Hien trang va thu gom rac thai sinh hoat 6 be''''n cang, huyen dao xa bor if thanh pho Hai Phong L Mddau L i mOt trong ba trge lam giac phi l Inen kinh te d mien Bic Viet Nam, thinh phd cing Hi i Phdng l[.]
Hien trang va thu gom rac thai sinh hoat be'n cang, huyen dao xa bor if Hai Phong Phgm Quoc Ka (1), Li Xuan Sinh (2) L Mddau L i mOt ba trge lam giac p h i l Inen kinh te d mien Bic Viet Nam, thinh phd cing Hii Phdng l i mOt dau mdi quan trgng trgng q u i trinh hOi nhip cua Viel Nam v i o nen kinh te l o i n cau sau trd thinh thinh viin thii 150 cua Td chiic Thuang mgi The gidi (WTO) Vdi tdc dp phat trien kinh te nhanh d Viet Nam, thdi gian gan day, tam quan trgng eua Hai Phbng vdi vai trd l i cang bien chinh cang tang vdi c i c Ipi the vd vj the cua mbt cang cua ngd ndi lien vung kinh te trpng diem phia bic, cung cap nhidu djch vu hg lang cho phit triln cdng nghiep v i lye lupng lao dOng ddi d i o , ddng thdi l i diem ndi cua "hai hinh lang v i mOt vinh dai" phit tndn kinh te d Bic Viit Nam Thanh phd Hai phdng la phd cd nhidu huyin ven bidn nhu huyin Kidn Thuy, huyin dio C i l Hai, huyin dao xa bd Bgch Long Vy Cic huygn niy cd sd lupng d i n k h i Idn v i nganh nghe kinh td chu ydu la nubi trdng, dinh bat thuy hai s i n v i du ljch Rac thai rin phit sinh Iren dja b i n c i c huyin chu yeu ICr ngudn sinh hogt va du lieh C i c khu vyc eing ca ty phat thuOc quan ly eua cic dia phuong, biin phbng v i dao xa bd chua ed bin tay quan ly eua CO quan chuyin trich (ehi Cyc bao vg mbi trudng) vuon tdi Mpt nhCmg die trung vd dia hinh cCia cac huyin niy la rpng, cd sd v i t chit khbng ddng bO, ning lye quin ly cua c i c edng ty dd ^hj cbn yeu nen hign trgng thu gom, phan loai rie dang l i bai toan khd cho cac nha quan ly IL Tai lieu va pham vl nghien ctiu //./ Taiii^u • Kdt qui cua cac cupc khao sat, phong v i n thyc td theo cic chuyen khio s i l tCr de tai: Lip luin Chung khoa hpc va ky thu$t vd mb hinh quan ly idng hpp v i phit trien bdn vung ven bdliy Vjnh Bic BO" (2007-2010), D^ t i i KC 09 -13/06-10 (1): Set Tii nguycn v4 M6i tmimg Hai Ph6ng; (2) Vi^n Tii nguyCn vft Mfli Inrimg bifln, VAST - T i i lieu eua b i i bio dupc thu thip tu ehien lupc: "Chien luoc phil trien phd Hai Phbng den nam 2010" va bin thio luin i n tidn sT "Nghien ciiu co sd khoa hpe v i Ihyc tiln nhim x i y dyng quy hoach mbi trudng va quin ly chat thii ran phgc vu phit tridn kinh te - x i hdi huyen Thuy Nguyen, thinh phd Hii Phbng den nam 2015, lam nhin den nim 2025" ii.2 Pham vi nghien cuu Phgm vi va ddi tugng nghien eChj dupc t i p trung v i o 03 khu vye ehinh: - cat Hai la mOt huygn dip, ciia thinh phd Hai phbng, dupc thinh Igp nim 1977 tren ca sd s i p nhip hai huygn C i t Hat va Cat Ba, nim d phia ddng nam thinh phd Hii phbng Hinh I Vimg nghien ciru qudn ly chdt thdi rdn dia phucmg ven bien Hdi Phong - Bgch Long Vy l i d i o xa bd nhat cua Viet