^f fvi KHOA HOC - C N G NGHE GIAI PHAP CO Gidl HOA DONG BQ TRONG CANH TAC LUA DE THUAN LOI TRONG VIEC StJ' DUNG MAY GAT DAP LIEN HQP Vung DBSCL co dien tich canh tac liia Idioang 3,9 trieu ha, vcri cac mua vu Ichac (Dong Xuan l.SOO.OOOha, He Thu 1.600.000ha, miia 296.000ha, vu 490.000ha) Tuy miia vu cac vung sinh thai co khac nhau, nhimg de dam bao ne ray nau va benh vang lim, liin xoan la tren lua, nhimg nSm gan day, nong dan thuang gieo sa d6ng loat Vao vu thu hoach lua thuang chin rp, thu ho^ch chi khoang vong 30 ngay, nen nhan cong thu hoach hien rat dang quan tam Mat khdc, hien sir phat trien cac khu cong nghiep, lao dpng tre nong thon da roi bo nong thon vao lam viec a thi va cac khu cong nghiep Vi vay, lao dpng san xuat nong nghidp cang khan hiSm, dac biet la giai doan thu hoach lua Co nai liia ngoai ddng chin rue ma nong dan khong thue dugc thg gat Viec lam cho nong dan bi thiet hai dang kl: cong gat liic binh thuong tvr 700.000d dSn l.OOO.OOOd/ha, liic khan hiem co nai da len den 1.600.000 d/ha - 2.000.000d/ha Do thi6u nhan cong thu hoach, thu hoach h-l, thu hoach khong diing thai vu hoSc phai lua md tren d6ng cOng da Iam tang sir thdt thu vk s6 lugng (hat liia bi rai rung nhiSu tren d6ng) va giam vk chit lugng (tang ty le hat gao gay xay xat hat liia qua chin hi phcri tren d6ng, bi anh huong bien dp thai tiat chenh lech kha cao: nang nong ban va mat lanh liic vk dem, ban h?t liia bi phoi kho, dem t6i lai hiit ton bcri suomg dem , do se tao nen cac v6t mit tk vi n-en hat gao va se bi gay liic xay xat, lam giam ty le gao nguyen) De dam bao kip thod vu thu hoach liia giai doan thieu lao dpng nhu hien nay, dac TS Vifn trucmg Vi?n lua DBSCL 26 •^1 Le Van Banh' biet la viing DBSCL dang co cac vung chuyen canh Ilia co dien tich rpng, mgt s6 noi dS triln khai hgp tac hoa san xak liia, va dien tich rupng ilia cua nong hp a mpt s6 tinh nhu Kien Giang, An Giang, Dong Thap da cd h^g chyc ha/hp, nen nhu cau ca gidi hoa san xudt Ilia, dac biet la khau thu hoach la rit can thilt / / /' ^v ^ \ Bieu 1: Anh hudng cUa ih&i diem thu hogeh din ty li ggo xay xdi vd ly li ggo nguyen Vi§c ung dung may gat dap lien hop thu hoach lua cho vung DBSCL da duoc n6ng dan vjk chinh quyen dia phucmg quan tam tir nhilu nam nay, nhung vifc triSn khai c6n g$p nhilu kho khan Ca gioi hoa d6ng bo la yeu to ca ban de tien toi phat triSn nin nong nghi?p cong nghe cao, dac biet la san xuAt liia Dk dam bao cho viec ca giai hoa thu hoach Ilia duac thuan lgi, can giai quylt cac vdn de sau: Dien tich 16 thua cSn du rong dl m^y quay v6ng thuan Icri luc van hanh; Giao thong nong thon thuy, bp c4n dugc thuan lgi cho may moc di lai; Quan ly nuac trSn d6ng mong, chu dpng nit kho rugng truac liic thu hoach; Can CO cay hang nam de tao tang de cay, tranh bi liy liin; TAP CHf CONG NGHIEP NONG THON - SO - 2011 KHOA HOC - CONG NGHE Can san iii de c6 