Phương pháp tính toán, thiết kế bộ phân chính của xe thu gom rác thải cỡ nhỏ ở khu dân cư đô thị

NGHIEN CU'U-TRAO D I / PHU'aNG PHAP TINH TOAN, THI^T K^ BO PHAN CHINH C O A X E THU GOM RAC THAI CO N H KHU DAN CU', DO THj METHOD OF CALCULATION AND DESIGN OF THE MAIN PART OF WASTE COLLECTION TRUCK IN SMALL - SIZE URBANS TS Le Quy Chien', PGS,TS Dinh Van Chien^ ^Tru6ng Dai hpc Cong nghiep Quang Ninh ^Tni6ng D^i hpc Mo - Dia chat TQM TAT Trong thdi ky phdt trien thf hoa, nhiiu khu ddn cU, dd thi dUdc xdy dung vd phdt trien nhanh chong Gdn day, viec day mgnh phdt trien nong thdn mdi dUdc Ddng vd Nhd nUdc quan tdm; do, vdn di ve sinh mdi trUdng Id tieu chi hdng ddu Dd co nhiiu ddn vi sdn xudt, chi tgo xe thu gom rdc cd nhd, nhiin, moi ddn vi co kieu ddng, kich thUdc vd ket cdu khdc Trong bdi bdo ndy, nhom tdc gid ^di thieu mpt phUdngphdp tinh todn, thiit ke bp phgn chinh cua xe thu gom rdcd khu ddn cU, thi cd nho theo hUdng kit cdu ddn gidn, tuoi ben cao vd gidm nhe sUc day cho ngUdi lao dpng Tii khoa: Bo thi; Khu ddn cU; Xe thu gom rdc Buring the development of urbanization, many urbans have been constructed and developed rapidly Recently, Vietnamese Party and State concerns considerably in promoting new rurals, including sanitation issues which are top criteria There have been many manufacturing units which have invented small waste collection trucks with various style, size and composition In this paper, the authors introduce a method of calculation and design of the main part of waste collection truck working in small residential urban in the direction of simple structure, high durability and reduction of thrust for employees Keywords: Urban, residential areas, waste collection vehicles '•' ISSN 0866 - 7056 TAP CHi CO KHI V I £ T NAM, 86 nam www.cokhivietnam.vn 2016 NGHIEN CU'U-TRAO D | Xe gom rac l o ^ 0.65m^ la loai cd Idn nhat dang diipc sd dung tren thi tnidng hien '' l.DATVANDE Van de moi tnidng va bien doi hau dang la m6i quan tam h^ng dau cua loan the gicti Do la van de midc bien dang, nhiem man, van d^ khi, bui dang hang ngay, hang gid dien d tat ca cac nil6c tren the gicfi vdi cac miic dp khac O Viet Nam, van de ngap man, han han va nhiem nguon nitdc, rac thai dang dien vdi miic dp cang cao, cd t h i da den mdc bao dpng d mpt goc dp hep, van de thu gom rac thai d khu dan cii, thi gdp phan lam sach mdi tnidng ca ve viec thoat nUdc va nhiim khong khi, my quan thi Theo do, van de thu gom rac thai cSn quan tam, tnidc bet la xe thu gom rac thai LoEii dupc sd dung chu yeu d cac khu cdng nghiep, khu vui choi giai tri, nhlm thuc hien qua trinh thu gom rac diipc thu|n tien VA nhanh hon vdi khoi lilpng rac Idn Theo quy trinh thu gom rac thai d khu dan cU, doi vdi cac xe thu gom rac thai cd nhd diioc sd dung thu gom d cac ngo nhd diia den dia diem t4p k^t, sau dUpc dxia len xe chd rac cd Idn den bai xii ly Do vay, yeu cau dat doi vdi xe thu gom rac cd nho la ket cau nho gpn, ben, Htnh