Nghien ciiu Trao doi D|nh hUong quy hoach hao ve moi mrong mot so nganh, finh vuc tiic flong idn den moi mrong liAi vuc song Cau O TS NGUYfiN DCC TOAN, ITiS ht NGOC THANG Trung Idm Tu vdn vd Cdng nghe[.]
Nghien ciiu - Trao doi D|nh hUong quy hoach hao ve moi mrong mot so nganh, finh vuc tiic flong idn den moi mrong liAi vuc song Cau O TS NGUYfiN DCC TOAN, ITiS ht NGOC THANG Trung Idm Tu vdn vd Cdng nghe mdi trudng GS.TSKH D^NG TRUNG TIID^N Hoi Dia hda Vici Nam L uu vuc sdng Cdu vdi tinh lien quan cd dien tich rdng khodng 6.030 km', mang tinh da dang ve dia hinh, khodng sdn, tdi nguyen ddt dai, ngudn nudc, sinh thdi, nguon luc, tren ca sddd dd phdt trien cdng nghiep, giao thdng, ndng, Idm nghiep, thuong mai, du lich vdi cdc hinh thdc da dang vd mdc dd khdc Trong dd, mdt sd ngdnh, linh vuc cd tdc ddng ddng ke den mdi trudng tu nhien tren luu vuc sdng Cdu nhu: Linh vuc tdi nguyen vd mdi trudng nudc mat; linh vuc phdt trien cdng nghiep vd khai khodng; linh vuc phdt trien dd thi Trong tuong lai, dinh hudng den ndm 2020, nhdm phdt trien kinh tedi ddi vdi bdo ve mdi trudng (BVMT) d^ vdi luu vuc sdng (LVS) Cdu, de xudt dinh hudng quy hoach BVMT mdt sd ngdnh, linh vuc duoc de cap d tren nhu sau: Quy hoach bao ve mdi trudng ITnh vuc tai nguyen va moi trudng nudc mat Tren LVS Cdu, ngodi he thdng song sudi tu nhien Idn nhd, cdn cd cdc cdng trinh hd chd'a dd luu giQ nudc, he thdng thiiy Igi cung cd'p nudc cho cdc hd dung nudc D6 la nhiing ddi tugng cdn dugc bao ve dd sir dung Idu ddi cho tuong lai Do dd, muc tieu bao ve tai nguyen nudc mat LVS Cdu Id: Duy tri tdi nguyen nudc he thdng sdng Cdu dap ling nhu cdu cdn bdng nudc tren toan LVS Cdu tir thugng ngudn den du; bao dam cbd^t lugng mdi trudng nudc mat LVS Cdu dat Quy chudn ky thudt qudc gia ve chdt lugng nudc mat QCVN 08: 2008/BTNMT 16 Doi vai bao ve nguon nirac tren luu vuc song Cdu, xud't phdt tii" ddc didm mang ludi thuy vdn, cd thd thdy ddy la sdng lien tinh, bdt ngudn tiJ viing nui thd'p- trung binh huyen Chg Ddn tinh Bde Kan chay qua Thai Nguyen, Bdc Ninh, Bdc Giang , dd vao sdng Thdi Binh tai vi tri gdn Pha Lai, huySn Chi Tdi nguy§n yg Mdi truong | Kii2-Thdng2/2D12 Linh tinh Hai Duong Cdc phu luu cd'p ciia sdng Cdu gdm sdng Chg Chu, sdng Nghinh Tudng, sdng Du, sdng Cdng , phdn Idn cung bdt ngudn tft viing niii cua tinh Bdc Kan va Thdi Nguyen Ndi cdch khac, vung ddi nui va viing nui thdpnui trung binh d cdc tinh trfin chinh Id ngudn sinh thuy cua h6 thdng sdng Cdu Luu lugng nudc vd chd dd ddng chay ciia be thdng sdng Cdu khdng nhiing phu thude vao lucmg mua tren luu vuc, md cdn lien quan chat che vdi tham riing Tham riing tu nhien vdi mat dd cdy day Id dieu kien tdt nhd't dd sinh thuy, tao ddng chay mat va ddng ngdm, didu hda ddng chay sdng, cung cd'p nude cho he thdng ddng sdng vao miia kiet Nguge lai, tham rijfng bi tdn pha, ddn d^n ddng chay mua hinh thdnh rd't nhanh, vdi cudng dd manh, gdy xdi mdn, trugt Id dd't, tao nen nhung ddng lu dng, Iii quet, lam thiet