mat rupng tucmg doi xuit, cin phat triln giao thSng nong th6n de thuan tien cho may moc di lai dupc dl dang bang phing; Can CO quy trinh canh tac tot tranh liia bi nga liic thu hogch; Chpn mdy thu hoach thich hgp: gat rai hang, g^t dap lien hgp Mo* rpng di^n tich Id thva Mpt nhihig kho khan cho viec ca gioi hoa san xuat liia la dien tich 16 thijra ciia nong hp nho hep, manh miin rat kho cho may moc lam viec, quay vong kh6 khan, ca khau lam dat, gieo cay, dac biet la truong hgp dimg may gat dap lien hgp Muon dimg may gat dap lien hgp co hieu qua, nang suit cao, dam bao chat lugng thu hoach thi trpng Iugng va kich ca may phai tucmg d6i lan Qua kit qua cac Hoi thi, may gat dap lien hgp CO hi?u qua nhSt hien nay: be rpng lam vi?c tir 1,8 - 2,0m, nang suit - 5ha/ngay, loai co trpng lugng xap xi tin De CO difn tich 16 rupng thuan lgi cho viec dimg ca gioi, mpt so nai co giai phap d6n dien d6i thira, nhung viec rat cham va gap nhieu kho khan, mot sd tinh DBSCL da triln khai hinh thiic kinh te hgp tac, cac Hgp tac xa, vimg chuyen canh liia vai dien tich kha lon de co san lugng 16n, chit lugng cao, d6ng diu, dap ung nhu cau hpi nhap kinh te qu6c te Xir do, nhu cku dimg ca gidi san xuat liia cang cao, dac biet la dung may gat dap lien hgp thu hoach Phdt triin dirang giao thong nong thon De thuc hipn t6t co giai hoa san xuit, nhit thilt cin c6 duong giao thong thuy bp thuan ti?n cho may moc di lai, di tit dong sang d6ng kia, tir 16 ru^ng sang 16 rupng khac CJ vung DBSCL co dac diem la kenh rach ching chit, dufmg giao th6ng nong th6n lai rat han chl, nho h?p, vay may moc di lai rat kho khSn May g^t dap lien hgp thuang c6ng kenh di lai kho khan, nhit la miia mua Iii Vi vay, dl thu^n tien cho vipc dimg co gioi san Hinh Van chuyen mdy Iren song rgch Cbu dpng quan Iy nirorc tren dong rupng D I chii d6ng quan Iy nuac tren dong rupng cin ba 16, bo thira chic chin, he th6ng tuoi tieu chu dpng, kenh muong npi d6ng dam bao Vipc chu dpng quan ly nuac, ngoai vi§c tiet kipm nu6c tuoi, o giai doan sau de nhanh, vifc chu dpng nit nuac mot thai gian, hoac ky thuat nit nuac xen ke lam cho bp re co dieu kien hap thu oxy, va re cay liia phat trien tim nguon nuoc nim sau tang canh tac lara cho bp rl se phat triln manh han, nhu vay ciing lam cho cay liia it bi d6 nga hon Dac biet la thoi gian truac thu hoach khoang - ngay, nhiing d6ng rupng dugc chu dpng rut nuac tao nen dat kho rao se rSt thu^n igi liic thu hoach, nhat la thu hoach bang CO gioi Cay ai, tao tang de cay trdnh bi lay Iiin Trong canh tac liia, khau lam dat rat quan trpng, nhieu nam qua vung DBSCL, ba nong dan thuang lam dat toi thieu, vu He Thu chi dimg may phay dat sau cho nuoc vao, true dat va gieo sa Vu D6ng Xuan, sau nuoc lu nit di nguoi la dung may keo lap banh 16ng true truoc gieo sa, tham chi co noi nguoi nong dan sa kh6ng can lam dat Cach lam dit nlu keo dai nhieu