^IHFDliNDAN-D6l THOAI Nhiimg van cTe ve cac sif kien ctot phat va umg vdi cac sir icien dot phat d nirdcta hien MAI HAI OANH* Viet Nam cUng gid'ng nhiihiu het cac qudc gia khu viic ehiu A thudng xuyin phai doi phd vdi thiin tai, lu lut, han han, ddng dat, dich benh, NhOng nam gin diy, cac hiin tiidng diin vdi tin sui't cao hdn, bat thiidng hdn, gay hieu qua nghiim trgng hdn lam cho nhiiu ngiidi chi't, nhieu gia (^nh bi mat nha cvta, mi't phUdng tien san xuat va rdi vao caiih ngheo khd Doi phd vdi nhiing sii kien dot phat cin cac cip chinh quyen cd cd chi'phan Ong nhanh, sii vao cudc cua cac td chOc xa hgi vk quin chung nhan dan Stf kien dot phat la tinh trang ididng the tranh Ithdl va thtfdng xuyen xiy Sfl kien dot phdt khdng phai chi Id hien tUdng xa hdi ma cdn bao gom ca nhflng hien tUdng tu nhien Tfl xfla din nay, sfl x u i t hien eua cae loai sfl kien dot phat la tinh trang khdng t h i trdnh khdi va thudng xuyen xay xa hdi loai ngUdi TXiy nhien, sfle tan pha va sfl anh hfldng nghiem trpng cua nd den mpi mat ddi song dang cang trd nen cap thiet Nhan thflc ro v i n de, Dang va Nha nfldc ta bet sfle coi trpng eong tae quan ly flng d p ddi vdi cdc sfl kien dot I S d l I 2015) phat Quan ly flng cap ddi vdi cac sfl kien dot phdt tfle la ehi nhiing hoat dpng quan 1^ cua Nha nfldc lap tfle ap dung nhflng bidn phap va xfl ly khan d p ddi vdi eac loai sfl kien dot phdt Su kien dot phat la khai niem chung eua cae loai tinh hinh k h i n d p gay de dpa cho an ninh cdng edng, trat tfl xa hpi va ddi song n h a n dan xay dot ngdt Sfl kien dot phat ed a n h hfldng xa'u den sfl phat trien kinh te va on dinh xa hpi, khdng nhiing the nd edn pha hoai mdi trfldng sinh thai va mdi trfldng sdiig eua ngfldi, dong thdi de dpa nghiem trpng den a n ninh sinh m a n g va tai san cua n h a n dan Sfl kidn ddt phat chu ydii cd loai: (1) thien tai (dpng da't, nfli Ifla, lu lut, cdn bao, h a u bang tuylt )i (2) cde loai sfl eS^an ninh (gom giao thdng, san xuit, du lich, boat ddng tap t h i , y te cong cdng ); (3) xung dot ldi ich xa hdi; (4) hoat ddng pham toi hinh sfl ldn; (5) eac t h i liic thfl dich ehdiig pha Nhin lai tid'n trinh lich sii phat trien xa hpi va n h i t IS 20 nam g i n day, d nfldc ta c6 the nhdn t h i y ro, cae loai sri kien dot phat cd xu hfldng t a n g ea v l mat hinh thiic, * PGS, TS, Tap chi Cong san -TSES^SSESmBSi : h u n g loai, p h a m vi a n h tiudng, Day la thdi ky xay sfl kien dot phat chu yeu ba nguyen n h a n chinh nhfl sau: Mgt la, la bidn tfldng mang tinh quy luat eua tien trinh hien dai hda Khi GDP binh quan d i u ngudi cua mdt nUdc hoac mdt khu viic dat 1.000 den 3.000 USD luc dd dan sd phat trien, tai nguyen can kiet, mdi trudng d n h i l m , biln dd'i h a u d i l n b i l n phfle tap; d e mau t h u l n xa hdi lien quan den ldi ich, sfl cdng bang d l bung nd" d i n dd'n xung dot xa hpi, Cuoi t h i ky XX, dau the ky XXI, cdng cudc edng nghiep hda, hidn dai hda d nfldc ta da vao thdi ky phat trien nhfl vay Sfl phat trien cua liic Ifldng san xuit, sfl nang cao khong can bang mfle sdng cua ngUdi dan da thudng xuyen tao nen sii m i t can ddi v l kinh te', tam ly xa hpi cd nhieu bien ddng Dd la nhflng nguyen n h a n d i n den cac loai sfl kien dot phat thfldng xuydn xay Hai lA, sfl quan ly eua Nha nude ehua "bit" kip vdi su phat trien kinh te - xa hdi Khi ehuyin dd'i md hinh xa hpi, ta't y l u