NGHIEN CCfu I /Sl]f DUNG ANH LANDSAT DA THdl NGHIEN ClJfU DIEN BIEN DO THI HOA CUA THANH P H OA N A N G PHUC VU QUY HOACH BAO VE MOI TRUCJNG THI D^NG TRUNG TO Viin Chien lUdc, Chinh sach TN&MT TRtfONG QUANG HAI, NGUYEN THI THU HA, NGUYfiN THI MAI NGAN TrUdng Dai bgc Khoa hoc TU nhiin, Bai hoc Quoc gia Ha Noi TP Ba NSng Sang tien trinh xay dung quy /loacb BVMT huimg tdi hinh dnh TP "than thiin vdi moi tn/dng" Nham xay dUng cdsdlihoa hgc phuc vu cong tdc quy hogch moi trudng TP, nghien cufu SUdc thUc Men vdi muc tieu xdc dinh SUphdt trien vd bien dgng Ifhong gian cda thi Ba Ndng tir ndm 1990 -2015 sit dung dnh ve tinh LANDSAT da thdi Bang phuang phdp phdn logi co ki4m dinh dua vdo bdn Men trgng suf dung ddt cda TP ndm 2010, bien dgng khdng gian thi vd cdc hop phan cda dd thf qudn ngi thdnh qua thdi gian dd dUdc Idm ro Cu the, khu vUc nghien cdu dd mdrgng tir4.485 (ndm 1990) len 8.634 (ndm 2014), khdng gian thi chuyen tir phdt trien d cdc qudn phia bdc nhu Lien Chieu, Thanh Khe d thgp kf 90 sang phdt trien mgnh d cdc qudn phia nam nhufng ndm gdn ddy Kit qud cho thdysUchuyin ddi mgnh me ti/dien tich cdy xanh sang dien tich nhd dvd ddt xdy dung, ddc biet Id vdo giai dogn 2005-2010 Theo do, dien tich khdng gian xanh tren ddu ngUdi cda TP dd vd dang suy gidm nhanh thdi gian qua, tiT39 m'/ngudi (2005) xuong 15,36 m'/ngUdi (2014) I MO DAU D a Nang is developing environmental protection planning toward an environmentally friendly city To provide scientific foundation for environmental protection planning, this study is conducted with an objective of identifying spacial development and change In Da Nang from 1990 to 2015, using LANDSATE real time sattelite images Using reviewed classification and land use maps of the city of 2010 data, spacial changes in the cities and its suburbs have been clarified Specifically, a scope of the study has expanded from 4,485 (1990) to 8,643 (2014) Urban space development has changed from focusing on northern districts such as Lien Chieu and Thanh Khe in 1990s to sourthern districts in recent years The study shows that tree areas have been converted to house and building, especially in period 2005-2010 As a result, an green area per capita has been decreased rapidly recently from 39 mVcapita (2005) to 15.36 mVcapita (2014) Luat BVMT nam 2014, tai Bieu 9, Khoan quy dinh mpt n6i dung cd b ^ cia quy hoach BVMT la" Danh gia hien trang moi trUdng, dU bao xu thi dien bien moi tnidng "; Dilu dupc hieu rang de CO cd sd khoa hpc chp quy hpach BVMT can phai nghien cijcu SU biln d^ng cira cac phan moi trudng, cac dang tai nguyen theo khong gian va thdi gian phat trien thi, tii dii bao xu the dien bien moi tnidng ky quy hoach n h ^ dUa phUdng an quy hoach tot nhat va giai phap dap ijtng chinh xac Cp nhieu phUdng phap khac de thuc hien nhiem vu, trpt^ phdong phap vien tham - GIS la cdng cu chii dao Da Nang la TP tnic thupc Trung Uong, trpng thdi ky dpi mdi cp tpc dp phat trien rat nhanh, til mpt dp thi nhp be tnldc ciia tinh Quang Nam, da trd TP cong nghiep, hien dai vdi ca sd tang dp thi khang trang, nam trpng tdp dau ciia ca nUdc Tuy nhien, qua trinh phat trien, viec khai thac qua miic cac dang tai nguyen dat, nudc, riing da lam sinh nhOng van de mpi trudng biic xiic, bilu hiln d cac chi sp nhii ty 11 di?n tich cay xanh, dien tich mat nUdc, miic dO bl tpng So 8/2015 Moi