nam se lam mat di ting de cay, ting canh tac khong r6 rang, mat rupng rit de bi liy liin dimg may co gioi co TAP CHi CONG NGHI$P NONG THON - SO - 2011 KHOA HOC - C N G N G H £ tai trpng lon nhu may gSt dap lien hgp Do vay, hang nam ba n6ng dan nen co mpt lan cay phoi dat it nhat tuan de ngoai vi$c tieu diet CO dai, ve sinh d6ng rupng tranh sau ray va b$nh luu tni truyen tir vu truoc sang vu sau, tao tang canh tac dam bao cay liia phat trien bp re t6t tranh d6 nga, thuan lgi Iiic thu hoach, tao tang dl cay CO nen dat vimg chic de de su dung co gioi canh tdc liia r ^ _, - ^ • - ciiru cua cac nha n6ng hpc cho thiy ring mSt d6ng rupng dugc cai tao- san phing, de dang quan ly nuoc, ti£t kiem nuac, quan ly dugc CO dai va tiSt kiem bon phan lua se cho nang suat cao hon dong ru6ng gh, triing tir - 10% Do vay, viec san Cii tao dp bing phing mat rupng la rit cin thilt, tu lau n6ng ddn cflng da CO trang phing mat ru6ng bing cdc thiet hi th6ng thuang nho can muc nuoc nhung dp d6ng deu kh6ng cao Ci cac nuac tien tiln, nguai ta thuang rat quan tam den d6 bing phing cua m$t rupng, hp diing mdy san dieu khiln bing tia laze, viec lam c6 dit tiln han san iii binh thuang nhung rit thuan lgi, dp chenh I?ch cao trinh co the dat din < 3cm Nhihig ndm gin day, Vien nghien cuu liia Quoc tl IRRI da chuyin giao c6ng nghe nay, DBSCL co m6t so noi ap dung rat hi|u qua Hmh 4, Mdy san rugng diiu khien bang lia laze Giai phap gieo ciy trdnh liia bj ng^ liic thu hoach Cdy Ilia hi d6 nga tren d6ng liic gin thu hoach, ngoai van de dac tinh gi6ng co than rg San phang mat rupng yeu, b6n phan mdt cdn doi, mua giSng thi Trong canh tac lua, neu ddng rupng dugc ylu t6 ky thuat canh tac Id rit quan trpng Cho san phang se rit thuan lgi cho viec dimg co gioi: din nay, a vung DBSCL voi dipn tich dit rupng chii dpng cung cap nu6c cung nhu thodt nuac rpng, phuang phap lam dit khd don gidn, m$t dong deu tren d6ng rupng, kh6ng chl co dai de rupng nhieu nai go trung, do dgi da so dang; quan ly dugc 6c buu vang vi chiing (khoang 80%) diing phuong phdp sa lan thu6Tig a nhimg vimg nuoc trung Mat d6ng c6 Phuong phdp sg lan co nhilu uu dilm la don dp bing phing t6t rit thuan lgi dimg may gian, dl thao tdc, khong doi hoi mat d6ng phdi gieo hang hoac mdy cdy, dirng mdy thu bang phang, ciing nhu kh6ng cin phai lam dit hogch cung rdt thuan lgi Mat khdc, theo nghien toi mm nhu truang hop gieo ciy khdc Do sa 28 TAP CHI CONG NGHIEP NONG THON - SO • 2011 Hmh Nen ddt yeu di bi phd vd ldy lun ddng mdy thu hogch ton KHOA HOC - CONG NGHE lan, n6ng dan thuomg sa day (200kg/ha), hat liia nam tren mdt rupng nen re thuong an n6ng, neu qudn ly nuoc khong tot de nuac ngap suot vu, re lua khong dn sau vao ting dat canh tac, do bp re phdt trien kera, than liia thuang bi d6 nga liic gan thu hoach, gdy kho khdn cho viec dimg ca giai de thu hogch Phuong phap gieo liia theo hang, cin