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mmm^ Sw NGHl£N Ctru i/Nghien curu de xuat giai phap kiem soat va ngan ngira nhiem tich hop (IPPC) phu hop v6i dieu kien mot so lang nghe d dong bang song CQu Long I LE THANH HAI, TRAN VAN THANH, NGUYEN THI PHlfONG THAO, LE QUOC Vl Vtin Moi trUdng vd Tdi nguyin Dgi hgc Qudc gia TP.H6 Chi Minh Nghien cihi 3e xuat va trien khai mo hinh vdi ten gpi VACBNXT trin ccfsd khep km cdc dong vdt chdt vd ndng luang cua cdc yeu to: Vifcai (V) - Ao {A) - Chuong (C) - Biogas/Compost (B) - Nha (N) - xudng (X) - Trgm (T), dp dung cho Idng nghe khdc d khu vt/c DBSCL, co tdn dung toi da cdc dieu kiin tUnhiin sdn cd tgi cdc lang nghe (V, A), cung nhUddc diem mat bang diing cho sinh hogt gia dinh (N) vd sdn xudt nghe (X) Ket qud cho thdy, md hinh giup gidm chi phi ddu tifvd vdn hdnh cdc cdng trinh xufty chdt thdi (T), tdng thu nhdp nhe/ tdn dung cdc nguon vdt chdt vd ndng luang thdi cho cdc qud trinh khdc, tdng hieu qud thi/c tien qudn ly vd van hdnh tgi tC/ng hp ddn, gdp phan tri vd phdt trien ben vCtng Idng nghe MO DAU "his study proposes and develops an integrated model which provides a closed loop of material and energy flows from Garden - Pond - Stall - Biogas - House Workshop - Store This model is tested in three types of craft villages in Mekong Delta, taking into account existing natural conditions and housing and craft village features The results show that applying this model helps reducing investment and operational costs of waste treatment, increasing household incomes through energy saving, increasing operational efficiency and contributing to sustainable development of craft villages 601 Mdi trtidng s6 9/2015 Viec tri vd phdt triln ben vflng cde Idng nghi thu cdng d tren toin qudc, cd khu vfle ede tinh ddng bang sdng Cflu Long (DBSCL) rd rdng Id van dl rat can thiet, da vd dang thu hut mdi quan tam cua todn xa bpi Hi?n DBSCL cd 490 lang nghi va ed nghi, dflpc chia 12 nbdm Trong thdi gian qua boat dong eua eae ldng nghi da vd dang gdy nhflng anh hfldng nhat dinh din mdi trfldng vi den sflc khde cpng ddng hau hit cic ngudn thai tai cde ling nghi diu chfla dflde thu gom, xfl ly dung quy djnh Hien trang mdi trfldng ede lang nghe DBSCL eung tfldng tfl ede ldng nghi khu vpe phia Bdc: 100% mau nfldc thii d eac ldng nghe dflpe khdo sit vflpt tilu ehuan eho phip; Nflde mgt, nfldc ngam deu cd dau hieu d nhilm d mflc dp khic nhau; Khdng bi d nhiem cue bd tai nPi san xuat, dae bilt la bpi vflpt TCCP vd d nhilm sfl dung nhien Ueu la than, cui ; Mdi trfldng ddt da sd Idng ngbi chfla cd bieu hiln d nhilm boat dpng san xuat lang ngbi Nhieu cdng ngh? xfl ly d nhilm mdi trfldng ling nghe da dflde dp dung Theo Dang Kim Chi, tilu ehi lfla ehpn cdng nghe xfl ly d nhiem mdi trfldng ling nghi Id: Chat thdi