Tiếng anh thương mại bài giảng và bài tập
UNIT ONE: TURNOVER TROUBLE. (vấn đề trg doanh thu) A. Introduction (giới thiệu) This unit practices the English you need to understand and discuss (thảo luận): 1. A problem of falling profits during increased turnover. giảm lợi nhuận/ trg lúc tăng doanh thu 2. Some of the figures in a Profit and Loss statement. hình dung, sơ đồ lời lỗ trình bày,phát biểu 3. How to determine the break-event point. xác định điểm hòa vốn This course is based on a case study of a company in Manara, an imaginary island state in the West. tiến trình, diễn biến/ căn cứ, đặt tại ca, trg hợp tưởng tượng đảo tây Its capital is Manara and its currency is the Manara Dollar (M$). tiền tệ The story begins with the financial problems of Proteus (Manara) Ltd, the Manara –based subsidiary câu chuyện tài chính phụ, bổ sung = cty con of a multinational company. It moves through proposing solutions to theses problems to the cty đa quốc gia xuyên qua đề xuất giải pháp, đáp án luận văn, luận án eventual setting up of a joint venture company in Eastern Europe. dẫn tới,kq, cuối cùng/ sắp đặt mối nối, chỗ nối/mạo hiểm,liều lĩnh = cty liên doanh B. Discussion (thảo luận). Before reading 1. What do you know about the following terms? biết gì về điều khoản/ điều lệ? a. Turnover gross margin net profit gross profit doanh thu tổng biên lợi nhuận thực lãi/ lãi ròng lãi gộp 2. How might it be possible for a company to have an increasing turnover and decreasing profits at làm thế nào có thể xảy ra doanh thu tăng lợi nhuận giảm the same time? cùng một lúc C. Reading one. Turnover trouble. The Proteus Group plc is an electrical engineering company based in Birmingham. điện kỹ thuật đặt ở, nằm ở It makes electrical equipment for street lighting, public buildings and sports stadiums. điện thiết bị công trình công cộng sân vận động thể thao It is a public limited company whose shares are listed on the London Stock Exchange. cty TNHH = plc cổ phiếu liệt kê, danh sach sở giao dịch chứng khoán Luân Đôn Protues has subsidiaries in several countries. One of these companies, Protues(Manara) cty cont vài Limited, makes the Protocap- an energy saver, which helps to economize on electricity used for public lighting năng lượng/ tiết kiệm tiết kiệm ( tối đa) điện lực chiếu sáng công cộng One day in January, the Managing Director was studying the management accounts. giám đốc điều hành nghiên cứu quản lý tài khoản He noticed with alarm that his net profit had fallen, although the accounts showed báo động lãi ròng giảm mặc dù bề ngoài, hình thức a 20 per cent increase in turnover the last year. He was pleased with the increased sales in Central and Eastern Europe. These had 1 tăng bán trung tâm Đông Âu risen despite the recession. He had achieved this increase by lowering the price of his main product, lên bất chấp suy thoái thực hiện, đạt đc suy yếu,ở dưới giá sp chính, quan trọng the Protocap Energy Saver. As a result, the gross margin had fallen from 31% to 14% of sales. tiết kiệm năng lượng kq, dẫn đến tổng biên lợi nhuận giảm His financial plan has been to increase sales of other products and this maintains his overall gross profit. tài chính kế hoạch sp khác duy trì, bảo vệ toàn bộ tổng lợi nhuận He had, however, paid a price increase to one of his suppliers. This reduced his gross margin another products đã có tuy nhiên trả giá nhà cung cấp giảm tổng biên lợi nhuận những sp khác by 2 per cent to 29 per cent. Now his net profit had fallen, and this worried him. 2% -> 29% lợi nhuận ròng đã giảm lo lắng D. Vocabulary (từ vựng). I/. Choose the best explanation to show the meaning of each of the expression below. lời giả bày tỏ ý nghĩa diễn đạt Words are marked for stress, to help you with pronunciation. nhấn mạnh, bắt buộc phát âm, cách đọc 1. subsidiary: cty cont a.Company owned by another company. công ty thuộc sở hữu của một công ty khác b. branch of a company chi nhánh của 1 cty c. agent of a company in another country Đại lý của 1 cty ở nc khác d. Money paid by the government to help a company or industry. Tiền được trả bởi chính phủ để giúp một công ty hoặc công nghiệp 2.Turnover. a. Total value of production in one year. Tổng giá trị của sản xuất trong 1 năm b. complete change of production methods Hoàn toàn thay đổi phương pháp sản xuất c. Total value of sales in one period of time Tổng giá trị bán hàng trong