phdi ldm dit ky hon nhung co uu diem giam dugc khoang 50% hat gi6ng so v6i trucmg hgp sa lan, mdt dp khoang 100 - UOkg/ha, co thi gidm xu6ng 75 - lOOkg/ha van dam bdo ndng suat Do mat dp gieo tr6ng thua han, Iugng sau bdnh gidm hon, it tieu ton phdn bon, bp re cua Ilia gieo hang phat triln tAt hon ldm cho than liia it bi ngd, dl thao tdc mdy m6c khau cham soc va thu hogch Theo dieu tra nam 2008, dien tich gieo liia theo hang a DBSCL dat 21% Gieo Ilia theo hang co the dimg cong cu keo tay (0,5 - 0,7ha/ngay), ho^c dimg may gieo liia theo hdng lidn hgp voi mdy kdo bdnh trudng hgp di$n tich rudng rpng, ndng suat lam vide cao hem (3 - 5ha/ngay) 16 da co - Id tranh dugc sir phd hogi ciia dc buu vang, giam thdi gian cay liia dung tren ddng rupng tir 15-20 ngay, thich hgp vdi vimg ddt rupng tranh Iii, ne mdn O viing ngap Iii, nudc Iii nit chdm, ngudi ndng dan co tap qudn sa ngim, hp xii ly thudc rat nhieu gdy dpc hai mdi trudng nudc rat ldn, nlu trien khai cay se thay thd viec sa ngdm Cay se cho cay liia co dieu kien phat trien bp rd tdt, ciing cay, tranh dd nga, thuan Igi cho vipc dimg may moc chdm soc vd thu hoach Phuang phap ciy, cd the cay thu cdng hoac dung may cay, may cay d nudc ta hien cd Vipn Co di?n Ndng Nghidp vd Cdng nghe STH nghidn ciiu chl tao, may co ket cau don gian nhung ndng suit ciy thip Hien nay, mdy cay cua Nhgt, Han Qudc, va Trung Quoc lien doanh vdi Han Qudc, chat lugng cao, didu khien lai van hanh nhu may keo bdnh, ndng suat 23ha/ngay Diing may cay cdn c6 cdng nghd lam ma thdm dam bao thi ciy mdi hieu qud Hinh Mdy cdy lir hdnh Hmh Gieo lua iheo hdng Trong canh tdc liia, tir trudc den nay, dimg phuong phdp cay Iam cho cay Iiia phdt trien tdi uu nhit, gieo ma ciy chi ton khoang 30 - 40kg hgt gi6ng/ha, nhung can phdi lam ddt that ky Do diing gi6ng liia cao sdn ngdn nen can ciy mat d0 khd day, vdy, cdng cay thu c6ng rit Idu (300 - 500mVngudi/ngay), hien d n6ng th6n tim thg cay lanh nghe rat hiem Nhung Ilia cay co nhieu uu diem, ma dat 14 - Chon phirong phap va may thu ho^ch thich hffp a) Ggt thil cdng: Cho den nay, viec thu hoach liia d DBSCL dai da s6 vdn la thu hogch bang thii cdng, ngudi thg gat diing lilm gdt, hoac ludi hdi de gdt Gat thu c6ng don gidn, khd nhe nhang, phu nu ciing lam dugc, nhung ndng suat thap, mdi thg gat moi chi cd thi gdt dugc khoang cdng rupng (1.000 m^) Liia gat dugc xdp md, sau se dugc thu gom din noi may dap hoac neu n6ng hd co rupng it TAP CHf CONG NGHIEP NONG THON - SO - 2011 29 KHOA HOC - CONG NGHE khdng CO mdy dap hogc khdng thue dugc may dap ngudi ta dung b6 dap de hat, den ty Ie nong ddn dap liia bang thu cong rdt it b) Gdt xip ddy (rdi hdng): La loai may thu hoach c6 ket cau tuong d6i gpn nhe mot ngudi dieu khien May cd the dung banh hoi trudng hgp van chuyen tren dudng giao thdng hode gat tren nen dit khd, trudng hgp gat tren nen rupng udt, co sinh lay