hai vd ngudi va nhidu tai san ciia" cac cdng ddng cu ddn viing cao Vi vdy, ddi vdi LVS Cau cdn thie't tridn khai cdc giai phdp cu thd de tii luu lugng nudc va didu tiet tu nhien ddng chay cua be thdng sdng Cau, dd la: Bao ve tdt cdc khu rttng ddu ngudn ddi vdi he thdng sdng Cdu Bao ve rCmg ddu ngudn trudc het la giii dugc ngudn sinh thiiy, giam nhe xdi mdn, trugt Id da't, bao ve ngudi ddn va tai san cua hg trudc nhiing su cd mdi trudng gdy Tridn khai bai toan tinh cdn bdng nudc tren toan luu vuc, cho viec Idy nudc cua cdng trinh thiay Igi, viec cap nudc cho dd thi, cho cdng nghiep ciia dia phuong khdng lam anh hudng de'n dia phuong khdc luu vuc Khdng chuydn nudc tijr lim vuc (sdng nay) sang luu vuc (sdng) khac dd tranh pha vd cdn bdng nudc, lam thay ddi chd dd ddng chay va cdc he sinh thdi thuy vuc Khi xdy dung cdc cdng trinh ngdn dong chay sdng hoac sudi, nhd't thie't phai thie't ke' ddng chay mdi trudng (ddng chay tdi thidu cdn thiet) dd tri su sd'ng ciia ddng sdng hoac sudi dd Ddi vdi bdo ve chdt hfcfng nudc he thdng sdng Cdu, theo kdt qua quan trdc dinh ky cho thd'y, nhin chung, chd't lugng nudc ddng chinh sdng Cdu, cung nhu cdc phu luu ciia nd hien cdn tuong dd'l Idt so vdi QCVN 08: 2008/BTNMT cdt A2, nhd't la cdt BI Tuy nhien, cdc sd lieu thu thdp dugc ciing cho thd'y rdng da cd bidu hien d nhiem cue bd mdi trudng nudc sdng Cdu d doan chay qua TP Thai Nguyen va d doan hgp luu vdi sdng Ngu Huyen Khe tir dja phdn Bdc Ninh Nguyen nhdn gdy d nbidm da dugc xdc dinh la cdc ngudn nudc dd thai khdng qua x\i ly, vi vdy de bao dam chait lugng nudc sdng Cdu theo tieu chuan cap nudc sinh boat thi bdt bu6c phai cd cac giai phdp \\t ly nudc thai tii ngudn nhu: Xdy dung cdc du dn xu ly nudc thai sinh hoat tir cac dd thi Idn tren dia ban tinh LVS Cau Trong giai doan 20122015 uu tien xir 1}? cdc ngudn nudc thai dd vdo nhiing doan sdng da khdng cdn kha ndng tidp nhdn chdt thai gdy d nhidm mdi trudng nudc Tidn hanh nghien cun phdn viing chd't lugng nudc (phdn viing nhiem nudc) ddng chinh va cac phu luu cdp I cua he thdng luu vuc sdng Cdu dd Idm co sd cho viec de xudt cdc phuong an bao dam chdt lucmg nudc sdng Cau mdt each khoa hoc vd cu thd Giam sdt chat che tinh trang dd nudc thai tir cac khu cdng nghiep, khu khai khoang, hoat ddng thuong mai dich vu , khdng qua xii Iy vao he thdng sdng Cdu nhdm xir phat nghiem minh va ngdn chdn cac hanh vi xd'u Ve fydo ve cdc ho chda nudc, tren dja ban tinh LVS Cdu hien cd rut nhidu hd chda nudc Iir nhien va nhdn tao, sd dd giir vai trd quan trgng la cdc hd: Ba Bd d Bdc Kan; Niii Cd'c d Thai Nguyen; Ddm Vac, Dai Lai d VTnh Phuc; Cd'm Son d Bdc Giang Dd la nhung ho da chiic ndng, dung cd'p nudc cho sinh boat, cdng nghiep, ddn sinh, tudi tieu ndng nghiep, phuc vu phdt trien du lich sinh thai, nuoi thuy san , dang qua tnnh vdn hanh dem lai nhieu loi ich kinh te' cho cdc dia phuong Vi vdy, dd bao dam du lugng nudc cho cac hd hoat ddng Idu dai va cd hieu qua, cdc bien phdp sau ddy can dugc tridn