một thời gian d. Change from making a big loss to making a profit. Thay đổi từ làm cho một mất mát lớn để tạo ra lợi nhuận 3. Gross profit. Tổng lợi nhuận The income of a business after the deduction of: Thu nhập của một doanh nghiệp sau khi các khoản khấu trừ của: a. All the production costs ( raw materials, fuel, finished and unfinished goods in store, overheads, factory chi phí sx ng liệu nhiên liệu kho hàng tổng phí nhà máy and labour costs.) chi phí lđ b. income tax Thuế thu nhập c. overheads Tổng phí d. All operating expenses and tax. Tất cả các hoạt động và cp' 4. Net profit. Lợi nhuận ròng The income of a business after deduction of: Thu nhập của một doanh nghiệp sau khi khấu trừ a. all operating expenses. Tất cả các chi phí điều hành b. Tax Thuế c. Overheads Tổng phí d. All operating expenses, costs of sales and tax. tất cả các chi phí hoạt động, chi phí bán hàng và thuế 2 II/ how are the following ideas expressed in the passage? a. Several companies together with one holding company. ( 1 word, paragraph 1) một số công ty cùng với những công ty khac: GROUP b. With its head office in ( Birmingham) ( 2 words-para 1) Trụ sở (vp) ở (Birmingham): based in c. A company whose investors can not lose more than the money they are invested in it, and in which anyone may invest. ( 3 words- para. 1) Một cty mà nhà đầu tư có thể ko mất nhiều hơn số tiền họ đang đầu tư vào đó và trg đó bất cứ ai có thề đầu tư vào đó: Bubliclimited company d. The chief UK share market. ( 3 words – para. 1) Thị trường cổ phiếu Anh: The London Stock Exchange e. The chief of a company who is also a shareholder in it. ( 2 words-para. 3) Người đứng đầu của cty cũng là 1 cổ đông trong dó: Managing Director f. Financial information used by the people running a company. ( 2 word- para . 3) Thông tin tài chính đc s/d bởi những người điều hành cty: Management Accounts g. Period of economic downturn ( 1 word- para 4) Giai đoạn nền k.tế sa sút: Recession h. The opposite of customers ( 1 word – para 4) Khách hàng(người) thanh toán: Suppliers: người cung cấp i. Absorbed ( 1 word-para 4) Miệt mài, mê mải, say mê, chăm chỉ, Hấp thu: Paid E. Grammar. 1. Look at these examples. A. Protues is an engineering company. The base of the company is in Birmingham. To avoid repetition and to provide a description, which identifies the company, the writer has made one sentence: B. Protues is an engineering company based in Birmingham. 2. a) The Protocap has components. Sub-contractor supplies the components. b) They make electric cars. They equip the electric cars with battery chargers. c) The accountant showed us the half-yearly results. They had prepared the results for the board meeting. d) They were drinking wine. Someone had imported the wine from Hungary. e) He was worried by the fall in net profit. Reduced margins of their main products caused this fall. f) In the financial plan he decided to increase the sales of their secondary products. He submitted the plan to the head office in Birmingham g) The Protocap was cheaper to produce in Manara than in Birmingham. Protues’s subsidiary company made the Protocap. Whose shares are listed on the London Stock Exchange? The sentence is made up of two parts. A: it is a public limited company. Its shares are listed on the Stock Exchange. It is limited company whose shares are listed on the Stock Exchange. B: Mr. Walker gave the first lecture. His books are read by all those working in public finance. Mr. Walker, whose books are read by all those working in public finance, gave the first lecture. 3 3. a) There are hundreds of accountants. Their addresses can be found in the phone book. b) Its a large engineering company. Its factory makes components for car manufacturers. c) They are exporters of foodstuff. Their supermarkets are all over the country. d) He bought shares in BM Engineering. Their value fell soon after he bought them. e) There were hundreds passengers in the departure lounge. Their flights had been delayed by the fog. f) They were worried about the company. Its production costs had risen sharply g) Production was delayed at the factory. Its main building had been damaged by a recent fire. h) The government lowered interest rates. Its economic policy had failed i) The manager wanted to know why the company was making less profit. The company’s turnover had increased. j) The Financial Controller said that prices must be raised. The Financial Controller’s advice had been asked. Despite. 