ddi hdi phai cai :ach h a n h chinh 1\iy nhien, t)Ude tien nky thfldng lae h^u tidn so vdi tien trinh phdt briln kinh te Hi$n nay, nflde ta dang van h a n h n I n kinh te' thi trudng dinh hudng xa hpi chu nghia, nhiing viee ehuyen doi chfle nang eua Nha nfldc chfla theo kip, van dang qua trinh d i l u chinh, thieh flng Vi vay, eac ndi dung eai each h a n h chinh, hinh thflc to ehfle, phfldng thflc quan ly va nang Ifle thfle hien d a chinh quyen cae cap edn chfla dap flng yeu d u d a t h i e h i kinh te' thi trfldng dinh hfldng xa hpi chu nghia Quan 1;^ n h a nflde nhieu mat y l u kdm, phdng ngfla cae loai sfl kidn dot phat hidn Dac tnmg cua stf kien dot pliat va cor che giai quyet nguyCtf Sfl kien dot phat phat sinh thfldng xuyen va tdn tai hang loat la khdng the tranh khdi Tuy nhien, cd the can efl vao kinh nghiem va n h a n dien tinh quy luat eua sfl p h a t trien sfl vat, hien tfldng de dfla r a nhflng dfl doan va bien phap d l phdng sfl kien dot phat, giam t h i l u toi da nguy cd xay sfl kien dot phat va giam bdt thiet hai sfl kien dot phat gay Ba la, sfl anh hfldng eua mdi trfldng qud'c te' Sfl phdt t r i l n cua bat ky mdt quoc gia nao d i u khdng the thoat khdi Nhin chung, sfl kien dot sfl a n h hfldng eua n h a n td' phat cd nhiing dac trflng sau: qudc tl', dae biet la ede nfldc Mgt la, t i n h khdng xac dang phat t r i l n Viet Nam dinh Mac du chiing ta cd t h i ciing khdng ngoai le dfl doan dfldc nhiing h i l n Hien nay, vdi vide md cfla tfldng khdng binh thfldng ed va hdi nhap qudc te', sfl eanh the xay nhflng chfla the t r a n h dang cang khde n i m bat dflde thdi gian eu bdt, euc dien chinh tri, kinh te' t h i , hinh thflc bieu hien bat da eiic va xu hfldng phat trien thfldng cua nhiing loai sfl hda binh dang gap nhiir^ thfl kien dot phdt thdeh nghiem trpng; sfl phat Hai la, tinh pha hoai Dieu triln kinh te va on dinh xa hoi kien sinh ton cua nhan loai la ton tai khdng it khd khan trang thai quan he xa hdi va d i n den nhieu sfl kien dot trat tu hanh dpng tap t h i on phat noi Ien dong loat Tang dinh ben vflng Su kien dot efldng quan ly flng d p ddi vdi phat thUe la hien tUdng d e sfl kien dot phat eua Nha pha hoai quan he xa hpi va nflde, nang cao nang Iflc flng trat tu hanh dpng t a p t h i phd vdi eae nguy ed cdng d n g dang o'n dinh d i n d i n m i t la sfl Ifla ehpn t a t ye'u d l trat tu S6l07 (11-2015)1 31 d< D | £ N D A N - D | THOAI Ba la, tinh d p bach Su kidn ddt phat phat sinh ba't ngd va ed anh hudng tieu eiic d i n sii phat triln kinh te', d'n dinh xa hdi va tinh mang d a ngfldi dan Cho nen, chinh phu cua b i t cfl quoc gia nao cung e i n cd phan flng kip thdi, nhanh ehdng ddi vdi sfl kien dot phdt khoang thdi gian eang n g i n eang td't d l ngan ehan vd xda bd nhanh hien tfldng b i t thfldng lam phfldng hai din ldi ieh eua cac vien xa hdi Ngay nay, de xfl ly nguy ed xay r a sfl kien dot phat, chung ta c i n lam tdt cdng tae dfl phdng (trflde xay sfl kien dot phat), qua trinh xfl 1^ (trong xay sii kien dot phat), giai quylt cae v i n de sau xay sU kien dot phat xay Sau nghien cflu ky Ifldng ba khau ndi tren Chinh phu to chfle, huy ddng nguon nhan liic, vat Iflc va tai ehinh r i t ldn; ed cdc van ban phdp luat hfldng d i n thfle hiln; ehinh sach hd trd; quy hoach, quan ly nguon iing phd k h i n d p Tha nhit, p h a n dinh ro trach n h i l m quan ly flng phd k h i n d p