương một cách hệ thống và luyện tập các bài tập trắc nghiệm đúng định dạng đề thi THPT quốc gia đi kèm, các em học sinh có thể làm tốt phần chọn câu gần nghĩa nhất với câu đã cho Qua việc củng cố một cách hệ thống, các em cũng sẽ nắm chắc hơn các phần đã học để nâng cao điểm số của mình.
Những hạn chế của đề tài
Thứ nhất, đề tài chưa hệ thống được đầy đủ hết các cấu trúc và cụm từ mang nghĩa tương đương Thứ hai, hệ thống bài tập chưa thật sự phong phú.
Những nội dung cần được tiếp tục nghiên cứu
Đề tài nên được mở rộng phạm vi với nhiều giáo viên tham gia, tăng số lượng các lớp đối chứng và thực nghiệm nhằm nâng cao tính xác thực Cần có thêm những bài luyện tập tổng hợp khác để học sinh luyện tập Có thể bổ sung phần hướng dẫn giải chi tiết để học sinh có thể tự học.