sau xfl ly phai dgt tilu ehuan mdi trfldng Viet Nam hiln hanh; Cdng ngh? can ddn gian, dl van hinh, de chuyen giao; Vdn dau tfl va ehi phi van hanh thap, phu hpp vdi dieu ki|n sin xudt ling nghi; U'u tien edng nghe ed kha nang tan thu, tii sfl dung chat thdi Thfle te eho thay dp dung cdng nghe xfl ly d nhiem dip flng ylu cau phdp ludt vl BVMT tai eie lang nghe li rat khd khan gap phai rat nhilu rdo can {nhdn tiifle vl BVMT hgn chl trinh dp thap, chi phi ddu tfl cde cdng trinh xfl ly eao, quy tiinh vgn hdnh cde edng trinh xfl Iy phflc tap, ngfldi dan tdn thim ehi phi van hanh cdc cdng trinh, cdc tde ddng moi trfldng chfla the hiln ro, eo sd tang NGHIEN CUtJ I I ™ gdm: lang nghe sin xuat hot kit hpp nudi beo, ling nghi det chieu vi lii^ ngbi san xuat thach dfla thd 2.2 Phiidng phap nghien cflu khoa hoc 2.2.1 Cdch ti^ can Cach tiep egn theo hfldng ngdn ngfla vd Idem sodt d nhilm tieh hdp (IPPC) nhfl sau: - Gidm thieu tai ngudn: tai sfl dung va tai che cdc ngudn thai dl phuc vu cho eac qua trinh, boat dpng khac npi vi ede hd ldm nghi Tan dung tdi da dilu kiln tfl nhiln, mat bdng hien ed cua cdc hd lam nghi dl xfl ly chat thdi bdng he sinh thdi tfl nhien vd h? thdng phu trp (EWTUS) phu hdp vdi quy md, dilu kiln tflng hd lam nghe d ndng thdn - Xfl ly cudi dfldng dng: Ap dung cae biln phdp xfl Iy chat thai bang eac cdng ngh? ed chi phi dau tfl va van hanh thap, van hanh ddn gidn - Tang hieu qua kinh tl: k Hin^ J HIIM trang phdn bo cdc ldng nghe trin dia bdn DBSCL N O I DUNG NGHlfiN CtTU, ttNG DUNG 2.1 Ddi tfldng, pham vi nghien cflu khoa hpc Ddi tflpng vi phgm vi eua nghiin cflu la ldng nghe dien binh tren dia ban DBSCL khu vpc ndng thdn ehfla day du, cae cap quan ly ehfla kien quyet edng tac qudn ly mdi trfldng ) Tfl ylu cau ve gidi quyet ede rdo edn quan ly mdi trfldng Idng nghi DBSCL, viec de xudt md hinh ngan ngfla va gidm thilu d nhiem phu hpp vdi cde ldng nghi d DBSCL la can thiet LBon ciy (V) , Phan Xucmg (X) * , -»j Chu6ng heo (C) J NT sin xuit | | BI, can i 1,.,; Nha(N) -' ^v- ' -1 Rdc hiiu CO NT sinh hoat 1' I Tram xii ly(T) I T Tufii ciy (V) |- • Hinh Mo hmh VACBNXT cho ho lang nghi SX bot ket hdp nudi heo sa9/2oi5Mdttnfimil6i i N G H I £ N CLfU Cac ngudn vdt chat, ndng Iflpng, chat thdi d i u dflde sfl d u n g h p p ly d l mang lai h i l u qua kinh te eho ngfldi ddn 2.2.2 Mo hinh nghiin cdu Md hinh dflpc d l xuat dfla t r i n nen tdng cae m d h i n h sinh thai khep kin nhfl m d hinh VAC, VACB nhflng ed bd sung them cdc t h i n h phan h i n quan d i n hoat ddng sinh boat, sdn xuat vd xfl Iy ehat thai Md hinh dexudt cd ten VACBNXT vai trd cua cdc t h a n h phan nhfl sau: V (Vfldn): sfl dung eae ngudn thai phat sinh tfl hd gia dinh (nflde thdi sau xfl ly, phdn hflu eP ), tgo thu nhap eho hd gia dinb; A (Ao): la so nhflng