va ygu c i u h a n h dpng doi vdi ehinh quyln ede d p Tfl thue tiln, thiet lap mdt cd e h i flng phd k h i n d p phai ed vdi sfl lanh dao thdng 32 I stf 107 n 1-2015) nhat, phan iing linh hoat va hidu qua; phd'i k i t hpp gifla ehinh quyln eac d p va eae bd, n g a n h lien q u a n theo nguyen t i c l i y cac d i l u khoan rang bude lam chu, tfl phan d p quan 1;^, quy dinh trach nhidm ro rang va p h a n cdng hdp tae C i p T r u n g Udng ehiu t r a c h nhidm quan ly dieu phdi ting phd mpi sfl viee k h i n d p , dfla quy hoach ehinh sach xfl ly, xay diing che dp dU bao, eanh bao va bao cdo thdng tin va phan bo ngudn liic Traeh nhidm ehu yeii eua d p tinh va eae cd quan hflu quan la dUa sU chi dao va giup dd v l mat quan ly flng phd k h i n d p eho chinh q u y l n dia phfldng, thiet lap cd quan d i l u phdi flng phd k h i n d p mang tinh tdng hdp, xfl ly trfle tiep cac sfl kien dot phdt ldn xay p h a m vi toan tinh; chinh q u y l n d p t h a n h pho^ huyen, xa ehiu trach nhidm xfl ly t n i c tidp d e sfl kien dot p h a t xay r a t a i dia phfldng, theo dd c i n quy dinh ro quyln ban d l nghiem tue thflc hidn xfl If flng phd k h a n d p , Dae biet, t a i ldn va vfla, dan sd^, kien true, giao thdng d ddy k h a tdp trung, cae sfl kidn dot phdt dd dang xay va t i n s u i t n h i l u , e i n t a p t r u n g q u a n ly iing phd k h ^ d p mang tinh true ehiln, co tinh hudiig du phdng va xil ly cae sfl kien dot phat nh^m nang cao kha nang iing ph6 toan didn, p h a n iing nhanh trflde cae sfl kien dot phat Tha bai, p h a t huy vai tro cua cac td chfle xa hdi troi^ quan ly flng phd k h i n d p Trong xa hdi hidn nay, q u a n ly iing phd k h i n cjp ciing nhfl quan ly hanh chinh d i u c i n sfl vao eude hanh ddng eua ca Chinh phu vA toan xa hdi, dd cin t h i l t phai phat huy diy du vai trd eua eac t l chfle, doanh nghidp, hidp hdi ngdnh ngh^ doan t h i xa hdi va to chiic trung gian Dfldi gdc dp quin 1^ flng phd k h i n d p cdc ail kien dot phat, viec thilt l&p cd che hdp tac gifla Chinh phu, cac bp, nganh vdi to chfle xa hdi cang ed y ngMa d^c biet quan trpng Trong giai doan dfl phdng, cac td ehite xa hpi ed t h i cung cap nguon thdng tin, nhiing dfl doan, canh bao va phdng hi c6i^ viec; giai doan xil \% cac to' chfle xa hdi cd t h i tr3 t h a n h doi qudn chu liic va la dpi cflu trd "thien chiln"; giai doan sau xfl 1^, cac to chfle xa hdi ed t h i tr^ t h a n h "vu khf' hd trd va dilu t i l t flng phd vdi eac sii kien dot phdt -Tss^sssEsmmm Ndi tdm lai, d n p h a t huy h i t mpi Uu th^, td' chfle eho cac luc Ifldng xa hpi t h a m gia q u a t r i n h q u a n ly flng phd k h i n ca'p, tao r a sfl k i t hdp va bo s u n g nhflng m a t tot, m a t m a n h gifla chfle nang, nhidm vu eua Chinh phu va ehfle nang, nhiem vu eua xa hoi Tha ba, xay dflng ed d u quan ly flng phd k h a n d p ma Chinh p h u la ddi tfldng ehiu t r a c h n h i e m va q u i n chung n h a n dan la doi tfldng t h a m gia tJng phd vdi sfl kien dot p h a t k h d n g chi la t r d c h nhidm va nghia vu cua Chinh phu, ma edn la h a n h dpng ehung cua moi t h a n h vien xa hdi N l u quan ehiing khdng ti^ giac t h a m gia va tich ci^e phdi hdp thi mpi nd lUc cua Chinh phu se rat khd dat dUde k i t qua xfl 1;^, ling phd vdi sfl kidn dot phat Vi vay, can giao due, hfldng d i n va giup dd nhan dan tieh eiic t h a m gia cdng tac du phdng trUdc nhiing nguy