khai: Khoanh nudi riing tu nhien, trdng riing phu xanh dd't trdng trgc van hd dd ngdn chdn xdi mdn dat, dan den hdi ldng long hd va nhiem nudc hd; ke't hgp nudi thuy san hd la cdn thie't, nhung cdn xac dinh mat vdt nudi va phuong thiic nudi phii hgp dd khdng gdy nhiSm nudc hd; han che' de'n miic tdi da viec cap phep xdy dung khu, cum cdng nghiep, khu ddn cu, khu khai khoang va cac cdng trinh khdc d vung ven hd dd tranh gdy sat Id bd hd va d nhiem nudc hd; thudng xuyen tie'n hanh quan trdc chat lugng Tai nguyen va Mdi trudng | Ky - Thang 2/2012 yj nudc bd, bao dam nudc sach cho ngudi dCing va In cac he sinh thdi nudc, trdnh hien tugng phii dudng nudc hd Quy huach bao vc mdi trudng linh virc phat trien cdng nghiep va khai khoang Tren dia ban tinh LVS Cau cd nhidu tidm nang vd khoang san, dac biet Id linh Bdc Kan vaThai NguyCn Cdng nghiep khai thdc than, khai thdc va che' bie'n khodng san, luyen kim tir Idu cung da hinh thdnh d Bdc Kan va Thdi Nguyen ciing vdi cac ngdnh cdng nghiep khdc Dien tich cac khu cdng nghiep cung cdng md rdng va gia tang vd sd lugng, ddn de'n gia tang cac loai chd't thai cdng nghiep, nguy ca d nhiem mdi trudng cdng ro net Dd la nhung khu vuc cdn dugc quan tdm quy hoach BVMT imh vuc cdng nghiep Dinh hudng quy hoach BVMT cho linh vuc la: Dua vao Igi the' vi tai nguyen vd ngudn luc dd phat tridn cdc loai hinh cdng nghiep khac nhau, nhung theo hudng chung la phat tridn cdng nghiep sach, cdng nghiep it chd't thai nhdm BVMT khdng khi, nudc, dd't tren LVS Cau De dat dugc cdc muc tieu nhu tren, dd xud't mdt sd giai phap thuc hien nhu sau: Khdng phdt trien cdng nghiep mdt each at nhu tii trudc tdi nay, cdn xem xet lua chgn loai hinh cdng nghiep phii hgp vdi didu kien tu nhien cua cac dia 18 phuong, cdn ddi vdi nhu cdu sii dung nudc, su phdt tridn du lich, yeu cdu bao ve cdc khu bao tdn Ihien nhiCn, cdc hd sinh thdi nhay cam vd cdc cdng ddng ddn cu tdp trung theo quy hojich phai tridn dd thi Ddi vdi mdi loai hinh cdng nghiep cdn uu tien chgn cdng nghe thdn thien mdi trudng: Tieu hao it ndng lugng va nguyen vdt lieu, six dung nudc tudn hodn, dd it chd't thai mdi trudng Ddi vdi cdng nghiep khai khoang: Trong khai thac than Id thien khuye'n khich sii dung bai thai trung dd giam thidu khdi lugng dd't da thai vd cac chd't thai rdn khac, qua dd giam didn tich chie'm dung dd't dd lam bai thai, giam nhe tac ddng ddn mOi trudng dd't va nudc mat Trong khai thdc cdc md kim loai cdn nghiem chinh thuc hien cdng tac hoan thd, phuc hdi mdi trudng sau khai thac dd tra lai dd't cho cdc muc dich si!r dung khdc Trong khai thac vdng gd'c va vang sa khoang cdn dugc quan ly chat che, khdng dd thai bira bai cac chd't ddc hai nhu xianua, thiiy ngdn mdi trudng; khdng lam due cac ddng sudi ma cu ddn dia phuong Id'y nudc sir dung cho sinh boat hdng Ddi vdi cdng nghiep dien, chu yeu la nhiet dien chay than: Ddu tu thay ddi cdng nghe Id ddt dd lam tang hieu qua chay, hieu qua cdng sud't dien tren mdt td'n than, ddng thdi giam