cdng trinh eua HTXL chat thdi (ehu y l u la nflde thdi) Ngoii cd the dung de nudi trdng thuy san gia tang thu nhdp A cd the thay t h i T (khi ao cd t h i tilp nhdn, xfl ly todn bp nfldc thai); C (Chudng): Id mdt boat dong s i n xuat tgo thu nhdp nhflng ddng thdi ciing la ngudn phdt sinh ehat thii; B (Biogas/ Compost): la h | thdng thu hdl (Biogas), tdi c h l (Compost) tfl eae nguon thai de tgn dung cho cie q u i trinh khae; N (Nha): Id ndi sinh hoat, trung tdm quan ly vd van hanh cde thdnh phan khic; X (Xfldng): la ndi boat ddng sdn xuat chinb tao ngudn thu cua hd gia dinh, tgo sdn pham ebo l i n g n g h i v i eiing la nhflng ngudn phdt sinh chat t h i i ehinh; T (Tram xfl ly): la HTXL chat thdi T ed till bao gdm A hoge khdng T ed the Ii A (khi ao ed the tilp nhgn, xfl ly todn b p nflde thdi) Md hinh VACBNXT dflpc d l xuat n g h i i n cflu ndy ed t h i n h phan cd dinh la BNXT, cdn tbanb phan cdn lai VAC cd the cd hogc khdng Md hinh nghien eflu cu the eho cdc ddi tflpng nhfl sau: 621 H d i trtidng %6 9/2015 Nha(N) >| Xucmg 0 I Uphaii(B) Cbu6neheo(C) | U- - Rac hau CO NT sinh boat I : ^ ^ Khi sinh hoc ft ] BgBiogas (B) -4 Be ky CO X \ • • t I • Hinh Mo hinh VACBNXT Ao luc binh (A) [——I Tirdi cay (V) cho hg det chieu Nguyin Thdnh Tdm Xirdng (X) (Tai sur dung nudc ngam th^ch dl nau th^chnhim giam luu luong va tai luong chat huu CO, N, P, SO,') ^ ^ Nudc thai san xuat • Hinh Mo hinh VACBNXT cho hg SX thgch dUa thd Phgm Nggc Trung a Ldng nghe san xudt bgt ket hdp nuoiheo Md hinh ndy dflpc dp dung eho hp tai lang nghe s i n xuat bdt k i t h p p nudi heo xd Tan Phu Trung, Chau T h i n h , Ddng Thip Md hinh VACBNXT d l xuat nhfl hinh Md h i n b d hd deu day du c i c phan nhien d hang mue T (tram XLNT) ed sfl khde nbau d edng nghe nhfl sau: hd Nguyin Van Ld (Nfldc thdi -> Be dieu hda -> Be SBR -> Be lpc -> Bii lpc thfle vat -> Ao nghi -> Ngudn t i l p nhgn), h o Ngd M i n h Khdi (Nflde t h i i -> Be dieu hda -> B l SBR -> B l lpc -> Ao tfly nghi -> Ngudn tiep nhan), bp Le Van M a n (Nflde thdi -> Be d i l u hda -> Be ky ed vat lieu d i m -> Ao nghi -> Ngudn t i l p nhgn) b Ldng nghe det chieu Md h i n h dflpc dp d p n g tai hd Nguyen T h i n h Tam d l i n g n g h i det chilu xd D i n h An, Lap Vd, D d n g Thdp Md h m h VACBNXT de xuat cho hd nhfl hinh c Ldng nghe sdn xudt thgch dUa tho Md h i n h dfldc i p d u n g tgi hO P h a m Ngpc Trung d ldng nghe san xuat thgch dfla tiid xa N h d n Thgnh, TP Bin Tre Md hinh VACBNXTdl xuat cho bp nhfl hinh 2.3 N d i d u n g n g h i e n c d u k h o a h p c d a thfle h i l n N g h i i n cflu da d l xudt dfldc m d hinh k i l m sodt v i ngdn ngfla d nhiem mdi trfldng p h u h d p vdi dieu k i l n eae l i n g nghe t r i n dia bdn DBSCL I KET QUA NGHIEN C0U VABINHLUAN 3.1 Hilu qua ve giam thilu d nhiim Hilu