hai ma cac sU kien dot p h a t cd t h i dem Iai, tich cfle hd trd cdc bd, nganh, ed quan hflu quan xfl ly tot eac sii kidn dot p h a t Day cung la t r a c h nhiem, nghia vu quan ly iing phd k h i n d p cua chinh q u y l n cac d p Cae sfl kien dot p h a t ed lien quan trfle t i l p den tinh mang, tai san va chat Ifldng cudc song cua q u i n chiing n h d n dan Chinh phu c i n kip thdi d n g bd'chinh xac, trung thflc thfle t r a n g cua cac sfl kien ddt phat, t a n g efldng y thfle tfl bao ve cua n h a n dan, giup n h a n d a n kip thdi dfla p h a n doan, quylt dinh cua minh ed sfl kien dot phat xay ra, giam thieu toi da nhiing ton t h a t xa hdi Tuy nhien, d l flng phd khan d p vdi cac sfl kien dot phat, v i n d n chu trpng giai quyet mpt so vaii d l sau: Mgt Ik, Chinh phu vk chinh quyen eac d p e i n thfle sfl cd mdt nhdn thflc: bao dam tinh mang va tai san cua n h a n dan la traeh n h i l m quan trpng hang dau Su kidn dot phdt eho dfl la sii kien xa hpi hay la sfl kien tfl nhidn d i u gdy hai cho ngudi va xa hdi, khdng chi de dpa ddii sfle khde, tinh mang va tai san cua ngfldi dan, ma edn anh hfldng nghiem trpng ddii ddi sd'ng cua nhdn dan va q u a t r i n h s a n xua't, p h a t t r i l n kinh te' - xa hpi cua dat nUde Trach nhiem eua Chinh phu khdng nhiing phai nhanh ehdng loai bd nhflng moi nguy hai ma d n kip thdi d eac bien p h a p h a n h chinh tieh cfle, hieu qua de i i i ^ phd vdi d c sfl kien dot phat T\iy nhien, ap dung d e bien phap h a n h chinh nham iing phd vdi eae sfl k i l n dot phat e i n thdn trpng, cd tinh toan d i n nhiing a n h hfldng xau ddi vdi t a m ly va cupc sdiig an binh eua ngfldi dan Thfle td'ehflng minh r i n g , dra vdi eae sfl kien xay r a ^ t x u i t thi eac bien phap h a n h ehinh kip thdi la r i t c i n thilt, t h i n g t h i n dm mat vdi eac sfl kien xay dot phat ^ e c giau giein, bao cao eham, hay bao eao sai, can trd, tfl choi eung cap thdng tin dm vdi sfl kien dot phat la nguyen nhan d i n den khdng kip thdi iing phd vdi eae sfl kien ddt phat gay hdu qua nghiem trpng va td'n t h i t nang ne Hai la, ldm tot cdng tac t r a o dd'i thdng tin, t a n g efldng y thfle phdng, ehoiig va kha nang flng phd vdi stf kien dot phat toan xa hpi; nghien cflu dfl bao cac sfl kien dot p h a t , lam tot cdng tae ehuan hi flng phd k h a n ed'p xay r a cac sfl kien dot phat Chinh quyen cac d p ; cac bo, nganh chfle nang d i u cd trach nhidm flng phd vdi cac sfl kien dot phat p h a m vi cdng vile va chfle n a n g cua minh, y thflc lo l i n g trflde hiem hpa, t a n g efldng cdng tac d a n h gia r u i ro; giam t h i l u t i n s u i t xay r a Stfl07|(n-2015)| 33 'DliNDAN-€>6l THOAI eae sU kien dot phdt va giam thidt hai su kien dot phat gay r a C h i n h p h u , dia phUdng va cae bd, n g a n h nghien ciiu ky tinh hinh, dfla r a mpi tinh huong ngoai y mudii ed t h i xay ra, t h u thap thdng tin va dUa t i n h hudiig flng phd k h i n d p ; can efl vao sfl thay doi eua tinh hinh khdng ngiing hoan thien, t h i l t Idp n h i l u hinh thflc, d p dp va n h i l u kenh cdng bd d n h bao rui ro; giao due, tuyen truyen giup ngfldi dan hieu d i y du nguy cd rui ro dang t i l m In Tang efldng hen k i t mang Ifldi giiia cae hd thd'ng thdng tin khae Tfl tinh hinh thfle te, sfl thieu lien ket mang Ifldi thdng tin gifla edc he thdng thdng tin, gifla Chinh phu va xa hdi va vaii de ehia se ngudn thdng