4. Choose the best word to complete each of the following sentences. a) The accountant said that profit would increase despite the fall in …… gross margin/ overheads/ turnover. b) Turnover should be cut despite…………healthy sales/ current liabilities/ creditors. c) Prices were lowered despite an increase in… supplier/costs/stocks. d) He hoped to maintain overall profit despite ….smaller margins/increased sales/creditors. e) He did absorb a price increase despite…….gross margins/ his lowering price/ his overall profits. Transitive and intransitive verbs. The following verbs are transitive and must take an object: Lower, reduce, make, list, raise, have, use… Example: They lowered my wages. He reduced the number of cigarette he smoked. She listed my mistakes. The following verbs are intransitive and can not take an object: Fall, rise, go up/down…. Example: The sun rises every morning. Shares prices fell. 4 Some verbs may be used transitively or intransitively and may take an object or not, one of these is “increase” Example: The government increased public spending. Each year the money supply increases. When you look up verbs in English dictionaries, you often find them marked vi ( intransitive verb) or vt (transitive verb). 5. Choose a grammatically correct verb for each.( in each case, more than one verb is acceptable.) a) Profits had / fallen/ lowered/ decreased/ reduced. b) The government’s policy had /fallen/ lowered/ decreased/ reduced profits. c) Profit had /risen/ raise/ increased/ gone up. d) He hoped that a change of policy would / rise/ raise/ increase/ profits. 6. Insert the correct verb forms in the following sentences. a) a price increase by one of his supplier…………… his margin from 31% to 29%. b) Sales had…………………………… despite the recession. c) The company’s accounts showed a 20% ……………in turnover. d) The company’s accounts showed a ……………in profits from 20% to 5%. e) Sales could ………………by 37 % and the company would still make a profit. f) Now profits ……………… and this worried him. F. Discussion II. Comprehension. 1. What does Protues do? 2. Where is it based? 3. What does it make? 4. What happened recently? G. Reading II. An extract from a memorandum. Extract from a memorandum from the newly-appointed Financial Controller of Protues ( Manara) to his Managing Director on the latest monthly financial report. ……the strong export sales in the last six months improved our overall sales total for the year. But we have not generated enough gross profit to cover all our operating and financial expenses. Our return on capital is now well below the minimum set by Head Office. This arises from low profit and excess working capital as the attached Balance Sheet. Better reporting on product profitability is essential, particularly in the area of production costing, in order to identify those products with a low gross profit. H. Vocabulary. 5 1. Identify the more formal phrases in the passage which have the following meanings. a) Part of a memo ( 4 words) b) Our big export sales figures ( 4 words) c) We haven’t made enough money ( 7…….) d) All cost of business ( 4…… ) e) Income from money invested ( 3…….) f) This comes from having ( 3…… ) g) Too much money being used in the business ( 3………) h) Giving more details about…. ( 2…… ) i) The profit – making power of a product ( 2…….) j) We have to pick out ( 4…….) 2. Choose the best verb to complete each of the sentence below. a) The company’s profitability has /got better/ increased/ benefited/ improved. b) The company’s profits have /got better/ increased/ benefited/ improved. c) I’m not making enough money to / pay for/ cover/ absorb/ finance / all my business expenses. d) I’m not making enough money to / pay for/ cover/ absorb/ finance / extra costs. e) We need to /identify/ pinpoint/ name/ find/the products, which are losing money. f) We need to identify/ pinpoint/ name/ find/ the cause of the problem. g) The business needs to /create/ build up/ produce/ generate/ enough profit to pay for operating and financial costs. h) The sales manager / set/ stated/ gave/ submitted/ the target for the next six months. UNIT 2: A QUESTION OF FIGURES. A. INTRODUCTIONS. The story so far. The Managing Director of Protues, An electrical engineering company in Manara, a country