Nam Vjnh Bic BO Dao cd tog dp dja ly (20o07'35" va 20 o08'36" vy dO Bic; 107o42'20" - 107o44'15" kmh dO Dbng Do vj tri giua Vjnh (each Hbn Dau - Hai Phbng 110 km, each dao Hg Mai 70 km, eieh mui Ta Chiao - Hai Nam 130 km), dao cd mOl vj tri quan trpng Irong viic md rpng cae vCing bien v i phan dinh bien Vjnh Bie BO - Khu vye quin Dd Son: mdt quin mdi thinh lip eb nhidu eang ea d i n sinh, cing lau du ljch va khu bai l i m di ljch Thdng - 2013 j^^^^^^Qj 19 ill Hien trang va thu gom rac thai sinh hoat d ben cang, huyen dao xa b d D i y l i mOt van de trgng lam ciia cua tidu luin n i y trinh bay nhung van de chua dupc sy quan tam eua c i e n h i quan ly ve rie thai sinh hoat tai eie khu ben eing v i huygn d i o xa bd Odi vdi cac khu vuc lien quan den du ljch nhu dao Cat Ba - huyen Cat Hai duac chii y va ed quy djnh, cbn eic khu vuc khac ddu chua cb nghien cuu, thbng ke vd hien trang quan ly rac thai ran tCr nguon sinh hoat IILI Cang ca a Thinh phan ric thai Ngudn phat thai rac thii sinh hoat cua cac eing bao gdm tCr cac hogt ddng cug t i u thuyen thu mua hai san va danh bat hai san Nhu chung ta da biet, cac eing tu phit dan ty x i y dyng rdi sau db dupc ning cap thinh cang cd he thdng eoc neo, db t i u thuydn nen he thdng co sd tang d day cbn yeu v i thieu Theo dieu tra khio s i t eua Vien T i i nguyen v i Mbi trudng bien eho tha'y cae ben eing deu khdng eb thung rac [6] Bang Dieu tra sd iupng thung rac tai mgt sd cang ca STT Vitri Cang ca Ngoc I Iai - Do Son Au tau Bach Lone Vy Cang ca Cat Ba Ngudn: Diiu Thung rac Khong CO Khong CO Co nhirng it, khong thuan tien tra l/jeo cdc c/ruyen khdo sdi ciia Vien Tai nguyen va Moi trudng bien, 2004-2012 Thinh phan rie thai sinh hoat cua c i c t i u thuyen hogt dOng tgi cang e i nhusau: Bang Thanh phan cua rac thai tif tau thuyen danh bat ca STT % Thanh phan rac thai Chat hiru co (thirc an thira, thuy hai san khong dung) 50 Cao su, nhira (chai, lo, lirai) 28 Giay, sach bao, bia cacton I Vai (ge lau nhiem dau) Kim Ioai (do diing tren tau, vo tau, son tau bj bong choc) Thuy tinh, sii gom Thiing x6p (dirng thuy hai san) 10 - Cdc thong ke sa bg qua cdc chuyen khdo sdt tren mot so idu cd hogt dong tgi dia bdn tiianh plw Hdi Phong Nguon [6] Hien tai eac eang c i khbng cb phan logi eac r i e thai sinh hoat d tau thuyen va tat ca c i c rac thai ddu duac vCrt xudng nude NhCing tac dbng cd the thay vut toan bp rae thai sinh hogt xudng bien Q ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ J •i^^WiBi'*' ^ U j | f c ,;^^S^^~3>40lEWW£ Thdng 9-2013 Bang Nhdng tac dgng cua rac thai den moi truv'ng bien STT Th^nh phan rac thai Chat hQ-u ca (thCrc in thCra, thuy hai san khong diing) Cao su, nhya (chai, lp, ludi) Giay, sach bao, bia cacton Vai (ge lau nhiem dau) Kim loai 'Ihuy tinh sii gdm Thiing xdp (dung ihuy hai san) Tac dong Mire dp tac dong thap vi chat hiru co la ngudn thljrc in