ngudi ta thay banh hoi bang bdnh 16ng, ldi nang han nhung trdnh dugc lay lun May gdt xep day chi thuc hien thao tdc gdt vd xep Iiia hang, sau cdn dugc thu gom, b6c vac, van chuyen den cho may dap khd cat; gap rupng liia nga qua may khd gat dugc Han chl lon nhit cua may gjt n^y 14 van de dilu chinh chilu cao cat, nlu chi chilu cao cat tCr 20 - 25cm, gap phai loai liia than cao se khd khan cho may dap (dai qua may dap bi rom cudn trdng dap khdng dap dugc) Mgt nhugc diem khac la sau dung may gat, phai ton cdng thu gom, vjn chuyin din noi may djp vat va hien ndng thdn dang thilu cdng lao ddng De khic phuc nhugc didm n^y, hien co so Ca a Ddng thap da san xuat may gom dap liia, co nang suit lam vifc khoang 3ha/ngay May phdi hgp vdi may gjt xip day la tuong ducmg vdi mdt may gat djp lien hgp loai trung binh Hien nay, o DBSCL c6 khoang 3.400 may gat xip day Do dien tich Id thua rudng liia cua ndng hg cdn nhd h?p, iaimg giao thdng ndng thdn cdn nhieu han che thi may gat xdp day vSn phat huy tac dung tdt neu giai quyet dugc mdt sd nhugc diem nhu vira dugc trinh bay tren c) Mdy gat dgp lien hap: La laai mdy thuc hien ddng thdi cac cong doan qud trinh thu hoach tren ciing mpt may Sir dung may gat dap lien hgp se loai bd dugc cac cdng doan thu hoach trung gian, ma d dd gay nhilu tdn that qua trinh chuyen tiep cac cdng doan thu hoach ti: thu cdng sang mdy hoSc t i mdy sang may khac Hlnh 7, May ggt xip ddy Hmh Mdy gom ddp May g|t xdp day cd uu didm: gpn, nhe, dl che tao, dl van hanh Ty Id lam roi rung liia thap, ndng dan chip nhan dugc Van hanh dl dang tren cac Id rudng cd dien tich nhd, gia may thap Nang suit thu hoach moi tir I,5ha Tuy vay, may ciing cd mpt sd nhugc diem nhu: gat sang sdm, cay cdn im suong 30 Hinh Mdy ggt tudt lien hpp May gat dap hen hgp cd uu dilm: nSng suat cao, giam dugc nhilu nhan cong, dd gidm dirge chi phi san xuit, nang cao hieu qud kinh TAP CHt CONG NGHieP NONG THON - SO - 2011 KHOA HOC - CONG NGHE te, nit ngdn thdi gian thu hogch Nhugc diem: kho van hanh tren cdc Id thiia nhd, mdt ddng dm udt liy thut, dudng giao thdng kenh rgch, bd phdn Id nhilu, han chl vipc di chuyin ciia may, gat d canh ddng co thdn liia cao (liia ndp d tinh An Giang) ciing gdp trd nggi khau dap nhu trudng hgp may gdt xep day Gid may gat dap lidn hgp dat tieu chudn cdn khd cao ( hidn may Trung Qudc tren 200 trieu ddng, may Nhat Ban tren 500 trieu ddng) Do cung mpt liic mdy phai lam nhidu cdng doan phiic tap nhu vay trdn dia hinh kho khdn (nhu mgt rupng sinh ldy, am udt ) nen chit lugng vat lieu va cdng nghe ch3 tao may cin dgt tieu chudn cao mdi ddm bdo may hoat dpng tdt Do nhu ciu cdp thiet thu hogch liia d DBSCL, nhilu doanh nghipp vd co sd co dia phuang ciing da thilt kl, chl tao nhieu kieu, mau may Tir ndm 2006 din nay, hdng nam Bp N6ng nghipp va PTNT da t6 chuc binh tuyIn danh gid nhihig mdy hi$n co dugc t6 chuc