Scleece (Teclnoloii le«eloooieBl, Vol 18, IID.M1- 2015 Danh gia cac dong thai va xay dyng giai phap quan ly nhilm moi tru'cyng tCi' he th6ng kinh te trang trai VAC huyen Trang Bom, tinh D6ng Nai ^ , Tru'o'ng T h a n h Canh • N g u y i n Thj Ngpc Tru'&ng Dai hpc Khoa hpc T y nhifin, DHQG-HCM •n ZOIS nhdn ddng ngdy 18 Ihdng 06 nam 2015} TOM T A T VAC (vw&n, ao, chudng) Id hd sinh thdi ndng nghidp nhdn tao hinh thdnh sw kit hQp giOa yiu td ca ban Id vw&n (V) ao (A) vd chudng (C) Ddy la md hinh sdn xuit theo kiiu ndng nghidp bO'u ca dwoc the gi&i cdng nhdn bin vdng xdt cd hai khia e^nh kmh ti vd moi trw&ng Tuy nhidn tCr trw&c din ede nghidn cwu VAC a Vi$t Nam m&i chl ehO din khia eanh kmh ti, vdn di mdi trw&ng chwa dwoc thi/c sw quan tdm Bdi bdo ndy trinh bdy mdt nghidn eCru cij thi cOa chijng tdi & hai trang trai VAC vd VACB (VAC kit Huydn hgp sdn xudt sinh hQc) t?i Trdng Bom tinh Ddng Nai nhim sodt nhiim vd ndng cao hidu qud ho^t ddng cua trang tr^i Kit qud nghidn cuv d hai trang tr$i VAC vd VACB cho thiy vide qudn ly cde ddng thdi tO cdc thdnh phin "Vw&n", "Ao" vd 'Chudng" nhdm tdi st> dung chit thdi h$ thdng, ddc bidt tnf&ng hqp cd san xuit sinh hpc, Idm cho hidu qud •kinh ti cua trang tr^i sd dwgc tdng cu&ng vd gdp phin bdo vd mdi trw&ng nh&ng tdc ddng sdn xuit cua trang tr^i TO- kit qud ddnh gid h$ thdng, tdc gid di xudt mdt s6 gidi phdp di xu- /y vd tdi si> dung chit thdi hidu qud, ndng eao hi$u qud sdn xuit vd tdi sw dung chit thdi, gdp phin gidm thiiu d nhiim mdi trw&ng cua h$ thdng VAC ddnh gid h^ thdng & ca hai gidc kinh ti vd mdi trw&ng, tw dd di xuit cdc gidi phdp kfim TO khda: VAC, vw&n ao, ehudng, trang tr$i, mdi trw&ng kinh ti l.Gl6lTHr$U CJ Vifit Nim, sin xuit nong nghiep cfl y nghta sfing cfln dfii vdi qui trinh phat frien kinh t i - x i hpi, vfli gin 70% dan sfi hoai dpngjrong ITnh vyc ndy Nhieu chucmg trinh nghien ciru va dy dn dd dupc thuc hifin nhdm idng cudng hifiu qud san xudt, bao gom mfi hinh VAC, Ddy Id mfi hinh dya vdo phuang thiic canh tic hifu co dupc cflng dong thi gidi thira nhgn [1,2], frong dfl kfit hpp cdc dfii tupng sin xudt gflm ddt, nudc vd sinh vdt nhu cay frflng, vat nuoi nhdm tao chuoi thiic dn frong h? thflng sinh thdi nflng nghiep Cic yiu to cy thi dupc xic dinh la vudn (V), ao Traag 24 (A) va chuflng (C) [1, 3] He thfing giiip tii sinh chdt thii vd ldn dyng c i c chdl phi thdi nfing nghiep, lao tbanh nguyfin lieu hay ndng lupng sinh hpc hiiu hieu Chfnh vi nhung Ipi ich cua VAC, nha nudc d i cd nhifiu chinh sich khuyin khich nfing hp chuyin dfii cdc hinh thdc san xudt nflng nghifip sang mfi hinh ndy, gflp phdn dem lai hifiu qui kinh te xd hpi Tuy nhifin, cdc dp dyng VAC hi?n mdi chi dimg lai d phfl biin dai trd, chu frpng khia canh kinh tfi ma bfl qua cic yeu t6 v i mfii frudng dan din Hnh kfim higu qui xet tren todn dien hfi thfing Thyc TAP H i PIAT THEN IKCII, I$P l l , 80 li\ • 201S te vdn de fl nhiem mfii trudng tir hogt ddng chiing den mfii trudng xung quanh, chiing toi tifin d i dupc dinh g i i d mfii vai nghien ciiu nhir hdnh Idy mau vd phdn tich mau nudc thai, nuflrc Nghifin cuu cic chi lifiu fi nhifim ciia chdl