Htnh ddngxe thu gom rdc ddy tay 0.65m\ cdng viing, on dinh, phii hpp vdi tang ngo 0.50m' vd 0.40m^ khongndp day ngach, khdng bang phang va ton it sdc lao dpng cua cong nhan Vdi tieu chi dd, nhdm tac gia tien Kit cau thi l o ^ xe thu gom rac 0.50m^ hanh tinh toan, thiet ki mpt so chi tiet, cum chi va loai xe 0.65m^ la nhii nhau, kieu 0.50m' dUOc tiet chinh cua xe dap dng yen cau neu tren dimg rpng rai tren thi tnidng, thich hpp cho mpt cdng nhan ve smh mdi tnidng cd the tii tien N Q I DUNG NGHlfiN C U hanh thu gom 2.1 Nghien ciiu thi^t ke hinh dang xe 2.1.1 Gidi thiiu mpt sd hinh ddng xe thu gom rdc day tay dang sit dung d Viet Nam Loai xe 0.40m' cd tinh cd dpng cao, phu hpp vdi cdng tac thu gom chat thai ran tai cac tuyen pho, ngd nhd, dac biet cac h ^ mo 2.1.2 Quy trinh thu gom rdc rdc tie xe vdo Hien nay, tren thi tnidng, xe dung cho xe tdi Idn viec thu gom rac rat nhieu chung loai, cd hinh dang, kich thiidc khac nhieu xi nghiep, Gdm giai doan: cong ty san xuat Ta cd the khai quat mot sd loai xe CO ban nhii sau: Xe gom rac loai 0.65m^ (hmh a) Giai dogn 1: Giai dogn thu gom rdc tU cdc cd la), 0.50m^ (hinh lb), 0.40m^ (hinh Ic) sd thdi rdc ISSN 0866 - 7056 T4P CHI CO KHf V I £ T NAM, www.cokhivietnam.vn S6 nam 2016 NGHieN CU'U - T R A O D O I b) Giai dogn 2: Giai dogn dUa rdc vdo thiing phu cita xe moi trudng tii chieu dai thung chiia rac can chuyen chd la: Lj=1010(mm) 2.2 Tinh toan Itfa chon mot s6 thdng so ccf ban cua xe Khoang canh tii tay don xe (thanh ngang de day) d i n mep cua thiing rac la: L^ = 250 (mm) 2.2.1 Xac dinh sd bp chieu ddi todn bp cua xe Nhd vay: Tii cac gia tri tren ta ve phac thao xe c3n thiet k l nhd hinh 2, va xac dinh diipc chieu dai toan bd cua xe la: L - 1260 (mm) 2.2.2 Chieu ddi cd sd cua xe Hinh Sd dS xde dinh chiiu ddi todn bp xe thiet ki Hinh Sd di xde dinh khoi lUdng khdng tdi cita xe Td sP tren hinh 2, cho thay: 250 C =rb.sm(9a- 60) = — smSQO = 62,5 (mm), (i) Viec xac dinh chieu dai cd sd cua xe phu thupc vao vi tri dat dam cau triidc cua xe, chilu dai cd sd cua xe cang ngan thi tinh linh hoat quay vdng cua xe cang cao, hay noi each khac la nit ngan di£pc hanh lang va banh kinh quay vdng cho xe Tuy nhien, neu chieu dai cd sd cda xe ngan qua thi tai trpng de len cau trUdc se Idn va gdc thoat cua xe se giam Nhii vay, vile chon chieu dai xe cd sd xe theo tieu chi linh boat va sU phan tai trpng cau xe mpt each hpp iy va tinh on dinh cua xe I h a m khao doi vdi xe oto tai hai true loai 4x2, chuyen chd day tai thdng thiidng, trpng lupng phan bo cau tnidc chi bang 20-^25% trpng lupng phan phoi cau sau [6] Vdi loai xe ba banh vdi cdng thUc 4x2, thi ta cung cd the ap dung phan bo nhU sau Trpng lUpng cau trUdc va banh sau theo ty le la: Trong do: C - La khoang each ngUdi day rac din canh tay ddn: C = 62,5 (mm) r^ - L^ banh kinh cua banh xe ddn hiidng: G, = (0,20 - 0,25).G^ G^=(0,75-0,80).G^ Cau sau chi cd mpt banh xe neu trpng lupng phan bo cau sau Idn qua thi se