qui giam thieu d nhiem mdi trfldng tgi cde hp dien hinh sau dp dung md hinh VACBNXT nhfl sau: a Doi vdl ldng nghi sdn xudt bgt ket hdp nuoi heo Nflde dial sau xfl ly dat QCVN 40:2011/ BTNMT, edt B vdi pH tfl 7-7,8, COD tfl 96114 mg/I, BOD, tfl 42-48 mg/1, SS tfl 17-25 mg/1, N-NH/ tfl 2,7-2,3 mg/1, tdng P tfl 3,55,1 mg/1 Toan bp chat thii rdn hflu ed phat sinh tai hd dflde thu gom de u phin hflu cd bdn eho cdy trdng b Doi vdl ldng nghe dit chieu Tai Iflpng kbi thai giam thieu ding kl: Bui tfl 151,48 k^ndm xudng 18x10' kg/nam, SO^ tfl 3,29 kg/nam xudng 0,3x10'' kg/ndm, NOx tfl 41,61 kg/nam xudng 113x10' kg/nam, CO tfl 1.697,25 l^nam xudng 0,3x10"' ^/nam, nhd ldnh tfl 25,16 tan CO^ /nam xuong 1,677 tan CO /nam Nflde thdi sau xfl ly giam thieu tren 70%, eu thi COD tfl 6.380 mg/I xudng 172 mg/1, BOD5tfl3.425xudng 100 mg/l,dd mau 15.150 Pt-Co xudng 165 Pt-Co Chat thii rdn: lit vun khdng dung de dot nau chdo nhudm nfla, dflpc thu gom cung vdi rdc sinh boat hflu eO cho vio u phan 100 kg nguyen lieu u 30 (cd bd sung l^ chl pham vi sinb Trichoderma) eho khoing 15 kg phan hflu ed ed thi sfl dung de bdn eho cdy trdng c Doi vdi ldng nghe sdn xudt thgch dUa tho Nfldc tiidi sau xfl ly dgt QCVN 40:2011/ BTNMT cdt B vdi pH = 7, COD = 97 mg/l, 300^= 43 mg/1, tdng N = 28,7, tdng P - 0,8, SO/- = 228 mg/l, N-NH/ = 7,8 mg/1 Toan bp chat thai ran hflu ed phdt sinb tai hd dflpe thu gom de u phdn hflu ed bdn cho cay trdng 3.2 Hilu qua vl kinh te Chi phi dau tfl, van hinh va lpi ich thu dflpc cua cde md hinh nhfl bang 3.3 Hilu qua vl sfl ddp flng cua cac mo hinh vdi chinh sdch, phdp luat Md hinhtichhpp ngdn ngfla vi giam thilu d nhiem da dfldc dl xuat cua nhdm thfle hiln triln khai vao thpc tl sl gdp phan thfle hi|n ede chu trfldng, ehinh sdch va phip ludt eua Nha nfldc, eu the nhfl bdng 2, NGHIEN CUU wn Bang Chi phi dau tfl, van hanh md hinh va ldi ieh kinh te CHIPHf STT H O D I ^ N HlNH oAu T f l " ' (VNC/Md HlNH) Lpi fCH"i (VND/ VANHANH"' (VND/ THANG) THANG) Nguyen Van La 14150.000 130000 ! 2350.000 Ngo Minh Khdi 49.935.000 395.000 5.500.000 Le V i n Man 53.885.000 108.000 6.240000 Nguyin Thanh Tim 38.500.000 6.750 9593.000 Pham Ngoc Trung 40.200.000 135.000 2.410.000 "*: Bao gdm chi phi dan tfl biogas, HTXLNT, u phdn hflu ed, nudi trun qui '^': Chi gdm chi phi van hanh mdy mdc, thiet hi HTXL nflde thai "': Bao gdm thu nhdp tfl sinh hpc, phan hflu cd, trun qui, ed Nhgn xet: Khi dp dung md hinh VACBNXT diu mang lgi ldi ich kinh te cho hd ddn Tuy nhien neu tinh rieng cho hgng muc HTXLNT thi vdi cdc hg CO ao, mUdngdiin tieh ldn tht chi phi ddu tu HTXLNT se gidm so vdi hd khong CO ao, mUdng hodc diin tich nho Hdn nda dp dung cdng nghe xd ly ky thi chi phi vdn hdnh cdng thdp hdn so vdi cong nghi xU ly hieu Bang Sfl dapflngcua md hinh vdi chu trfldng, chinh