tgi n6ng trudng Sdng Hgu (2006), Kien Giang (2007), Ddng Thdp (2008), An Giang (2009), qua nhihig ky HOi thi da mang lgi cdng ldn trong qud trinh trien khai co gidi hod thu hoach liia Trong moi-ky Hdi thi, cdc co sd co vd ngodi nudc co didu kien hpc tap lan dl hodn thi?n vd ndng cao chit lugng may cua minh Nhd vgy, den may gdt dap lien hgp md trudc day tudng chimg nhu khdng the hogt dpng d viing rupng sinh ldy, s6ng nudc DBSCL, da lam vide rit t6t: gat dupc liia dd nga, vgn hdnh dugc tren dit udt, trdi mua cua vu He Thu, giam thit thu thu hoach tir 35% < 2%, mdy hogt dpng tdt chi nam la co thi hodn von Qua Hdi thi, bd ndng dan de dang chpn lua nhimg mdy thich hgp vdi nhu ciu ciia minh, co dia chi lua chpn de mua Vi vgy, DBSCL dd c6 budc dot phd viec iing dung co gidi hoa thu hoach liia Tvr vai tram mdy nam 2006 ddn DBSCL dd CO tren 5.000 mdy mdy gat dgp lien hgp, gidi ' quylt CO gidi hda khdu thu hogch liia dugc tren 30% dien tich liia vimg Ddn nay, bd ndng dan da bilt dugc hieu qud thiet th\rc cua vide thu hoach liia bing may co gid hoa ndn mdt sd hp da manh dgn diu tu lam dich vu, gia mdy ciing cdn Id vin dl ldn, nhimg chat lugng mdy dugc dua ldn hang ddu Hmh 10 May ggi ddp lien hgp Tdm lgi, dd dap ung nhu ciu san xudt liia hdng hoa giai dogn hpi nhdp, vipc iing dung CO gidi hoa ddng b6 vao san xudt dd tang ndng suit lao dOng, ddm bdo chit lugng sdn phim, dam bdo tinh thdi vu trong mua thu hoach la rdt cin thilt Dac bi$t thu hogch Ilia, mudn thudn lgi vifc dung rady moc cin phai quan tdm qua trmh canh tdc sdn xuit Ilia, tir khau sip xip didn tich 16 thiia cin du rOng dl mdy ldm vipc liic van hdnh; dudng giao thdng ndng thdn thuy, bp can dugc thuan lgi cho may moc di lgi; quan ly nudc tren ddng rupng, chu dpng nit khd rudng trudc liic thu hogch; cin c6 cay hang ndm dd tao ting de cay, trdnh bi lay liin; can san ui de cd mat rupng tuong d6i bing phing; co giai phdp gieo cay tdt, bon phan hgp ly tranh liia bi dd ngd liic thu hogch; chpn may thu hogch thich hgp Sau cimg, dl tranh tdn thdt sau thu hoach, cin lam t6t khau phoi siy lam kh6 hgt liia kip thdi, cd kho tdng bao quan, tdn tru: hgp ly, c6 nhu vgy viec ling dung co gidi hoa san xuit liia mdi dugc thudn lgi va cd hieu qua cao Q TAP CH( CONG NGHIEP NONG THON - SO - 2011 31 ... than rg San phang mat rupng yeu, b6n phan mdt cdn doi, mua giSng thi Trong canh tac lua, neu ddng rupng dugc ylu t6 ky thuat canh tac Id rit quan trpng Cho san phang se rit thuan lgi cho viec dimg... sang vu sau, tao tang canh tac dam bao cay liia phat trien bp re t6t tranh d6 nga, thuan lgi Iiic thu hoach, tao tang dl cay CO nen dat vimg chic de de su dung co gioi canh tdc liia r ^ _, -... igi liic thu hoach, nhat la thu hoach bang CO gioi Cay ai, tao tang de cay trdnh bi lay Iiin Trong canh tac liia, khau lam dat rat quan trpng, nhieu nam qua vung DBSCL, ba nong dan thuang lam