trudng 167 NGHIEN CtfU hda, thay doi trfldng nhiet dd mat dat , ed the can trd sfl phat trien ben vflng cua chinh thinh phd Nghien cflu di^n bien TN&MT theo khdng gian thi nham theo ddi bi^n ddng khdng gian cfla he sinh thai dd thi, kien true TP qua tflng giai doan la mot nhflng giai phip quan trpng giup cho edng tic quan ly dd thi ed hieu qui trflde mat ciing nhfl liu dii theo quy hoach mdi trUdng TP Vien thim la mdt cdng cy manh va hien dai, cung cap d c dfl Ueu khdng gian tdng quan va da thdi gian di dflpc flng dyng nhieu tren the gidi nhfl Masek et aL (1998); USGS (1999); Zhang and Guindon (2005); Milos et al (2012) d Viet Nam, sfl dung vi^n tham di nghiSn cflu qui trinh dd thi hda va cac inh hfldng cua chung den mdi trfldng thi da dflpc ti^n hinh mdt sd nghien cflu t|p trung tai cac TP Hi Npi (Pham Ngpe Dang va nnk, 2000; Pham Bach Viet, 2008) vi TP Hd Chi Minh (Tran Thi Vin vi nnk, 201 la,b) Bai viet tap tnmg phan tich sfl chuyen ddi tfl di^n tieh ldp phu thfle vit sang dien tich be mat be tdng hda qui trinb md rpng dd thi 25 nam qua nham tao dflng can cfl thfle tien eho quy hoaeh BVMT TP Di Ning de de xuat eae giai phip khdng gian mdi trfldng phu hpp eho TP, hudng tdi phat trien Da Nang "TP thin thi^n vdi mdi trUdng" II PHirONG P H A P N G H I £ N CtfU 2.1 Gidi han vimg n^ien ciiu Vung nghien cflu dUpe lUa chpn la quin npi dd Da Ning, bao gdm: Lien Chieu, Thanh Khe, Hii Chiu, Son Tri, Ngu Hanh Spn vi Cam L?, cd tdng dien tieh la 24.449 vdi sd din li 848.995 ngUdi (Tdng eye Thdng ke, 2012) (Hinhl) 2.2 DS lieu dnh sH dung Dfl heu inh ve tinh dflpc sfl dyng nghien cflu la eae anh LANDSAT TM, ETM va OLI da qua xfl li d d p dp IA, phan giai 30m, h? quy chieu UTM (WGS 84), mui 49 Anh dflpc thu vao d e mua khd 7/7/1990 (TM); 5/7/1995 (TM); 7/5/2000 (ETM); 13/5/2005 (TM); 12/6/2010 (TM); 22/5/2014 (OLI) vdi dp miy phu thap (< 10%), ed th^ phan biet ro eie ddi tflpng ldp phu be mat 2.3 PhUdngphdp ky thudt • Phuang phdp xie ly dnh: Cie anh Landsat dflpc hieu chinh quyen, loai bd nhieu va tang net Sau dd tien hanh phin loai ldp phd mat dat tren anh 68 '• Mdi trUihic ss 8/2015 • Hinh Sfl vi tri viing nghien cHu TP Dd Ndng bang thuat toin phan lo^ ed Idem dinh khoang cieh tdi thieu Dfla tren die trflng phin X9 phd eua cac loai ddi tflpng ket hpp can cfl vao bin hien tr?ng sfl dung dat TP Da Nang nam 2010, nam loai ldp phu ehinh dflpc xae dinh, la: Cac cdng trinh xay dflng (nha cfla, dfldng giao thdng, cae khu edng nghiep vdi be mat li be tdng n&n edn gpi la mat khdng tham); Tham thfle vit/ciy xanh (rflng, dit trdng lua/hoa mau, eay xanh cdng cdng); M^t nfldc (cie khu vfle sdng, hd, ao); Khu vfle dang xiy dflng (cac khu cdng nghiep, khu dd thi, khu tii dinh cfl dang xay dflng vdi be mat dflpe dd bfi tdng vi cdng trinh xay dflng mat dd thip); Khu vfle dat trdng (cac khu vfle dat trdng, ddi trpc, dat ao hd bi san lap hoac cic khu vfle giai tda ehfla dflpc xay dUng) He sd Kappa di dinh gia dp ehinh xie eua phep phin lo^i lan Iflpt li: 0,75; 0,78; 0.74; 0,70; 0,80; 0,90 ddi vdi inh cua cac nam 1990,1995,2000, 2005,2010 vi 2014 bien ddng dfla vao bd cdng cu phan tieh khdng gian dflpc sfl dyng de hien thi sP dd phin bd va tinh toan ma tran ehuyen ddi cac ldp phu TP Di NSng theo cie khoing thdi gian nam III KET QUA VA THAO LUAN 3.1 SU md rdng khong gian dd thi Dd Nang giai doan 1990 - 2015 Cac dd thi