in the West, has discovered that his accounts show a fall in net profits despite a rise in turnover. His khám phá,fat hiện lợi nhuận ròng mặc dù tăng dthu accountant, the Financial Controller of the company, has told him that the solutions to the problem bộ điều khiển tài chính giải pháp, giải quyết would become clear after they have analyzed the Profit and Loss statement and the Balance Sheet. phân tích báo cáo kq kinh doanh bảng cân đối ktoan Câu chuyện cho đến nay, Ông giám đốc của Protues, một công ty điện ở Manara, một quốc gia ở phía tây, đã phát hiện rằng tài khoản của ông hiển thị một nguồn thu lợi nhuận giảm mặc dù tăng doanh thu. Kế toán của ông ấy, bộ điều khiển tài chính của công ty, đã nói với ông rằng các giải pháp cho vấn đề sẽ trở thành sáng tỏ sau khi họ phân tích bản báo kết quả và bảng cân đối kế toán. This unit practices the English you need to understand and discuss: a. A Profit and Loss statement. báo cáo kq kinh doanh b. A balance Sheet. bảng cân đối ktoan B, DISCUSSION. thảo luận Before reading: working in small group, take it in turns to say what you know about the terms below . làm việc trong nhóm nhỏ, lấy nó lần lượt để nói những gì bạn biết về các điều khoản dưới đây 1. Profit and Loss account ( income, expenditure, period, year) thu nhập, chi tiêu, giao đoạn, năm 2. Balance Sheet ( photograph, condition, point in time) biểu đồ, điều kiện, chỉ trg thời gian 6 3. Opening inventory ( raw materials, unfinished goods, unsold stock, beginning of the accounting period) Vật tư tồn đầu kỳ ng.v.liệu bán thành phẩm hàng chưa bán tồn đầu kỳ ktoan 4. Factory overheads ( administration, heating, electricity, costs) Tổng phí nhà máy quản trị hành chính chất đốt/ lò sưởi, điện chi phí C. READING I. Profit and loss account. Bảng báo cáo kết quả kinh doanh INTERNAL MANAGEMENT REPORTING. bản bcao quản trị nội bộ PROFIT AND LOSS STATEMENT. (‘000 Manara dollar). 1993 1994 SALES dthu bán hàng 2.000 2.400 COST OF SALES. giá thành hàng bán Opening inventory vật tư tồn đầu kỳ 230 250 Purchases mua 1,100 1,400 1,330 1,730 Closing inventory Tồn cuối kỳ 250 350 1,080 1,380 Labour costs cp lao động 190 240 Factory overheads định phí, tổng phí nhà máy 110 125 Total costs of sales tổng cp kdoanh 1,380 1,750 GROSS PROFIT lợi nhuận gộp 620 650 % of sales 31% 27% OPERATING EXPENSES cp cho hđ Selling/ distribution bán hàng/ phân phối 350 440 Administration quản trị 150 160 Interest costs lãi suất ngân hàng 20 30 520 630 PROFIT BEFORE TAX lợi nhuận trước thuế 100 20 Taxation 40% tiền thuế 40 8 NET PROFIT lãi ròng 60 12 D. VOCABULARY. từ vựng Choose the best explanation to show the meaning of each of the expressing below. Words are marked for stress to help you with pronunciation. Chọn những lời giải thích tốt nhất để hiển thị các ý nghĩa của mỗi thể hiện dưới đây. Từ được đánh dấu cho căng thẳng để giúp bạn với cách phát âm 1. Costs of sales. chi phí bán hàng 2. Opening inventory. 7 a. The value of raw materials, components, spares parts, work in progress and fuel at the beginning of an accounting period. Trị giá của nguyên v.liệu, linh kiện, phụ tùng thay thế, hàng bán thành phẩm và nhiên liệu ở giai đoạn đầu của một kỳ kế toán. b. All the suppliers, goods and raw materials that are used to set up a business. tất cả nguồn cung cấp, sản phẩm và nguyên vliệu sử dụng cho thiết lập doanh nghiệp c. Unsold goods left over from previous financial year. Hàng hóa chưa bán còn lại of năm tài chính trước d. The value of raw materials, components, spares parts, finished products, work in progress and fuel at the beginning of an accounting period. Trị giá của nguyên liệu, linh kiện, phụ tùng thay thế, thành phẩm, hàng bán thành phẩm và nhiên liệu ở đầu của một kỳ kế toán 3. Factory overheads. a. Costs of fuel, raw materials and components cp nhiên liệu, ngvlieu và linh kiện b. Other costs not directly concerned with production. cp khác ko liên quan đến sx c. Costs of water, electricity and fuel used in factory buildings. cp nước, điện và nhiên liệu s/d trg xưởng, VP d. Depreciation on all machinery, equipment and stock Khấu hao cho máy móc trang thiết bị và kho xưởng e. A and c. f. Costs of transport from the factory. Cp vận chuyển từ nhà máy g. B + c + d. 4. Interest costs. cp cho lãi vay Costs of a. marketing b. sales c. advertising d. borrowing. tiếp thị bán hàng quảng cáo vay, mượn Using there is/are/was/were/has