qua tai, dac biet la phanh hoac quay vdng Ngoai ,,= | ^ = ( i m n ) ra, tai trpng len cac cau phai dam bao dieu kien D - Diidng kinh cua banh xe dan hiidng xe khong mang tai, vin cd the van hanh dUpc tren cac loai dUdng cd he so bam thap thi tai Iiy theo tieu chuan la: D =250(mra) trpng phan phoi cau chu ddng khdng dUpc be '" Chieu dai thung chda rac diipc xac dinh hon 50% trpng lUpng ban than cua xe ISSN 0866 - 7056 T^P CHl CO KHi VIET NAM, S6 nam 2016 www.cokhivietnam.vn NGHIEN CLfU-TRAO DOI Do vay, chieu dai xe co sd dUpc chpn la: Lg = 642 (mm) Khdi lUpng cua xe dUpc xac dinh nhu sau: a) Khi xe khong tdi (hinh 3) Dat can tai vi tri A each vet tiep xuc giiia banh xe sau vdi mat dUdng (O,) mpt khoang la: Lp =642 (mm) Ta can dUpc: Z^^ =40 k% (dUpc xem la phan lUc vao nen len banh tnidc) Dat can tai vi tri (Oj) ta can dupc: 2^^=10 kg, dupc xem la phan lUc cua nin len banh sau Suy ra, trpng lUpng khong tai cua xe thilt klla: G = Z„+Z,.= 40-H0=50(kg) (2) Ta cd t h i xac dinh dupc tpa dp trpng tam cda xe xe khong tai bang each viit phUPng trinh can bang mdmen qua diem (0^): Go-Oo-ZiQ Lo^O _ Z j o ^ _ 40,642 ^ ^ ~ ~ a = 513,6 (mm) (3) 50 Viy, tpa dp trpng tam cua xe xe khdng tdi 1^:513,6 (mm) b) Khi xe ddy tdi (hinh 4) Hinh Sd xde dinh tga dp trgng tdm xe theo chiiu dgc Nhu da phan tich d hinh ddi vdi xe b banh co trpng lUpng phan bo cau trUdc la: Z^ = (0.75^0,80)(G^+ G J (4) Trong do: Gj - La trpng lUpng thiing rac can chuyen chd Vdi trpng lupng rieng cua rac: = 322(kg/ m^), dung tich thung chda rac cua xe thilt keli: V - 400(Iit) Do dd ta cd: G^ =129 (kg) Gp - La trpng lUpng khdng tii cua xe; Go =50 (kg) Thay vao cdng thdc (4) ta dUpc: Z^ = 0,80.(129+ 50) =143,2 (kg) Va Z, = 0,2.(129+ 50) =35,8 (kg) Hinh Sd xac dinh khdi lUdng day tdi ciia xe Vay, trpng lUpng phan bo cau trUdc la 80% va cau sau la 20% Ta thay, phan bo nhU viy, cd the chap nhan dUpc -v^ cau trUdc cd hai banh chu ddng se tan dung dUpc trpng lUpng bam, dac biet la xe di chuyen tren dUdng cd he s6 bam thap Do dd, phan bo trpng lUpng nhU trSn la kha hpp ly ISSN 0866 - 7056 TAP CHi CO KHi V I £ T NAM, www.cokhivietnam.vn S6 nam 2016 NGHIEN CU'U-TRAO001 b) Xac dinh chieu cao tga dp trgng tdm xe xe nghieng mpt goc a vephia trUdc: 2.2.3 Xde dinh chiiu cao cua xe Chilu cao xe phu thudc vao chieu cao san xe va chieu cao thimg rac can chuyen chd Td ta chon chieu cao xe nhU sau: H=1005(mm) 2.2.4 Xac dinh chieu rpng cua xe Di thuan tien cho viec van chuyen cac ngd hem va chd dUpc thung rac theo tieu chuan thi viec bd tri he thdng truyin lUc, be rpng lop thi chilu rdng xe dupc thilt ke ta chpn nhu sau: Tpa dp trpng tam cua xe theo chilu cao dupc xac dinh nhU sau: Dat xe tren mat phang nghiing rapt gdc a bat ky (a khdng nen qua Idn), sau xac dinh trpng lupng de len cau trUdc can bang PhUPng trinh momen ddi vdi diem (O,) la: XM„ = B =1098 (mm) 2.2.5 Xde dinh cdc tga dp trgng tdm xe Xac dinh cac tpa dp trpng tam xe khdng tai: a) Xde dinh tga dp trgng tdm xe theo chieu dgc (hinh 5): Ta cd the xac dinh dUpc tpa dp trpng tam cua xe xe khdng tai bang each viet phUong trinh can bang mdmen qua diem (O^) nhU sau: (5) G a.