cho sinh vat bien Gay tac dpng den mbi tnrdng nhu canh quan, nhtmg lac dpng den hoat dpng danh bat ca nhu : tao rac lirdi lam cho ngu dan mat thdi gian gd lirdi; ludi lam cho quan chan vit Tgo chat lo lung khd phan huy nudc bien Vi ge iau tren tau thuyen thudng la nhiem dau nen gay tac dpng nhu han che be mat thoang, giam DO nudc, lam cho sinh vgt nhiem dau bj chcl nhu sinh vat phii du (chung la mat xich quan trong chuoi thuc an); Chung la nguon thai kim loai nang Irong mbi trudng tich luy theo chudi thuc in gay doc cho ngudi Tao cho be mit day bien ma sat, anh hudng den hoat ddng danh bat ca Trdi noi tao rae thai tren mit bien va bai trieu anh hudng hoat dpng nuoi thuy san, cac bai tam du lich Nguon: Iii.2 Cic ben cang du lich Hoat dOng phan logi v i thu gom rac d cie bdn tau du hch dupc thyc hien lot theo nhung quy djnh cua nhi nude Day la mbt so dd thu gom rie thai d cang C i i Beo - C i t B i (hinh 3) So chon lap cho thiy rie thai tu eie hogt dOng cua nha hing - khach san - l i u du ljch (khich sgn ndi) quan ly rac thai rin tC; ngudn sinh hoat kha tdl Nhung cbn mpt van de chim theo dung nghTa den va nghTa bong la chat thai ICr cac bd phdt cua cac nhi ve sinh chua dupc quin ly dung nghTa va dupe dd thai true tiep xudng bien Day l i ngudn phit t i n dieh benh vi thai xudng mbt thuy vye dugc phat tin rdng nhd tac dOng eua c i c dbng h i i van MOt ket q u i nghien euu Viin Tai nguyin v i Mbi trudng bien, 2010 cho thay ham lupng Coliform cao hon QCVN10/2008 tC; den 1,2 lan [6] Hinh 3- Sado thu gom, phdn logi va xir ly rdc thai sinh hogt lgi ben idu du lich Cdi Ba Thdng 9-2013 « l K^ Hinh 4- Thu gom rdc tu cdc tdu du Uch Cdt Bd Anh Xuan Sinh 2009 IU.3 Quan ly chai thai r^n huyen dao Bach Long Vy Vi dan so tren dao Bach Long Vy rat it nen nguon rac th^i phat sinh khong Ion va thuong la tat ca moi thti xuong bien Nguon rac thai sinh hoat cua dao Bach Long Vy dSn tir cac nguon ma theo sy quan sat cua nhom cac nha khoa hoc ViSn Tai nguyen va Mai truang bien nhu sau (hinh 6) Rac thai ctia dan cu tren dao Nguon troi noi tren bien dat vao Ko thudng xuyen Nguon tau thuydn tranh bao t?i cac Au tau Hinh 6: Cdc ngudn thai rdc thai rdn sinh hogt ddo Bach Long Vy [2] 22Wm)M\\^ Thong 9-2013 A Ngudn phit thai tau thuydn trinh bao tgi eic Au lau khdng thudng xuyin nhung t i e dOng den mdi trirdng rat Idn hing trim chiec t i u neo d i u tai cae Au t i u thii didu kiin thdi tiet gid -bao d i thai mOt lupng r i c thai sinh hoat Idn xuong m i l nudc va trdi ndi ngoii bien theo ddng chay manh - Rac thai trdi ndi g i n t i u n i o thi t i u dd bi phat nhim khuyen khieh ngudi d i n ty giim sat viee bao ve mdi trudng bien b Cing du ljch - Gan sao, quang b i miin phi cho t i u thuyen, n h i hing, khach sgn thye hiin cam ket bao ve mdi trLrcmg, quan ly lot dau cua CTR tren c i e thbng tin dai chung nhim thu IV Mpt s6 de xuat nang cao hieu