Tài liệu tiếng Anh thương mại Chap002 Logistics
Logistics 2-2 Overview of logistics • Logistics of business is big and important • The logistical value proposition • The work of logistics • Logistical operations • Logistics integration objectives • Logistical operating arrangements • Flexible structure • Supply chain synchronization 2-3 What is Logistics? • Logistics is the design and administration of systems to control movement and geographical positioning of raw materials, work-in-process, and finished inventories at the lowest total cost. 2-4 Logistics has risen to a key position in the global economy • Postwar U.S. (1945-1995) – Global leader in distribution and logistics, as a direct result of World War II • Rise of EEC and Asia (1980-2000) – Both regions became major exporters and distributors • e-Commerce (1998-Present) – Global logistics capability almost everywhere 2-5 Logistics will continue its renaissance in the future • Information technologies will automate many of the traditionally manual logistical functions: – Automated port and rail operations – RFID tagging of materials – Advanced technologies for warehousing and inventory operations • Removal of trade barriers will continue to expand global trade and logistics 2-6 Goal of logistics management • To satisfy customer expectations for delivery of products (or services) while minimizing the total cost • Managers must support the requirements for procurement, manufacturing and customer accommodation supply chain operations 2-7 1980 2007 $ Billion 1980 • Logistics Cost of $451 billion is 16.1% of GDP • Transportation ($214B) is 47.5% of Logistics Cost 2007 • Logistics Cost of $1398B is 10.1% of GDP • Transportation ($857B) is 61.3% of Logistics Cost Source: “19 th” Annual “State of Logistics Report” © Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals, 2008 Transportation has become the major logistics cost component in the USA 2-8 Logistics costs trends from Table 2.1 • Transportation Costs relative to the Total Cost of Logistics have gone up – Because of fuel prices and movement of manufacturing to Asia • Inventory Costs relative to the Total Cost of Logistics have gone down – Adoption of JIT and Lean practices have reduced these • Administrative Costs relative to the Total Cost of Logistics have stayed the same 2-9 Logistical value proposition • Logistical value proposition consists of a commitment to key customer expectations and requirements at a minimum cost • The two elements of this value proposition are Service and Cost Minimization – Firms must make appropriate tradeoffs between service and cost for each of their key customers 2-10 Service benefits are created by logistical performance in 3 areas • Availability involves having inventory to consistently meet customer material or product requirements • Operational performance deals with the time required to deliver a customer’s order – Key metrics for this area involve delivery speed and consistency • Service reliability involves the quality attributes of logistics – Key to quality is accurate measurement of availability and operational performance over time [...]... Cost Logistics Model • • Focused on achieving the lowest possible cost for each individual function of logistics – For example, Transport the material the cheapest way possible • • Expected lowest cost based on decisions that were cheapest for individual functions Ignored the impact of cost decisions across logistics functions • Focused on achieving the lowest total cost across each function of logistics. .. Basic logistics service describes the level of service a firm provides all established customers – However, some customers require unique or special value-added services • Managers must realize that customers are different and that services provided must be matched to accommodate unique requirements and purchase potential 2-11 Cost minimization using the total cost logistics model Traditional Cost Logistics. .. consider impact to costs of all other logistics functions – For example, Transporting material the cheapest way is slower than other choices This requires an increase in storage cost to hold the material longer – Would it still be a lower cost to use the cheapest mode of transport? 2-12 Different perspectives on cost minimization Traditional Cost Logistics Model Total Cost Logistics Model Minimize order processing... different situations – Very common with “factory-less” companies like Nike and Best Buy 2-32 Example situations for flexible logistics structure • The customer-specified delivery facility might be near a point of equal logistics cost or equal delivery time from two different logistics facilities • The size of a customer’s order creates improved logistical efficiency if serviced through an alternative... at $270 • Decision is to use 2nd Carrier since it is a lower total cost 2-15 Logistics includes these major functions of work • • • • Order Processing Inventory Transportation Warehousing, Materials Handling, and Packaging • Integrated through a network of facilities – E.g warehouses and distribution centers 2-16 Integrated logistics framework • Goal is to achieve customer satisfaction at the lowest... transportation cost + Minimize warehousing, materials handling and packaging cost + Minimize facility cost Lowest logistics cost Minimize (order processing + inventory + transportation + warehousing, materials handling and packaging + facility) cost _ Lowest total logistics cost 2-13 Example of evaluating alternatives to find lowest total cost • Compare two alternative shipping carriers... – Seeks to reengineer internal operations of individual firms to leverage overall supply chain capability 2-35 The logistics performance cycle is the basic unit of supply chain design and operational control • The performance cycle represents elements of work necessary to complete the logistics related to customer accommodation, manufacturing or procurement • A performance cycle consists of the following... basis 2-21 Warehousing, materials handling and packaging • These work activities are integral parts of other logistical functions – Inventory typically needs to be warehoused at selected times during the logistics process – Transportation vehicles require materials handling for efficient loading and unloading – Individual products are most efficiently handled when packaged together into shipping cartons... Facilities network • The number, size and geographical relationship of facilities used to perform logistical operations directly impacts customer service capability and cost • Types of facilities in the logistics network include – Manufacturing plants, warehouses, cross-dock operations and retail stores 2-23 The scope of integrated logistical operations Figure 2.2 Logistical Integration 2-24 Inventory... consolidation Quality Life cycle support 2-28 Logistical operating arrangements • All logistical arrangements share two common characteristics – They are designed to manage inventory – The range of logistics alternatives is limited by available technology • Three widely utilized structures are – Echelon (traditional) is a linear flow from origin to destination through buffers or warehouses/distribution . Logistics 2-2 Overview of logistics • Logistics of business is big and important • The logistical value proposition • The work of logistics • Logistical operations • Logistics integration. Billion 1980 • Logistics Cost of $451 billion is 16.1% of GDP • Transportation ($214B) is 47.5% of Logistics Cost 2007 • Logistics Cost of $1398B is 10.1% of GDP • Transportation ($857B) is 61.3% of Logistics. “19 th” Annual “State of Logistics Report” © Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals, 2008 Transportation has become the major logistics cost component in the USA 2-8 Logistics costs trends