-Z,„.L„ = Hinh Sd dd xde dinh tga dp trgng tdm xe theo chieu cao xe nghieng mpt goc a ve phia trUdc o Z2'L|)COsa-Go,sina(li'5, + rb,cosa)- a.{ao-rbiSina) = l) _ Zi I , cosff - G, cos a{a, - r^^ sin a) (6) Trong do: Gj - La luong khdng tai cua xe thiet k& G„ =50(kg) Lj-La chieu dai CO sd cua xe:L|,=642(mm) Z - La luong xe can tai vi tri A: Trong do: Z, 45 (kg); Ta co: • r"o a = arcsm(—-) Z„=40(l^) ^ ^ = £ ^ = f ^ = 513,6 (n») Ta dugrc: ao = 513,6(inm) =>bo = Lo-ao=642-513,6 Hay bo = 128.4 (mm) Vdi: H, = 170 (mm); L„ = 642(mm) Hay: a = arcsm( 170 642 ) = 15° Rj_ = 280 (mm) ISSN 0866 - 7056 TAP CHi CO KHi V I £ T NAM, S6 nam www.cokhivietnam.vn 2016 NGHIEN CU'U-TRAOD61 Thay cac gia tri vao (6) ta dUpc: h'^ 239,6(mm) Cac lUc tac dung len xe trUdng hpp 1111 bao gom: Toa dd trpng tam xe theo chieu cao khdng tai: h^„ = h'^+r^_ G^ - La trpng IdOng toan bd cua xe: G = 179 (kg);' Zj - Hpp cac phan lUc thang gdc td dudng tac dung len banh xe sau; Z^ - Hpp cac phan lUc thing gdc td dudng tac dung len banh xe trUdc; Ljj - Chieu dai xe cd sd; h - Tpa dp trpng tam xe theo chieu cao; a,b - Khoang each td trpng tam cua xe den tryc banh xe sau va trUdc Thay vao ta cd: h = 239,6 + 280 Hayhgg = 519,6 ?nm) Xac dinh cac toa trpng tam xe day tai: a) Xac dinh tga dp trgng tdm xe theo chieu ddi Di xic dinh dUpc tpa dp trpng tam cua xe theo chieu dai ta khao xat cac liic tac dung len xe nd ddng yen tren dUdng ngang theo hinh Td sd phan tich lUc nhU hinh 7, ta viet phUPng trinh can bang mdmen vdi dilm {0^), (Oj) nhu sau: G^.a-Z^.L„ = (7) G^.b-Z,.Lg = Td hai phUPng trinh trin suy ra: r, ^' T h ^' r a = in, OXn Trong do: Hinh Sd xde dfnh tga dp trgng tdm xe theo chiiu ddi Z|, Z^ - Bang phan trgng luong toan bp ph&n phoi len cau trUcfc, banh sau (do xe diing tren mat dudng ngang) vay: Z, = G, = 35,8(kg) Z, = G,= 143,2 (kg) Thay cac gia tri Zj, Z^, G^ vao cdng thrtc (7) ta tinh dugc: 143,2.642 Hinh Stf xac dinh toa tdm xe theo chieu cao = 513,6 (mm) , ^1 , 35,8.642 , „ ^ , , b = —^L = = 128,4 (nun) Ga 179 b) Xac dinh toa trgng tdm xe theo chieu cao (hinh 8) ISSN 0866 - 7056 TAP CHi CO KHi VIET NAM, S6 nam 2016 www.cokhivietnam.vn NGHIEN CLfU - TRAO OOl Ve nguyen tac, kh6ng cho phep tren bang tha xe day tai nen khong thS tien hanh can xe tren mat phang nghieng de xac dinh cao trgng tam nhu trUcfng hgp khong tai De xac dinh dugc tga trgng tam xe theo chifa cao xe day tai ta xac dinh tren co sd can bang chieu cao khoi tam cac phan trgng lUgng theg c6ng thiic sau: khoi lilgng thU Ap dung chg xe thiet ke, ta co: (9) G„+G, VcSi \.