qua hut khaeh du Ijeh - Khuyen khich dung dd dung it phit thai thu gom chat thai sinh hoat De xual c i c bien phap quan ly tidu nhu binh nudc to v i udng bing cdc thay vi luan xin dugfC tap trung vao v i n dd quan dung nhieu vd chai 0,51, dung giay dd phin huy mdi trudng ly CTR d bdn eing v i huyin d i o xa bd iV Bi$n phap ky thuat a Cic cing ci - Odi cing c i ven bd phai dupe trang bj cac thung chua rac ndi d vj tri neo dau tau thuydn hoic cae bd t i p trung rac lgi c i c vj tri thuin tidn - Cb ngudi dugc t r i luong dd vdl rac tgi tai eing b Cing du ljch Hign eic bign phip ky thuit (thu gom, v i n chuydn, phan logi) k h i lot nhung phii t i p trung trgng bj hg thdng xu ly bd phdt hoic tram hut bd phdl thuin tiin, b i t buOc dinh ky luy vao sd lugng khich, v i o mua du ljch a Huy^n dio xa bd Vi quy d i t ehbn lap hoic vj tri Iron l i p d cie dao rit khb nen phuang phip thich hap la d i u tu Id ddl chat thai sinh hogt Sd lugng v i quy md thudc vao sd dan trin d i o iV.2 Bien phap quan /y o Cic cing ci • Cic l i u thuydn v i o ben hiin ngy dugc quin ly bdi Iyc lupng biin phdng, mdi tau thuydn phii dupc quy djnh mang lupng dd dung xudng t i u thuydn v i lugrng r i c thai phai mang vd dd trinh ngy d i n vut mgi thC; xudng bidn Mdi b i n eang phai ed Iyc lupng mbi trudng kidm s p i t v i n dd a Huyen dio xa bd Nang cao tuydn truyen y thuc ngu dan (trinh dp van hda thap so vdi mgt bing xa hOi) hieu dupc y nghTa thiel thyc cua vigc thu gpm rae va t i p hpp, phin logi Tuy nhiin day la v i n de khb vi rac tap hpp Igi nhung cung khdng ed chb ehbn lap m i chi ddt Ihu cbng cd the sinh c i c chat d nhiem thu c i p khac V Ket l u i n Ddi vdi tinh hinh quan ly chal thai r i n sinh hogt tu cac ben cang ca, huygn dao xa bd cdn l i mbt ngudn p h i l thai b nhiim m i chua dugfc quan t i m dung muc Cae thinh phin rie thai dupie tha xudng bien m i khbng cb sy kiem soat nen mue dO b nhilm tai eie khu vuc nhu: gay mat eanh quan, b nhiim b i i Ineu, b i i t i m Cac bien phap quan ly dupc dua bao gdm bien phip quan ly v i ky thuit ddng bg se giup cho chat thai ran dugfc thu gom, phan logi v i xu ly dung quy trinh D i e bigl, ning cao y thCJc ngu dan vigc thu gom, phin logi v i xu ly thdng qua cae hogt ddng tuyin truydn qua nhidu kenh thdng lin Thang 9-2013 23 ... lan [6] Hinh 3- Sado thu gom, phdn logi va xir ly rdc thai sinh hogt lgi ben idu du lich Cdi Ba Thdng 9-2013 « l K^ Hinh 4- Thu gom rdc tu cdc tdu du Uch Cdt Bd Anh Xuan Sinh 2009 IU.3 Quan ly... tren tau thuyen thudng la nhiem dau nen gay tac dpng nhu han che be mat thoang, giam DO nudc, lam cho sinh vgt nhiem dau bj chcl nhu sinh vat phii du (chung la mat xich quan trong chuoi thuc an);... d i o xa bd iV Bi$n phap ky thuat a Cic cing ci - Odi cing c i ven bd phai dupe trang bj cac thung chua rac ndi d vj tri neo dau tau thuydn hoic cae bd t i p trung rac lgi c i c vj tri thuin