lugng bui va thai ddc bai vao mdi trudng khdng khi, giam lugng chd't thai rdn, than xi dd mdi trudng dd't Tai nguydn vd Moi truong | Ky - Tliang2/2012 Cac khu cdng nghiep, cum cdng nghiep phai cd tram xirl^ nudc thai tdp trung dat quy chudn mdi trudng Viet Nam trudc dd cdc thiiy vut thude he thdng sdng Cdu Kien quye't dinh chi boat ddng, hoac budc phai di ddi cdc CO sd cdng nghiep gdy d nhilm mdi trudng nghiem trgng theo dung Quydt dinh 64/2003/ QDTTg ciia Thii tudng chinh phii nhiem khu vuc ldng ngh^ la vd'n dd nan giai Phdn Idn cdc lang nghe tren dja bdn cdc tinli LVS Cdu ddu bj d nhidm d cac mdc dd khdc vi tinh cha^t san xudt nhd le, phdn tan cdc khu ddn cu, ddc biet la thieu vd'n ddu tu cho cdc cdng trinh xir ly chd't thai Bien phap mdi trudng quan trgng va kha thi nhd't la quy hoach cac khu san xud't tdp trung, cd thidt k^ cdc cdng trinh xu ty chd't thai, td chdc vdn ddng dua cdc hd lang nghd vao khu san xua't chung dd quan ly mdi trucmg lang nghd Quy hoach bao ve moi trudng ITnh vuc phat trien dd thi Tdng sd ddn sd'ng d dd thi tai tinh LVS Cdu khoang 1.313.888 ngudi, chie'm 19% s6 ddn cua luu vuc Trong qua trinh cdng nghiep hda va dd thj hda, nhu cdu luc lugng lao ddng, cung vdi ddng di ddn tif ndng thdn thi se cang tdng thi ddn sd dd thi tren todn LVS Cdu se tdng len dang k^ l/dc tinh ddn sd dd thi luu vuc vao nam 2015 tdng Ifin khoang 1,381 tridu ngudi, de'n ndm 2020 se la 1,442 trieu ngudi, chidm 20,3% ddn sd toan luu vuc, doi hdi phat tridn cdc dd thi mdi, hoac md rdng cac dd thi hien cd, tii dd phat sinh nhidu vd'n dd vi mdi trudng dd thi cdn dugc dua vdo quy hoach BVMT LVS Cdu BVMT ITnh vuc phdt tridn dd thi cdn chii trgng vao muc tieu chung la: Bao ve td't mdi trudng dd thi, phat tridn cdc dd thi theo hudng dd thi sinh thai, trd cac trung tdm kinh t^, thuong mai, vdn hda ciia cdc dia phuong Do dd, dinh hudng chung quy hoach BVMT ITnh vuc dd thi gdm: Thu gom, xir ly triet dd cac chd't thai sinh boat dd thi nhu nudc thai, chdt thai rdn Di ddi cdc CO sd cdng nghiep gdy d nhiem ndng cho mdi trudng khdi khu vuc ndi d6 Chi phdt tridn them cac nganh cdng nghiep vdi cdng nghe sach, it chd't thai Thie't lap cac didu kien ddi sdng dd thi van minh, lanh manh, vdi day du dich vu tdt ve CO sd ba tang: nha d, giao thdng, dien, nudc Cdc giai phap chu ye'u nhdm dat dugc muc tidu dd ddi vdi BVMT ITnh vuc phat tridn dd thi dd xud't thuc hien nhu sau: Giam sdc ep gia tang ddn sd co hgc tai cac dd thi cd'p trd len, giii mat dd ddn sd d khu vuc ndi dd cua cac dd thi d miic 5000 - 6000 ngudi/kml Bao dam co sd tdng cd chd't lugng cho ngudi ddn dd thi, khdng bi un tdc giao thdng, nha d cd dien tich d td'i thidu trung binh khoang 15-20 mV ngudi nudc sinh boat trung binh 100 150 lit/ngudi/ngay Tach rdi he thdng thoat nudc mua va nudc thai sinh hoat Thu gom va xdy dung he thdng xd ly nudc thai sinh boat tdp trung ddi vdi tdng dd thj, bao dam ddn nam 2020 hoac sdm hon, cd 50 - 70% nudc thai sinh hoat vd dd thi dugc xir ly