dflpc thinh lip vi phit trien thdng qua qua trinh dd thi hda, tfle la qui trinh phit trien v^ kinh te, xi hdi, van hda va khdng gian kien true Thdng thfldng d eic khu vfle dd thj, cic qu^n hoac eae dpn v; hinh ehinh cap quan dflpe sfl dyng lam don vi nen ting Tuy nhifin, cae qu^n thfldng cd chifiu hfldng hinh thinh cic ranh gidi hanh ehinh bit di bat dich, dd khdng phan anh dflpe xu the bien ddng khdng gian thUe sU cua vung trung tam thi Trong nghien cflu niy, sfl gia tang cic khdng gian tap trung vdi m|t dd cao • PhUdng phdp tinh todn dan cu va eac edng trinh xiy dung dflpe bifiu thi eho dd thi bien ddng: Cic ket qua phan loai anh hda Kfit qua phan loai tfl inh dupc chuyen eie ldp dfl LANDSAT cho thiy, sfl gia heu ArcGIS PhflPng tang lien tyc di?n tich nhi d phip chdng chap va tinh toin vi cic cdng trinh bfi tdng hda _i Cfafi^ii ^m Bk nut khSng tham/ nha da thi ^ B l ^^^ trong/dat san l^p MItnudc ^ ^ Ciy xanh ^ L ^ DSt dang xSy dpng A Hinh Phdn bo khong gian cdcldp phu cd ban cua TP Dd Ndng giai doctn 1990-2015 khu vfle nghien cflu tfl 4.485 (nim 1990) den 5.232 (2000, tang 9,04%) va 5.647 (2005, ting 7,34%), sau dot ngpt ting eao 8.634 (2014, ting 4%) (Hinh 2) Theo khdng gian, ed th^ thay dd thi hda xiy diu tifin d qu^n Thanh Khe va phia bie quin Hai Chau nhflng nam dau thip ky 90, sau dd md rpng d mflc dp tap trung eao dan eae vung xung quanh Tfl nam 2010 den nay, dd thj hoa dien manh me hon d khu vfle phia ddng nam quan Lien Chieu va tay nam quan Son Tri Kfit qua phan lo?i eho thay, 25 nim qua eac ldp phu cP bin eua Di Ning ed sfl biln ddng rd ret theo khdng gian dd thi vdi bieu hi^n gia tang manh cic vflng dat dang san lip di tifin hanh xay dflng tai khu vfle phia nam TP Tfl dd cho phep dfl bao qua trinh dd thj hda se dien manh me tai eie quin Cam Lfi vi Ngii Hinh Son thdi gian tdi 3.2 Bien dpng cdc ldp phu lien quan Mn hien trang svt dung Mt Bien ddng difin tieh eic ldp dat phu CP ban (Hinh 3) cua khu vfle nghifin cflu thdi ky 1995 - 2000 la giai doan cd boat ddng xiy dUng dien m^nh me nhat vdi dien tich mat dat xiy dUng Ifin tdi 2.823 (nam 1995) va 2.202 (nam 2000), chifim tU 9,0% dfin 11,5% tdng dien tich viing Den nam 2014, difin tich dat dang xay dUng lai ting tfl 300 len tren 1.000 ha, die biet tap trung tgi quin Cam Le vi Ngfl Hinh Son, bao hieu mdt thdi ky thi hda mdi d Di Nang NgUpc vdi sfl phat trien ve dat nhi d, dat cdng trinh da xiy dflng li sU suy giam lien tuc dien tich ldp phu thfle vit: tfl 16.000 (nam 1995) xudng 9.000 (nam 2014) Du ph^m vi quan trung tam cua TP Di Nang, Idp phd thfle vit van chiem ty 1? cao (37%, nam 2014) nhd ed phin rUng dupe bio tdn tdt d phia bac quin Lien Chieu (deo Hii Van) vi d bin dio Son Tra, thi phan ldn cae dien tich ldp phfl thpc v|t d phia tiy quin Lien Chieu va Cam L? (trflde li dit ndng nghifip) da bi chuyen doi dat nha d dd thi vi dit xiy dflng (Hinh 2) Nhfl vay, vdng 25 nim qua, ty lfi difin tieh thim thfle vat cua khu vfle nghien eflu Hfin tye giim, die bifit giam nhanh giai doan 2005 - 2014, tfl 56% xudng edn 37% (Hinh 3) Dien tich mat nfldc nhin chung khdng ed thay ddi nhilu, dao ddng khoang 1.300 -2.700 phy thupc va thdi gian thu anh vi che dp thuy van hii van cua vung • B ^ m$t kbong thiim/iiliit dd Ihi V'Bit dacg xay dtmg *Qit tidng/d^t san Up • CayxaDh • Mat nuoc L Hinh Bien ddng diin tich cdc ldp phii erf bdn cua TP Dd