tin da kha ro rdt \ ^ vay, d n thiet lap mdt he thoiig thdng tin flng phd k h i n d p , n h i t thiet phai tang efldng mang Ifldi hdn kd't thdng tin giiia cac he thd'ng thdng tin khac nhau, ehi ro traeh nhidm eung d p thdng tin, thflc h i l n chia se ngudn tin; phdt huy d i y du vai trd ehuyen gia, nang cao k h a n a n g p h a n tieh thdng tin, dat r a chd' dp bao cao thdng tin, chi ro tieu chuin, thdi han, nguon vd traeh nhiem eua bao d o thdng tin 34 I S6107 1(11-2015) Ba la, muon flng phd hieu qua vdi cae sii kien ddt phat, d n cd chinh saeh, the chevd nhflng hd trd v l mat phap luat Cdng tac quan ly flng phd k h i n d p vdi tfl each la bd phan d u t h a n h hflu ed cua quan 1^ nha nfldc, e i n k i t hdp vdi tinh todn td'ng the va phUdng thfle h a n h ddng ddi vdi nhflng tinh b u l n g flng phd k h i n d p , xfl ly tot mdi quan h e gifla "trang thai thdng thfldng" vdi "trang thdi ling phd k h i n d p " , cd ed che phm k i t hdp gifla Trung fldng va dia phfldng, eae bd, ban, ngdnh lidn quan; phan bo' va sfl dung mpi nguon lUe mpt each hdp ly Tang cUdng hdn k i t mang ludi cae hd thoiig thdng tin Su thieu lien k i t mang lUdi thdng tin gifla cac he thoiig thdng tin, giiia Chinh phu vdi xa hdi va van d l chia se thdng tin anh hudng r i t ldn den cdng tae flng phd vdi cac sfl kien dot phat e i n xit ly k h i n d p Vi vay, can thiet lap mdt he thd'ng mang Ifldi lien ket thdng tin, chi rd traeh nhidm cung d p thdng tin, chia se nguon tin; phat huy vai trd chuyen gia phdn tich thdng tin, dat chd' dd bao cao thong tin, chi rd tieu c h u i n , thdi han, ngu6n va trach nhiem cua thdng tin dUdc bao eao Chfl trpng mdi lien h i qua lai gifla Chinh phu vdi gift t r u y i n thong, phat huy vai trd hudng d i n canh bao va giam sdt cua truyen thong quan ly flng phd khia ca'p; hoaeh dinh dfl an, xut 1;^ ky thuat; xay dflng cd ehlhflp tac, trao dd'i vdi cdng d6ng qudc t l Dao tao chuyfin nganh vd h u l i i luydn tam ly; t r a n g bi nhflng t h i l t hi 1^ thuat hidn dai, tien tid'n; cui^ cap trflde ban dd, sd dl diln bidn cua eac sfl kien ddt phat va ban thuyet minh ve nguy cd xay r a cac sfl kien dot phat; khdng ngflng ndng cao kha nang xfl 1^ chinh xac vk dU phdng thiet hai cho nhan vien t u y i n d i u Bon la, tang efldng kha n a n g flng phd va y thflc phdng, chdng doi vdi sfl kien dot p h a t tren toan xa h6i; dfla quan ly flng phd khan d p cac sfl kien ddt phat vao cdng viee h i n g ngSy cua Chinh phu Chinh quyln cac d p va cac bd, nganh ehfle nang d i u cd trach nhidm iing phd cac sfl kien ddt phat pham vi quyln ban cua minh d l nghien cflu 1^ tinh hinh, tfl dd dfla mpi tinh hudiig ngoai f muon cd the xay d l cd nhiing biln phap ttng phd va trd d p xa hdi # x u i t kip thdi, hi$u qua khic6 cde sfl kidn dot phat xay rai ... nfldc ta da vao thdi ky phat trien nhfl vay Sfl phat trien cua liic Ifldng san xuit, sfl nang cao khong can bang mfle sdng cua ngUdi dan da thudng xuyen tao nen sii m i t can ddi v l kinh te'', tam... dd''i md hinh xa hpi, ta'' t y l u ddi hdi phai cai :ach h a n h chinh 1\iy nhien, t)Ude tien nky thfldng lae h^u tidn so vdi tien trinh phdt briln kinh te Hi$n nay, nflde ta dang van h a n h n... sinh ton cua nhan loai la ton tai khdng it khd khan trang thai quan he xa hdi va d i n den nhieu sfl kien dot trat tu hanh dpng tap t h i on phat noi Ien dong loat Tang dinh ben vflng Su kien