dat QCVN 14:2008/BTNMT, vd sau dd dat tieu chudn xa thai vdo ngudn loai A theo QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT Thu gom, xir ly chd't thai ran dd thi: Vdi qud trinh dd thi hda dang didn hien nay, su gia tdng ddn sd dd thi vd mdc sd'ng cao hon thi khdi lugng chd't thai rdn se tdng len nhanh chdng thdi ky 2012-2020 vd cac nam tie'p theo Do vdy, viec thu gom rac thai vd xdy dung cac khu lien hiep xir Iy, che' bidn, chdn Id'p chd't thai rdn tdp trung cho cac dd thi tinh ly tai tinh LVS Cau la het Slie cd'p bach, hudng tdi ty le chd't thai rdn dugc xiJr ly 80-100% vao nam 2020 Phdt tridn, md rdng dd thj can tach rdi vdi viec md rdng hoac xdy dung mdi cac khu cdng nghiep Thuc te cho thd'y cac co sd cdng nghiep gang thep, co (nhu d Thai Nguyen) dugc hinh tii thdi bao cd'p trudc ddy vdn nam long dd thi la ngudn phdt sinh d nhidm mdi trudng khdng va nudc, tac ddng true tiep de'n cdc khu ddn cu, nhung rd't khd x\x ly Xdy dung cac cdng vien cdy xanh va hanh lang cdy xanh doc theo cac true phd Idn Hien tai mdt sd dd thi LVS Cdu bi d nhidm khdng cue bd, mdt sd noi bi d nhidm khdng cac CO sd cdng nghiep, cdc dd thi khac chd't lugng khdng suy giam Id thai giao thdng Vi vdy, cdn tang them cdc cdy xanh, bao gdm cdc cdng vien quy md Idn, nhGng mang xanh tai cdc nga ba, nga tu dudng, nhiing dai cdy xanh doc theo hai ben dudng phd dd ngdn can tic'ng dn, vira giam phat tan bui vao cdc khu ddn cu Ddi vdi cac dd thi d midn go ddi trung du va mien nui, dgc dudng, phd cd thd trdng cac loai cdy rung thdn gd cao to, tan rdng, tao bdng mat, khoang each giiia bai cdy khoang 10 15 m, xen vao dd la cdc cdy than gd cd hoa va tao miji huong nhu nggc lan, bdng lang, hoa sGa dd lam dep cho dudng phd Lap hanh lang cdy xanh -10 m ven xung quanh cdc khu c6ng nghiep cu dd thj Xdy dung bd sung cdc cdng vien quy md I - de'n - didu kien dd't dai cu the cua tiJmg dd thj, ke't hgp vdi nhung mang cdy xanh nho, ndng dien tich cdy xanh dd thj len 10 - 15 mVngudi nam 2020 TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Bdo cdo moi trudng qudc gia ndm 20J0 - Tdng quan mdi trudng Viet Nam, Bo Tdi nguyen va Moi trudng, 2010; Bdo cdo quan trac moi trudng nudc LVS Cdu ndm 2010, Tdng cue Moi trudng, 2010; Nien gidm thdng ke tinh Bdc Kan, Thdi Nguyen, VTnh Phuc, Bdc Giang, Bac Ninh, Hdi Duang ndm 201OM Tai nguydn yg Mdi truong | Ky 2-Thdng 2/2012 ^0 ... ca d nhiem mdi trudng cdng ro net Dd la nhung khu vuc cdn dugc quan tdm quy hoach BVMT imh vuc cdng nghiep Dinh hudng quy hoach BVMT cho linh vuc la: Dua vao Igi the'' vi tai nguyen vd ngudn luc... cdng nghiep phai cd tram xirl^ nudc thai tdp trung dat quy chudn mdi trudng Viet Nam trudc dd cdc thiiy vut thude he thdng sdng Cdu Kien quye''t dinh chi boat ddng, hoac budc phai di ddi cdc CO... nhd''t la quy hoach cac khu san xud''t tdp trung, cd thidt k^ cdc cdng trinh xu ty chd''t thai, td chdc vdn ddng dua cdc hd lang nghd vao khu san xua''t chung dd quan ly mdi trucmg lang nghd Quy hoach