been/have been/ will be. Change the following sentence to begin with there is / are/was/were/has been/have been/ will be. a. Overheads increased. (……… an increase in…… ) Tổng phí tăng -> There was an increase in overheads increased b. Protues has several subsidiaries in other countries. Protues có nhiều chi nhánh ở nc khác -> There are several subsidiaries of protues in other countries -> There are several protues subsidiaries of in other countries c. Net profits actually fell. ( ….a fall in…… ). Giả thực về lãi ròng giảm -> There was an actual fall in net profits d. Sales to Central and Eastern Europe rose. (……….a rise in…) hoa hồng bán hàng cho miền trung và Đông âu -> There was a rise in sales to Central and Eastern Europe e. The gross margins on the Protocap was 31% . ( .gross margin of………) Tổng lợi nhuận of Protocap là 31% -> There was a gross margin of 31% on the Protocap f. Now the margin is only 14% (……….a margin of only………) -> Now there is a margin of only 14% g. One of the suppliers increased price. (……….an increase in………) một trong những nhà cung cấp tăng giá -> There was an iscrease in prices by one of the suppliers h. Another problem exists. Vấn đề khác tồn tại/ đang có -> There is another proplem i. You will make a saving in production costs. -> There will be a saving in production costs. j. Sales will fall by 37%. -> There will be a fall of 37% in sales E. READING II. 8 PROTUES MANARA LTD Balance Sheet. ( 000 Manara dollars.) FIXED ASSETS 1993 1994 Land and buildings 30 29 Plant and equipment 350 460 Vehicles 110 130 490 690 CURRENT ASSETS. Inventories 250 350 Receivables 420 550 Bank balance 70 134 740 766 CURRENT LIABILITIES Payables 320 429 Tax payable on profits 40 8 Taxes payables 20 32 Short-term loa ns 70 124 450 593 CAPITAL EMPOYED 780 792 FINANCED BY Shares capital 500 500 Retained profits 280 292 SHAREHOLDERS EQUITY 780 792 F. VOCABULARY AND DICTIONARY WORK. 1. Choose the best explanation to show how the meaning of each expression. Words are marked for stress, to help you with pronunciation. Fixed assets: a) Money, financial investments and services owed to a company. b) Goods, goodwill, capital, land, buildings, vehicles and machinery which a company owes to others. c) Goods, goodwill, capital, land, building, vehicles and machinery which a company owns. d) a) + b) e) a) + c). Debtor and creditor. f) People who owe the company money _Debtor_con nợ g) People to whom the company owes money. _Creditor_Chủ nợ 9 Shareholder’s equity. h) Money distributed to the workers as a bonus. i) The money invested in the business by the owners. j) Capital distributed by investors in the Stock Exchange. k) Surplus wealth generated by the business. Discussion. 2. a) which items in the box below should be classed as fixed assets and which ones as current assets? Money in the bank raw materials factory buildings Lorries machinery unpaid invoices unsold stock b) Match the items on the left with the definitions on the right. Payables unsettled customer accounts, trade credits received Receivables unsold goods, spare parts for machines, unfinished parts. Inventories electricity bill, telephone bill. Definitions. Read out one of the definitions below and choose someone to find the matching word. a) Raw materials, finished goods, work in progress, components. b) Total invoiced sales of goods or services, less the value of retuned goods minus trade discounts and credits. c) A short-term borrowing facility provided by a bank, enabling a business or person to draw up to certain money. d) Any resources owned by the company which can be valued in money terms e) Amount owed to the business f) A statement of the assets, liabilities and shareholder’s fund at a certain time on a certain date. g) Opposite of a loss h) Costs, which not directly related to production of the goods or services being sold by a firm. i) Amount owed by business j) All debts of a business, including dividends owed to the shareholders. k) Money, property and assets used in a business. l) Company, which is owned by a parent company. m) Difference between the costs of a product and the selling price. n) Record of business transactions in money paid or owed. G. GRAMMAR. Talking about calculation. Multiply by, deduct from, subtract from, add to, divide by nhân trừ(lấy đi) trừ cộng chia 10 [...]