sach, phap ludt Hanh ddng Chfnh s^ch NN H £ t h d n g Ao(A)xiJrlV Thu hdi t i l SLTdung nirdc theo xilrly chiit t h i i hu'dng nudc t h i i (B) sinh thdi (T) Luat BVMT sd 55/2014/ QH13 ^ Ngh| Sinh so 19/2015/ NO-CP cua Chinh phu >' < > « X - ' ^ < Nghi dmh sd 59/2007/ NCXP ciia Chinh phu Thdng tU46/2011/rTBTNMT C301343/QD-TTgChien luoc qudc gia ve lang trudng xanh « >^ X Q0 1419/QD-TTgChi^n luoc sSn xuat sach hon Quyet dinh 491 /QO-TTg - Tieu ch( nong thdn mdi '^ 3.4 Tiem ndng nhan rdng md hinh thfle tiln Ngfldi dan hau nhfl dd tiep can va thfle hiln ede edng trinh tflpng tfl nhfl cdc hgng mue md hinh VACBNXT thdi gian qua nhfl: ham biogas, u phdn hflu cd tfl phdn, rdm rg , Tai sd dung nUdc sau x d ly cho vildn (V) < ã< ô - " < nudi trun que; xfl ly nflde thdi bang cdng nghe ky (ham tfl hoai); tan dung ao, hd d l xfl ly nfldc thdL Rilng ehi cd cdng ngh? hieu (SBR) la khd mdi, ngfldi dan can dflpe tbam gla cic khda huan luyen chuyen mdn VACBXNT li md hinh phat huy eie flu diem cho ede So 9/2015 Mdi trtidng 163 m NGHIEN CUU hd sdn xuat viing ndng thon nhfl gidm thilu d nhiem mdi trfldng nfldc, vd CTR, tan dung, thu hdi va tai chl chat thdi ddng thdi, chi phi dau tfl thap vi nhanh thu hdi vdn nhd sfl dung ede thdnh phan ed phdt sinh gia tri kinh te (biogas, phan compost, trun que, vfldn ) Viec dau tfl, sdn xuat theo md hinh ndy Id mdt dfl in dau tfl khd thi ddi vdi eic hp cd dieu kiln dac trflng eua vTing ndng thdn DBSCL nhfl cd vfldn, ao hodc cd diln tieh du rdng dl bd sung cdc thinh phan theo md hinh, Nhdm thfle hiln de xuat dinh hfldng cae bflde ip dung md hinh sinh thdi cho ede Idng nghe/nganh nghe ndng thdn khde nhfl sau: - Budc 1: Dfla vdo ngudn kinh phi sp nghiep BVMT, KHCN, khuyen cdng dl ho trp triln khai trinh diln day du eac thdnh phan eua md hinh tai ede Idng nghe khde vd thinh lap to tfl qudn BVMT lang nghe tgi ede dia phflong; - Budc 2: Td ehfle tuyln truyen, tap huan, hfldng dan thfle hien md hinh eho eae dia phflong thdng qua td tfl quan BVMT lang nghe; - Budc 3: Tiep tuc tri tuyln truyen va nhdn rdng md hinh KET LUAN Nghiin cflu da de xuat md hinh tieh hdp ngan ngfla va xfl ly d nhiim VACBNXT va dfla vdo van hanh eho ho dan tai lang nghe dien hinh eua DBSCL Kit qua cho thay, md hinh giup cho cdc hd dan lang nghi ddp flng dflpc cac yeu eau phdp ludt ve BVMT (cde ngudn thdi dflpc thu gom, xfl Iy dat Quy ehuan hien hanh) Tuy theo hiln trang cua tflng hp dl tan dung dilu kiln tfl nhien (ao, mfldng vfldn ) vd cdng nghe sin xuat tgo nen mdt md hinh khep kin ede ddng vat chat, nang Ifldng vd chat thai giflp eho ebl phi dau tfl vd van hanh cde cdng trinh xfl ly chat thai thap, khdng ddi hdi ky thugt van hdnh cao Bin cgnh do, md hinh cdn giup eac hd Iam nghi tang thu nhap thdng qua vile tan dung cac ngudn thai de thu