thai mdt (nuflrc ao), mdu khfing vd dat tai trang chdn nufii heo lap frung vd dp dung mfit sfi bifin trai p h i p xu ly [4]; nghien cuu fi nhilm cua nganh Mdu nudc thai: Mau nudc Ihii chdn nufii chdn nufii TP.HCM, xay dyng cdc gidi phdp tich duoc ldy Iheo mua, miia mua (thing 9/2010) cyc nhim hgn che fi nhifim mfii trudng [5]; dinh va miia khfi (thing 4/2011) Vi tri duac chpn id gid hieu qua xu ly chat thai bdng bfi biogas ciia cufii dudng dng thoit nudc thdi ciia chufing trgi mpt sd trang trai chan nufii Ipn vimg Dong bang frudc cho xufing ao cd dfii vdi trang trai VAC sflng Hfing [6], v i miu nudc thii tir chufing trai trudc vd sau De mfi hinh phdl trien bin viing, cin thifit cho xuflng him biogas dfli vdi trang trai VACB phai cd nhung khdo nghifim thyc tfi cu the v i Cac chi tifiu phan lich bao gdm: pH, COD, BOD5 phdn tich trfin nhifiu khia cgnh Chiing ifli lya N-NH4*, N,o^, P,6„j, vd SS; su dung cdc phucmg chpn phdn tich mfi hinh VAC va VACB dac phdp phdn tich phii hop tuong img bao gfim: tnmg Iai Trdng Bom, Dfing Nai Ddy la dja Difin cue Ihiiy tinh - miy Coming pH meter 445, phuang cfi nfin kinh te nfing nghiep, chu yeu Id phuang phdp Bicromat, DO, phuong phdp so cdc trang trai nho boat dflng theo kifiu VAC Muc m i u - buo^ sflng 630nm phuang phip Nito tifiu CLia nghifin cuu Id ddnh gid Igi mfit cich he Kjeldalh, phuang phdp so mdu - buflrc sflng thfing mfi hinh ndy d c i hgi giic dp kinh tfi vi 880nm va phuang phap khfli lupng mfii tiudng qua cac ddng thii Tir dfl de xuat mpt Mau nudc ao; Lay dai difin mau nudc ao sfi gidi phdp dfi xu ly va ldi sii dyng chat thai hieu Igi vi tri khic frong ao ciia ca frang frai qui, ndng cao hifiu qud sdn xuat, ddng thdi gop vd phdn tich cdc chi tieu lucmg iing vdi mdu nudc phdn giim thieu nhilm mfli truflrng ciia he thai de so sinh thflng VAC P H L N G P H A P NGHIEN CUD Dieu Ira khao sat Nhdm cd thflng tin phuc vy dinh gia ddu vdo va ddu cua he thfing chiing tfli ihyc hifin dieu Ira ihu thap thflng tin khu vyc nghifin ciru bang phiiu khio sat Dfii tupng dupc chpn li chii trang trai vd cdc nhan cong ldm viec cdc Irang Mau khi: Miu duoc la> vio thing 2010 Ldy miu xung quanh khu vuc chufing Irai chdn nufli de ddnh gii dupc tdc dfing dfin mfii trudng khflng xung quanh Cdc chi tieu phan tich bao gfim: NO; SO;, CO; NH3, H;S, bui nhiel dp v i dp am dya frfin phuong phdp lay mdu v i phan tich theo Tifiu chudn Viet nam trai, thupc xa Sflng Trdu, huyfin Trdng Bom, tinh Miu dat: Mdu dupc lay (heo miia, miia Dfing Nai Trong dd, VAC I Id Irang Irai cua chii mua (Ihdng 2010) v i miia kho (thdng 4/2011) hp Nguyin Xuan Phong thupc dp vd VAC2 la vi tri dupc chpn dai difin frong vudn cac mdu uang ndy sau dd duoc trfln Igi vdi v i phan tich trai cua chii hd Tran Quang Ngan thupc dp Lupng thfing tin duoc chia lam nhdm ddc trung cua mfl hinh VAC li "Vudn", ' A o ' va "Chufing' CJ mfii nhdm, thfing tin dupc thu thap gfim c i c yeu tfi ddu vao va diu tuong ung cae chi tifiu K, N,^^ v i P,OT^ bing cdc phuong phip quang, Kjeldahl vd quang d budc sdng 880nm Thong kfi xir ly so lieu Phin mim SPSS v i Microsoft E\cel 2010 (Bing I) duoc su dyng