^ = 785(mm); h ^= 519,59(mm); G„ = 50(kg);G^=129(kg) ZV' Suy ra: hg= (8) 50.519,59 + 129.785 50+129 Hay: h = 710 (mm) Trong do: ra^ - Khoi lupng thd i h - Toa dp trpng tam theo chilu cao cua Tong hpp mpt so kit qua tinh toan dUpc the hien tren bang Bdngl Mpt si thdng sd thiet ki cua xe rdc Kihigu Kich thif dc (mm) L 1260 Nhdn xet: L, L 1010 250 \ \ b„ K H B a b h 642 513,6 128,4 519,6 1005 1098 513,6 128,4 710 cai tien thung rac da anh hUdng din phan bo tai trpng cua xe, cho xe d vi tri can bang nhat di chuyen Khi xe Ididng tai cung nhU day tai, sdc lao dpng cua cdng nhan dUpc tilt kilm d mdc tdi da, tdc la lUc bo de day xe la it nhat de xe cd the di chuyen Qua khao sat, nhom tac gia nhan thay, thung chda xe thu gom rac chUa cai tiin se nghieng ve phia ngUdi cdng nhan day xe, bang quan sat d l nhan thay, goi tUa cua thung rac nam lech ve phia trUdc L^ = 130(mm), dd a^ = 393.6 (mm) nam ve phia ngUdi day xe Chinh KET LUAN sU bo tri goi tiia khong cin da lam cho xe di chuyen ludn d trang thai mat can bang, tai Phuong phap tinh toan thilt ke xe thu trpng tap trung ve phia ngUdi day r^t Idn nen gay khd khan xe ho^t dpng, ton sdc dly cua gom rac cd nhd neu trin, cho phep giam nhe ngudi cdng nhan Vdi kit qua nghiln cdu tinh lUc day cda ngUdi cdng nhan, kit cau cua xe nhd toan thung xe rac sau dUpc cai tiin, goi tUa gpn, tinh on dinh cao phu hpp vdi khu dan cU, se dupc dich chuyen vao tam cua thung rac, lui thi cd dudng, ngo hep ma van dam bao khdi lai phia sau L^ = 250 (mm), a^ - 513.6 (mm) nam lupng va tai trpng Vdi phUPng phap nay, cd t h i ve phia tnidc xe Bin c?nh dd, se bo tri them hai ap dung de thiet ke cac loai xe thu gom rac co cac tai d b i n hdng thung nham gid thung xe di kich thudc va kit cau khac nhau, gdp phan cai chuyen khdng bi l|t thung va lit xe Tinh toan thien ve sinh, mdi trudng d khu thi va dan cU ^ ISSN 0866 ^ 7056 TAP CHi CO KHi VlfiT NAM, Sd nam 2016 www.cokhivietnam.vn NGHIEN CLfU-TRAODOI Ngay nhan bai: 22/3/2016 Ngiy phan bien: 10/4/2016 Tai lieu tham khao: [1] Tran Ba Bao (1997); So tay thiet kecd khi, NXB Khoa hpc va Ky thuat [2] Trinh Chat (2007); Ctf sd thiet ke mdy vd chi tiet mdy, NXB Khoa hpc va Ky thuat [3] Tran Yin Dich (2012); Cong nghe che tao mdy, NXB Khoa hpc va Ky thuat (4) Nguyen Trong Hiep (2009); Chi tiet mdy, tap va tap 2, NXB Giao due Viet Nam [5] Le Quang Minh, Nguyen Van VUOng (2009); Sdc bin vdt lieu, NXB Gian due Ha N6i [6] Nguyin Khlc Trai (2006); Co sd thiet keo to, NXB Giao thong Van tai ISSN 0866 - 7056 TAP CHi CO KHi VIET NAM, Sd nam 2016 www.cokhivietnam.vn ... cac khu cdng nghiep, khu vui choi giai tri, nhlm thuc hien qua trinh thu gom rac diipc thu| n tien VA nhanh hon vdi khoi lilpng rac Idn Theo quy trinh thu gom rac thai d khu dan cU, doi vdi cac xe. .. hanh thu gom 2.1 Nghien ciiu thi^t ke hinh dang xe 2.1.1 Gidi thiiu mpt sd hinh ddng xe thu gom rdc day tay dang sit dung d Viet Nam Loai xe 0.40m'' cd tinh cd dpng cao, phu hpp vdi cdng tac thu gom. .. vdi cac xe thu gom rac thai cd nhd diioc sd dung thu gom d cac ngo nhd diia den dia diem t4p k^t, sau dUpc dxia len xe chd rac cd Idn den bai xii ly Do vay, yeu cau dat doi vdi xe thu gom rac cd