hdi/tai sfl dung vao eie qud trinh, hoat dpng khac (thu sinh hpc phue vu sinh boat vd san xuat, u phdn hflu ed bdn cho cdy trdng, nudi trun qui ) Mo hinh cd khd ndng nhan rdng eao va cd thi dp dung cho nhieu lang nghi d khu vfle DBSCL Kit qua nghien eflu cua de tai li co sd phuc vu eho vile ban hanh eac ehu trfldng, ehinh saeh ve BVMT lang nghe, eu the van dl quy hogch Idng nghi phu hpp vdl eie dilu kiln sin xuat va tfl nbienB TAl LIEU THAM KHAO • m • • • • • • • m Dang Kim Chi, Be tdi KC08-09 "N^ien cUu ctf sd idioa hoc vd thUc tien cho viec xdy dUng cdc chinh sdch vd bien phap gidi quyet vd de moi trudng d cdc idng n^e Yiet Nam' N.V.C Ngdn, N T Thdnh, N H.Lgc,N T NgUdn, L N PbHc vd N T N Tdn, Khd ndng sddung luc binh va rCm ldm nguyin Mu bS sung cho hdm u Biogas Tap chi Idtoa hoc, Tnidng Dai boc Cdn Tbd, tap 22a, trang 213-221,2012; Phan Dinh Tudn, Phdt triin nhien Hhi sinh hqc hiiSng den xdy diXng mo hinh biomass town d VietNam, Tap chiKhoa boc vd Cong nghe 50 (6) (2012) 943-949 Donald A Hammer, Designing constructed wetlands systems to treat agricultural nonpoint source pollution, Ecological Engineering (1992)49-82 Zhu fiang Zbu Xinyuan, Treatment and utilization of wastewater in the Beijing Zoo by an aquatic macrophyte system Ecological Engineering 11 (1998)101-110; B D Tripathi, Suresh C Shukla, Biological Treatment of Wastewater by Selected Aquatic Plants, Environmental Pollution 69(1991) 69-78; Amelia K Kivaisi, The potential for constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment and reuse in developing countries: a review Ecological Engineering 16 (2001) 545-560; Koichi Fujie & Naohiro Goto, Materials Flow Analysis and Modeling ta Establish a Zero-Emission Network tn Regional Areas, Germ Japanese Woriahop on Integrated Approadies towards Sustainability; Huixiao Wang Longhua Qin, Linlin Huang vd Lu Zhang Ecological Agriculture in China: Principles and Applications, Advances in Agronomy Volume 94 (2007) 182-208: Ap.} Mol Tran thi My Dieu, Analysing and governing environmental flows, the case of Tra Co tapioca Village, VietNam NJAS 53-3/4 2006 641 Mdi trtidng s6 9/2015 ... thinh lap to tfl qudn BVMT lang nghe tgi ede dia phflong; - Budc 2: Td ehfle tuyln truyen, tap huan, hfldng dan thfle hien md hinh eho eae dia phflong thdng qua td tfl quan BVMT lang nghe; - Budc... nhfl: ham biogas, u phdn hflu cd tfl phdn, rdm rg , Tai sd dung nUdc sau x d ly cho vildn (V) < ã< ô - " < nudi trun que; xfl ly nflde thdi bang cdng nghe ky (ham tfl hoai); tan dung ao, hd d l xfl... khoa hoc 2.2.1 Cdch ti^ can Cach tiep egn theo hfldng ngdn ngfla vd Idem sodt d nhilm tieh hdp (IPPC) nhfl sau: - Gidm thieu tai ngudn: tai sfl dung va tai che cdc ngudn thai dl phuc vu cho eac
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