Ndng giai doan 1990 - 2015 56 8/2015 Mol tmdng 169 ( • N G H I E N CCfu Bang Ma tran ty le bien dpng dien tich cac Idp phii TP Da Nai^ nam 2014 1990 Nim1990 $ l $ l p l i ^ p h A t l i a y 66* (%] E z T1iUCv|t Nhi6d6 thj DM Mat nudc Dang xay Thuc vat 53,607 7352 2,605 2,245 2371 Nha d d o thi 22.411 68,488 17,493 37,861 54/187 Mat ni/dc 0,968 0^04 67,841 0.146 0,490 Cat trang/dSt san Up 19347 20,899 9,940 41,699 34.823 Gang xay d^fng 3,667 2^58 2,121 18,049 8,229 100 100 100 100 100 46393 31312 32,159 S8301 91,771 TtSng 1%) T6ng thay doi (%) Bing bieu dien sfl ehuyen ddi cua ldp phfl thfle vat sang cac ldp phu khic cua vung nghien cflu 25 nam qua, dd dac bifit la sfl chuyen ddi tfl ldp phu thfle vit sang dat nha d dd thi (22,4%) va dat san lap mat bing (19,3%) Trong dd, tong ty lfi difin tich Idp phu edn lai chuyen doi ldp phu thUe vit ehi li 14,8% Diy la sfl ehuyen ddi ding luu y vi nd minh ehflng rang qua trinh dd thi hda da lam thay ddi dang ke eic dieu kifin sinh thii dd thi, dupc thfi hifin qua vific bien ddi khdng gian be mat cua ldp phu tfl cae he sinh thai tfl nhifin sang mdi trUdng chiu tic ddng bdi ngUdL Hinh the hien sfl ehuyen ddi khdng gian ldp phu thUe vit sang eie l o ^ ldp phu khic giai doan 1990 - 2015 cua TP Da Nang Theo dd, sfl bien ddi khdng gian ldp phu thuc vit d bin dio Son Tra va deo Hii Van li khdng dang ke, dd difin tieh ""^^^^ thim thfle vat ehuyen ddi sang dat nha dd thi tip trung phin ldn d phia ddng quan Lien Chieu va phia nam qu4n Hii Chiu, quan Thanh Khe Phan chuyen ddi tfl ldp phfl thfle vit thinh dat dang xiy dUng hoae dat trdng tap trung chu yeu d quan Ngu Hinh Son vi quan Cam Le 3.3 Bien dpng cht so khdng gian mdi trUdng cua TP Theo eie nghifin eflu xiy dflng ehi sd chat Iflpng mdi trfldng dd thi tai Viet Nam (Tran Quang Ldc vi Pham Khac Lifiu, 2012) chi sd "dien tieh cay xanh/dau ngUdi" la mdt chi sd quan trpng vific danh gii chat Iflpng mdi trfldng va quy hoaeh khdng gian dd thi Dfla vio cic sd Ueu thdng kfi dan so vung nghien eflu (ehi tinh sd din cd hp khau) cd the nhin thay, chi sd "dien tieh cay xanh/dau ngfldi" cua khu vfle da suy giam nghiem trpng tfl nam 1995 la 39 m-/ ngUdi giam xudng cdn 23,5 mVngUdi (nam 2005), 18 m-/ ngfldi (nam 2010) va 15,36 m^/ngUdi (nam 2014) (Hinh 5) Theo tieu chuan thiet ke quy hoach cay xanh sfl dung cae dd thi cua nUdc ta (TCXDVN 9257:2012) thi ty lfi niy da giam xuong dudi mfle tieu chuan cho dd thi loai I va II: 20,4 - 24,5 m'/ ngfldi Trong dd, dien tich dat cay xanh tinh tieu chuan la dien li^"l~ dai ciy xanh cdng cpng (chi bao gdm eay xanh dfldng phd, cay xanh edng vien, vfldn hoa) edn bii viet niy dien tieh dflpe tinh bang tong difin tieh ldp phu thfle vit TP (bao gdm ei phan rflng da neu d tren) Nhfl vay, de tien den xay dflng TP "thin thifin vdi mdi trfldng" bd sung dien tieh dat trdng cay xanh la mdt nhflng ndi dung quan trpng eua quy ho^eh BVMT cua TP Da Nang Gia ting nhanh dat d dd thi, ddng thdi giim manh ty lfi cay xanh cfla TP giy •r"- / " ^ • ^ ' ^ 9^^ f Ii rS:: IWO 1995 2000 200S MIO 2014 ^ K Dt«ii lidi bJ nfl U n « dVbi ^ ^ H TCxn:xDVU92S7J0\2'ridmiibciyiMihaaamyi,4.24j„f/^^^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ = ^ " ^ - ^ = i Hinh Bien ddng khong gian Idpphu thUc vdt cua TR Dd Ndnggiai doan 1990 -2015 OIMOI ^ ^'"^ Bien dgng khong gian tndi trudng TP Dd Ndnggiai ^°^" ^^90 - 2015