... reduction to buyer ( 8 words- p.4) g) all the time this year until now ( 5 words-p 5) h) in accordance with the scheme of the group ( 4 words-p.5) i) List of items in store (1 word-P 7) a) lo lắng về (2 từ, đoạn 1) b) được đưa ra trong một tài liệu tài chính (từ 1-para 1) c) một chút cao hơn, một chút nhiều hơn (từ 3-p 3) d) số tiền còn lại từ việc bán hàng trước khi trừ chi phí (2 từ-trang 3) điều hành e)... cáo j) chưa thanh toán hóa đơn, con nợ 2 How are the following ideas expressed in the reading passage? a) worried about ( 2 words, paragraph 1) b) given in a financial document ( 1 word-para 1) c) a little higher than, somewhat more than (3 words- p…3) d) money remaining from sales before deducting operating costs ( 2 words-p 3) e) not in accordance with the scheme of the Group (2 words-p.5) f) Offering... Opening inventory Purchases 250 1,480 1,730 350 700 -1 ,050 150 2,160 -2 ,310 Closing inventory 350 220 2,310 SALES COST OF SALES 16 1,380 830 1,935 Labour costs Factory overheads Total cost of sales 245 125 1,750 135 80 1,045 350 150 2.435 GROSS PROFIT % sales 650 27% 410 410% 1,065 30% Total operating expenses 440 160 30 -6 30 250 95 12 -3 57 500 180 15 695 PROFIT BEFORE TAX TAXATION 40% 20... tiền còn lại từ việc bán hàng trước khi trừ chi phí (2 từ-trang 3) điều hành e) không có trong acco f) cung cấp giảm giá đặc biệt cho người mua (8 từ-p.4) g) tất cả thời gian này năm cho đến bây giờ (5 từ-p 5) h) theo với các đề án của nhóm (4 t -5 ) i) danh sách các khoản mục trong cửa hàng Less formal to more formal 3 Choose expressions from the box to replace the words in italic Steps will be taken... products The idea of reducing turnover shocked the MD Meanwhile the Head Office in Birmingham wanted him to increase sales in Central and Eastern Europe He asked his Financial Controller to report on what more could be done to improve the financial situation and to reach the planned business targets 12 This unit deals with: a the language of instruction, impersonal decision-making, expressing purpose,... trọng để giải quyết vấn đề của đề tài trước khi bạn đi trước với bất kỳ dự án mở rộng c) vật liệu chi ph -1 995 các kế hoạch nói rằng đề tài cần được giảm đến 55% của doanh số bán hàng d) cho đến nay, trong năm 1995, tỷ lệ là 42%, trong đó không nhìn phải và nhu cầu tiếp tục điều tra e) tổng lợi nhuận-bạn là 10 điểm phần trăm dưới kế hoạch Phạm vi những gì hiện này hiển thị một giảm bán giá hoặc chiết... thị trường, điều kiện kinh doanh và đối thủ cạnh tranh Họ nên báo cáo cho tôi trong vòng 21 ngày với mục tiêu tiếp thị và tài chính 26 C Vocabulary 1 Choose the best alternative to complete the sentence a They decided to export because of strong /home/domestic/national/local/ competition họ quyết định xuất khẩu vì mạnh mẽ/Trang chủ/trong nước/quốc gia/địa phương/cạnh tranh b They had to /develop/build... thể được bù đắp bởi sự mất mát lợi nhuận khi chuyển đổi thành bảng anh We are also still waiting for the Manara and British and British governments to sign a double taxation treaty Until then the double taxation of profit from Manara may reduce the Group’s earning per shares Chúng tôi cũng vẫn còn đang chờ đợi Manara và chính phủ Anh và Anh để ký một hiệp ước thuế hai lần Cho đến lúc đó thuế lợi nhuận... runs were causing planning problems in the factory and were keeping unit costs high, there was no enough detailed information in the costing records, and bad management of inventories and customer receivables was reducing cash flow and increasing financial costs cùng lúc đó, một số khía cạnh của Protocap cần thiết để được sửa chữa, cạnh tranh ngăn chặn sự gia tăng của giá bán chạy ngắn sản xuất đã gây... liệu: kế hoạch 1995 nói những nên được giảm đến 55% của doanh số bán hàng Đến năm 1995, các tỷ lệ là 42 phần trăm mà không nhìn bên phải và cần thêm giải thích 3/ Factory overheads: this should have been reduced in 1995 to 4% of sales In fact it is slightly up on the 1994 figure 3 / Nhà máy overheads: điều này nên have been giảm năm 1995 đến 4% doanh thu Trong thực tế nó là một chút lên trên con số năm . buildings Lorries machinery unpaid invoices unsold stock b) Match the items on the left with the definitions on the right. Payables unsettled customer accounts, trade. finance, gave the first lecture. 3 3. a) There are hundreds of accountants. Their addresses can be found in the phone book. b) Its a large engineering company. Its