cho xu I;y vd phdn tich sfl lieu Lay mSu vd phan tJch mau thfing ke tir phifiu khao sdl va kfit qua phdn tich D i dinh gid dfing thai vd cac lie dpng cua mau Traag 25 Sciuce Tukiiliif Un\nma\ U18, No.MV Z015 Bang Thong tin Ihu thap tir c i c trang trgi • - Daunt San luong cj^' Irdng timg miia vv Phan bon, cac chat thai tir vuon nhu canh la cat tia Du luong thuoc bao vg thuc v ^ Nudc luoi tir ao Niroc bdc hoi vao khdng - San luong ca mdi mua vy Thu nhap tir ao c i Nudc ao dimg d^ tinh virdn, vi sinh chudng irai Bun tir ao nudi ci Dau vao -s > o •^ - Su phan bo cav L i ^ g phan b6n cung cip tif hoat ddng chin nuoi Phan bon hoa hoc irong Iimg mua vu Luang thuoc bao v^ (h^c v|t So lan va luons niroc luai ngiy So loai va ^ lirone ca moJ miia vu Lmmg thiic an cone nghiep cho ca moi Linmg thirc an lit phe phy phim Uong Ugt, chan nudi Nuoc ihai lit hoat ddng chan nuoi cho xuong ao ca - S6 luqng vat nudi gidng vai nuCT - Loai ihiic Sn danh cho v | l nuoi - Khdl lirgng thuc an cdng nehiep - Khdl Iirpng thuc Sn tu phi phu pham trdng Uot - Luong nuoc tieu thu cho ve sinh chudng trai, mrdc cung c ^ cho vat nudi - Sd luon& loai thudc ihu v su dun^ cho vat nudi "1 _= 3.KET QUA VA THAO LUAN c d u thic vd qua Irinh v^n hdnh ciia trang trgi Trang trgi VAC dupe khio sit vdi dien tich 33.000m*, chia thdnh khu vuc frfing cdy (69,7% tflng difin tich), nufli heo, nufii gd, ao cd, kho chira cim, phdn bfin, nhd d v i mfit phan ddt frfing chua dupe sir dung (13,6% tfing dien tich) Ciu tnic vudn chii yeu li giong cdy dn qua ngdn ngiy bao gflm phdn lom li du du (1800 cdy/ha) vd chuoi (2000 cay/ha) 4000m" ao duqc sir dyng dfi nufli c i thuong phim bao gom c i tra, fre, rfl phi v i c i me vdi sfl lupng ca giflng khoing 4000 C i ao dfiu Id ao tii v i khflng cfl cflng^thodl nudc Dien tich dit danh cho chdn nufli Id 1.150 m" chiem 3,48% tflng difin tich loin bfl hfi thflng, Irong dien tich ddnh cho chin nufii heo Id 900 m" chufing nufii g i 100 m', Igi Id dien tich kho Chuflng dupc thifit kfi theo kifiu hd, cfl nfin nghifing cfl dp dfic pbii hpp dfi thudn tifin vific thodt nudc v i ddn chit thii mflt each d l ddng, khfing giy u dong gdy fl nhifim chuflng trai Nudc uflng cung c ^ cho vgt nufli bdng hfi thflng ty dpng vd dupc liy tir gifing khoan Ning suit trung binh hdng ndm cua mfl hinh VAC li 35 tin frdi cdy/ha, 15 tin cd, 200 heo v i 100 gd Cdu tnic hoat dpng frang frgi VAC dupc mfl t i frong Hinh Trang frgi VACB (hinh 2) vdi quy mo nhfi han vfli tflng difin tich 6.000 m* Trong dfl, cdu Traai 26 - Sd lutmg vat nudi xudt diuong - Khdt lupng chat thai rfln (phan cim Ihtra ) • Khdi lupng nudc I h i i lan vdi nudc v$ sinh chudng trai tnic vuim chiem khoing 58,33% Cdy frfing chu yfiu Id bdp (12.000 cay) va rau lang (10.000 cSy) Mfl hinh n i y danh it dien tich cho thiet k^ ao nufli ci Trang trgi cfl ao, I ao diing dfi chiia chit thai sau ham biogas, difin tfch khodng 300 vd ao diing de nuoi ca trfi cd difin tich khoing 200 m^ (33% Iflng difin tich), vfli sfl lupng tha khodng 500 C i ao dfiu Id ao tii vd khflng cfl ranh thoat nudc Dien tich ddt dung cho chdn nufii cua trang trai Ii 1600 m^ (26,67% long difin lich), frong dfl difin tich chufing nufii heo li 1500 m , dien tich chufing ga la 50 m" Quy mfi chin nufli Id 100 ga va 700 heo Ddy cung Id mflt dgng chuong nufii hd, nhung khde vdi mo hinh VAC, mfl hlnh ndy dupc thifit kfi gom hfi thflng thodt nudc, mpt he thong dan nudc tir qud frinh nia mdng dn, todn bfi cim roi vdi se theo dfl chiy vio ao nufli ca trfi ddt bfin ngodi chuong nuoi Mflt he thfing din loin bp chdt thai va nudc Ihdi ve sinh chuflng trgi chdy vdo ham biogas Ndng suit trung binh hing ndm cua mo hinh VACB Id tin bip, 10 tin rau Iang, tdn c i tre, 600 heo thit, ngodi cfin cfl tin phan chufing khfi thuang phdm Cdu tnic hoft dpng trang trgi VACB dupc mfl Id frong Hinh Difim khde bifit ciia mfi hinh ndy Id cfl them yiu tfl ham bigogas (B) Nuflrc thai sau biogas cfl chua lupng phdn cdn Igi sau qui frinh phan hiy dfi sinh gas mfli dupc cho xuong ao, nudc ao ddn len tudi cho vudn v i biin cdn dufli diy ao dupc thu gom dfi lam phdn bdn TAr cii riAT THEN lUCIt, TAP 18, Sf Mt - 2015 ctymichmaftianh ^ WIN |< Din uric u len tub] vuoi Hinh Cau triic hoai dgng trang trg! VAC Hinh Cau true hoat dgng cua trang trai VACB Ddnh gia cdc ddng thai Phdn tich ddu cua cac hpp phan chinh mfi hinh VAC va VACB cho thay cfln tfln Igi nhifiu ngufin gay fi nhifim Dfli vdi hpp phdn "Chudng", chit thii li mpt lap hop phong phii c i c chat d lit cd trang thdi rdn, ldng, Mdc dii dong Ihdi dupc Idn dyng cho hpp phan "Ao" de nufii cd Tuy nhifin, chat thii chin nufii chua qua xu ly CO him lupng cic chil fl nhiem cao dupc Ihdi true tiep xuflng ao vdi khfii lupng Ifln, lim cho nude ao chda mot lupng nudc vdi cic hpp chdl dinh dudng tit phan heo, md dien hinh la N v i P Hai chi sfi cao hon khodng 10 Idn so vdi quy chudn cho phep frong nudc thai (Bing 2), dan tfli hien tupng nudc ao bj phu dupng hfla giim chit lupng ao nufii Rifing dfii vdi mo hinh VACB, chdl thai chdn nufii dd dupc xti \'jr co ban bing hdm biogas vdi hifiu qud xu ly khd tfit (Bdng 3), nfin mdc dii cd lupng chat thai phdl sinh nhifiu hem vi quy mfi chdn nufii ldn (Hinh 3) nhung chat Iupng nudc ao vdn tfit hon so vdi mfi hinh VAC (Hinh 4) Ben cgnh cung c i p ddu vdo cho hpp phdn "Ao", phan heo cdn dupc su dung lam phdn bfln cho hpp phdn "Vudn" vdi thdnh phan giiu hifu co, chiing rit dfi bj phdn hiiy cic sdn phdm dpc hai, mpt so dpc nhu CH4, NHj, H2S , Bang Kfit qua phan tich nudc Ihdi so sanh vdi QCVN 40:2011/BTNMT Nudc thai lai trang Irai VAC 7,56 836 me/l mE/l 1102 224 ms/l mfi/l 310 N*„ mefl 80 P™ 13500 Colilbnns MPN/IOOml QCfN 40.201 l/BTNMT Quy chudn ky ihugi qudc Thdng sd pH BOD, COD SS D™,I Nuoc ihai Hu trang trai VACB 7J0 1120 1450 970 405 97 14500 OCVN 40-201 l/BTNMT Cdt A CdlB 6-9 5.5-9 30 50 75 150 50 100 20 40 3000 5000 Ipaai 27 Sclnct Tectiiliii leRloiHI, Vil 18, ti.MI- 2015 Bang Hifiu qim xu K sau biogas tai trang trai VACB Tbdi^so Don\i BOD CX>D SS N^ msrt Nunc thai trirm: bki-as 1120 1450 970 _:, - ms/l mai -z" ~i \ o x ,, ^y ,-'^ L0\l\'7V.- 14' Nuoc thai sai Hieu q n a u r l y s a i 410 535 195 ii-J =4^.« 36.61 36.90 20.10 2938 35J05 6g^ 600- • VAC n •ALS POO O,^ s^ ' !;r?2 : •'20 :-;-: