NGHIEN Ctru Sir DUNG CHE P H A M VI SINH VAT PHAN GIAI CHAT HU^U CO DE XlT LY RAC THAI SINH HOAT LAM PHAN BON VA BAO VE MOI TRLTOTVG N g u y i n Ngoc Nong* N g u y i n Ngoc So'n Hal* DAT VAN OE O nhiem mdi trudng rac thai sinh hoat dang trd mpt v i n d i nan giai, r i t c i n triin khai nghien cuu, ung dung cong nghe xu ly rac thai sinh hoat n h i m tang ty le tai c h i , tai su dung rac thai va giam thiiu nhiim mdi trudng O Viet Nam, qua trinh cdng nghiep hda, dd thj hda nhdng nam g i n day phat triin rat nhanh, dan so tang len nhanh chdng dac biet la tai cac khu dd thj, cac phd Idn Nam 2004 dan sd ca nude la 82,09 trieu ngudi, d i n nam 2006 da la 84,11 trieu ngudi Sif phat triin dan s6 t i t y i u keo theo su gia tang v i rac thai sinh hoat V i n d i x u ly rac thai dang trd mpt van d i dang quan tam dac biet la tai cac phd va cac khu dan c u tap trung Tinh Thai Nguyen vdi dan sd 1,2 trieu ngudi, tdc dp gia tang dan so hang nam la 0,7%/nam Thanh phd Thai Nguyen la noi tap trung nhiiu trudng dai hpc, n i m tren d i u mdi giao thdng quan trpng eua m i i n B i c va \a trung tam van hoa eua eac tinh m i i n niii phia Bic Su gia tang dan sd cung vdi t i e dp dd thi hda nhanh, dae biet la su tap trung ddng dan c u d cac viing trung tam gay su qua tai v i rac thai khiin v i n d i xu ly rac thai sinh hoat d nhung noi dd trd mpt v i n d i dugc quan tam dac biet Cung vdi su phat tnin eiia khoa hpc va cdng nghe, rac thai thai cd the duge tai ehe, tai sif dung Viec xu ly rac thai tao phan bdn khdng chi tan dung duge ngudn tai nguyen rac thai ma cdn dem lai nhiiu Igi ich v i kinh te, gdp phin bao ve mdi trudng Muc tieu cua de tai - D i i u tra, danh gia nguon c h i t thai n h i m xac dinh p h i n ty le c h i t thai sinh hoat lam CO sd d i xuat hudng su dung, tai c h i c h i t thai sinh hoat - Nghien cuu sif dung mpt s6 c h i pham VSV de xu ly rac thai hu'u co lam phan bdn, tang hieu qua kinh t i su dung tai nguyen la rac thai va gdp p h i n bao ve mdi trudng 11 VAT LIEU, NQI DUNG ' '^'^'^ t''^' '^^nh gia, xac djnh so lugng, phan loai p h i n , ty le c h i t thai sinh hoat khu dan c u tap trung khu vuc cong Trudng Dai hpc Nong lam Thai Nguyen - Nghien cuu su' dung mdt sd che phim VSV de x u ly rac thai sinh hoat huu co lam phan bdn va giam thieu d nhiim mdi trudng Sau dd su dung c h i pham VSV cd tnin vpng n h i t xw ly rac thai sinh hoat hifu co cd bo sung dam, lan va vdi n h i m tao san pham phan bdn c h i t lugng cao hon phuc vu san xuat ndng nghiep 2.2 Vat lieu va phu'ang phap nghien ciru - Thu gom, phan loai phin chit thai sinh hoat tai bai rac khu dan cu tap trung theo phuang phap phan loai true tiip va can trpng lugng * Thi nghiem 1: XCr ly rac thai hCeu co b§ng mot s6 chi phim VSV hu'u hieu Thi nghiem nghien cuu gdm cdng thuc xif ly VSV, l i n n h i c lai Trpng lugng rac huu co eho moi cdng thuc la 15kg (dung thung nhua cd due Id nho d day) Cac cdng thuc: Mau ddi chung - Khdng XLP ly VSV; 2: XCf ly EM Bokashi (dang bdt) cua Trung tam ung dung Khoa hpc Cdng nghe Thai Nguyen; 3: Xu ly EM2 (dang nude) cua Trung tam ung dung Khoa hpc cdng nghe Thai Nguyen; 4: X u ly ehi pham VSV tong hgp (dang nude) eua Trudng Dai hpc Ndng nghiep I; 5: XLP ly c h i pham VSV tong hgp (dang bpt) 2% cua Trudng Dai hpc Ndng nghiep Ha Npi * Thi nghiem 2: XCr ly rac thai sinh hoat hiru CO bkng chS phim VSV tdt nhit TNI bS sung them voi, phan khoang nhim tao san phim phan bon tdt han phuc VLI nong nghiep Thi nghiem gdm cdng thuc lan nhic lai Trpng lugng rac huu co cdng thuc la 15 kg Cac cdng thuc: (Ddi chung): XLP ly rdc thai huu CO bing EM2; Ddi chung + % N; Ddi Chung + 2% PjOg; 4: Ooi chung + 2% CaO: 5: Ddl Chung - H % N + 2% P2O5+ 2% CaO III KET QUA NGHIEN CUU VA THAO LUAN VA PHirOTNG PHAP NGHIEN CIJIlJ 2.1 Npi dung nghien eu'u 3.1 Thanh p h i n rac thai khu dan cu* tap tmng * Khoa Tai nguyen & Moi trudng, Trudng DHNL Thai Nguyen 120 Sang Thanh phan rac thai sinh hoat tai khu dan c u cdng trudng Dai hoc Ndng lam Dan vi: % Chat Thiiy Giay bia, Nhua, till, Kim Xi Cac tap T6ng so Tuan^^^^ huu eg nilong giay bao tinh loai than ehit khac Tuin 62,38 8,50 2,12 0,12 0,20 5,70 20,98 100,00 TT Tuan 70,16 1,84 5,80 Tuan 69,50 2,60 6.65 Tuin 65,78 3,50 7,15 0,51 Tnungf binh 66,96 2,52 7,03 0,16 So lieu nghien c u u thiy: Thanh p h i n c h i t c u r i t da d a n g , ty le Trong dd ty le rac 0,16 0,09 8,40 13,80 100,00 10,08 11,01 100,00 7,20 15,86 100,00 7,85 15,41 100,00 the hien d bang eho thai sinh hoat khu dan moi loai cung r i t khae thai h u u c o cao n h i t vdi g i n % , sau dd d i n cae loai khac n h u : Tap c h i t , x l t h a n n h u a nilon g i i y loai,, 3.2 K e t q u a n g h i e n e d u XLK ly rac t h a i s i n h h o a t hiFu CO b a n g m o t s d c h e p h i m V S V hii'u h i e u Bang Anh h u d n g cua x u ly che p h i m VSV d i n trpng lugng rac huu eg Don VI: kg Se sanh Trong lugng rac thai sau xip 1^^VSV lugng 60 ngay, 40 50 Cong thuc thi nghiem 10 20 30 Trude cuoi eung ket thiic ngay ngay x u ly STT (%) Khong xu ly - 0/c 15,0 11,7 8,4 6,6 6,2 X U ly EM Bokashi 15,0 12,5 9,2 7,2 6,5 5,4 5,8 100,00 5,5 5,4 93,10 4,6 4,5 77,59 5,9 X u ly EM2 15,0 11,6 7,3 5,7 X u ly ehe pham VSV tong hgp dang bot 15,0 12,4 8,7 6,5 5,3 4,8 4,8 82,76 Xu ly che pham VSV tong hgp dang nude 15,0 13,1 9,6 7,5 6,8 5,4 5,3 91,38 LSDo.os 0,55 LSDooi 078 Trpng l u g n g rac thai h u u c o d u g c x u ly vi sinh vat hij'u hieu da g i a m ro ret theo thdi gian Q u a t h a n g x u ly, t r o n g l u g n g h u u c o g i a m - % , dd rd ret n h i t la cdng t h u c va cdng t h u c Sang Anh h u d n g eiia x u ly che p h i m VSV den the tich rac huu c a D o n v i : dm^ So sanh the The tich rac thai sau xu ly VSV tieh cuoi 60 ngay, 50 40 30 20 10 Cong thue thi nghiem Trude cung (%) ket thiic ngay ngay xd ly STT 35,63 Khong xu ly - D/e 27,33 24,71 14,25 12,86 12,86 100,00 10,39 10,39 81,17 X u l y EM Bokashi 35,63 27,18 22,34 16,25 12,36 X u ly EM2 35,63 25,59 18,78 14,28 10,57 10,05 10,05 78,15 X u ly ch6 pham VSV tong hgp dang bot 35,63 28,83 21,81 15,50 12,63 11,64 11,64 90,51 X u ly ch6 pham VSV tong hgp dang nude 35,63 27,35 20,16 14,81 12,71 12,46 12,46 96.89 2,19 LSDoos 3,39 LSDooi I 18,40 I L • • Trong eac loai c h i p h a m vi sinh vat, c h i p h i m E M v a E M - B o k a s h i c d tac d u n g l a m giam the tich rac thai n h i i u n h i t , giam 19-22% so vdi ddi c h u n g 121 Sang Thanh phin san phim lam phan bdn da qua xu ly phoi khd t u kg san pham tuoi STT Cong thde thi nghiem Khong x u ly - D/c X u ly EM Bokashi X u ly EM2 X u ly eh§ p h i m VSV tong hgp dang bot X u ly e h i pham VSV tong hgp dang nude LSDo.os LSDo.o! Trgng lugng san pham huu eg qua sang (< 2mm) Tong lugng san p h i m huu eg danqkh6,A°10% kg 0,38 0,38 0,45 % Trgng lugng san pham huu eg tren sang {> m m) % kg 0,19 0,20 0,28 50,00 52,38 62,96 kg 0,19 0,18 0,17 50,00 47,62 37,04 0,43 0,25 58,85 0,18 41,15 0,40 0,21 52,96 0,19 47,04 0,05 0,08 Cdng thuc va cdng thuc cd ti le san pham huu CO qua sang < 2mm Idn nhit Cac cdng thuc va tl le trpng lugng san p h i m hdu c o qua sang < 2mm cao hon 50%) nhung chua cd s u khac biet ro ret so vdi ddi chung Bang Thanh phin ehit dinh dudng san pham phan bdn va nude ri tu rac thai huu eo cd xu ly vi sinh vat VCK(%) PHKCI N {%) P2O5 (%) K2O (%) Khong x u ly - D/e 21,38 7,93 0,441 0,274 0,344 X u ly EM Bokashi 20,13 7,61 0,460 0,236 0,365 X u ly EM2 19,10 8,13 0,422 0,261 0,592 X u ly c h i pham VSV tong hgp dang bot 20,77 7,77 0,433 0,269 0,566 X u ly e h i pham VSV tong hgp dang nude 22,61 8,19 0,441 0,298 0,795 11 M A U NU'O'C Rl R A C Khdng x u ly - 0/e - 8,95 0,043 0,022 0,016 X u ly EM Bokashi - 8,83 0,043 0,018 0,010 X u ly EM2 - 8,97 0,046 0,024 0,011 X u ly e h i pham VSV t i n g hgp dang bot - 9,05 0,036 0,028 0,014 X u ly c h i pham VSV tong hgp dang nude - 9,20 0,048 0,024 0,012 STT Ten mau MAU S A N P H A M P H A N B O N 1 Chit lugng san pham phan bdn c h i biin tu rac thai dugc XLP ly VSV huu hieu d i u cd chit lugng tuong ddl kha dat yeu c i u v i chit lugng g i n tuong duong vdi phan huu co va phan chudng chit lupng tmng binh Nude n rac qua xu" ly VSV van cd ham lugng chat dinh dudng NPK kha cao 122 Qua thi nghiem cd the nhan thiy ring che pham EM2 la che pham tot nhit 3.3 Ket qua nghien CLFU XLF ly rac thai sinh hoat h i j u co" b i n g c h i p h i m EM2 (che pham tdt nhit d thi nghiem 1) va cd bd sung them v o l va phan khoang Bang Thanh phin san phim lam phan bdn tu rac thai dugc xu ly EM2 cd bd xung vdi, phan khoang (san phim qua xu ly phoi khd, tu 1kg san phim tuoi) STT Cong thifc thi nghiem Tong trgng lugng san pham hlju eg danq kho, A ° % kq 0.40 Trong lugng san pham huu eg qua sang (< 2mm) kq % 0.25 62,8 Trong lugng san pham huu eg tren sanq (> m m) kg % 37.2 0.15 061 chdng (xu ly EM2) D/c + % N 0,38 0,25 64,5 0,13 35.5 D/c + 2% P2O5 0,45 0,27 59,3 0,18 40.7 D/c + 2% CaO 0,36 0,23 64,7 0,13 35.3 0/c + 1%N+ 2% P2O5+ 2%CaO 0,46 0,27 59,5 0,19 40,5 LSDoos 0,04 LSDooi 0,07 Ty le qua sang 2mm tai cac cdng thue tuong ddi cao, nhiiu nhit la tai cdng thuc cd bo sung them vdi (64,7%)) va t h i p nhit la tai cdng thuc cd them P2O5 (59,3%), sai khac rd ret so vdi cdng thue ddi chung d mue xac suit 99% Cac cdng thuc d i u cho k i t qua ti le trpng lugng san phim huu co qua sang < 2mm eao hon 50% va ed su khac biet rd ret so vdi ddi chung Sang Thanh phin chit dinh dudng san phim phan bdn tu rac thai huu co cd xu ly EMj cd bd sung vdi, phan khoang STT Ten m l u VCK(%) PHKCI N (%) P205(%) K2O (%) 7,95 0,441 0,274 0,344 MAU SAN PHAM PHAN BON i chung (xu ly EM2) 21,98 D/c + % N 22,13 7,11 0,660 0,236 0,365 0/c + 2% P2O5 19,45 6,43 0,422 0,461 0,442 D/e + 2% CaO 22,28 8,62 0,389 0,227 0,352 D/c + % N + % P + % C a O 19,16 8,29 0,641 0,398 0,435 Chit lugng san pham phan bdn c h i biin tu rac huu co dugc xu ly bing c h i pham EM2 cd bo sung them vdi va phan khoang d i u cd chit lugng tuong doi kha, dat yeu c i u v i chat lugng g i n tuong duong vdi phan huu eo va phan chudng chit lugng trung binh pH eiia san phim d i u d vao khoang trung tinh hoae hoi kiim dao ddng tu 6,43-8,62 Sang Thanh phin mpt so kim loai nSng san phim phan bdn va nude ri tu rac thai huu co cd xu ly VSV Ten mau STT Pb Cd As Cu MAU SAN PHAM PHAN BON mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg Khong x u ly - D/e 0.413 0,203 2,268 X u ly EM Bokashi 0,403 0,357 1,964 0,259 2,362 X u ly EM2 X d ly c h i pham VSV tong hgp dang bot 0,473 0,461 0,151 2,096 X u ly e h i pham VSV tong hgp dang nude 0,472 0,457 2,691 II M A U NLfOC Ri mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l 56,60 4,400 Khong x u ly - D/e 0,400 X u ly EM Bgkashi 0,200 37,80 2,200 X u ly EM2 X d ly c h i pham VSV t i n g hgp dang bgt 0,100 32.11 2.000 0,136 21.78 3.750 X d ly c h i pham VSV t i n g hgp dang nude 0,326 53.30 3,200 123 Ddi vdi Pb: m i u phan bdn t u 0,4030,473 mg/kg va cao hon m i u nude, tu 0,100-0,400mg/l Ddi vdi Cd: khong cd ea mau phan bdn va nude ri Ddi vdi As: m i u nude tu 21,78-56,60 mg/l va Idn hon nhiiu so vdi m i u phan bdn, tu 0,151-0,457 mg/kg Ddi vdi Cu: tu 1,964-2,691 mg/kg m i u phan bdn va tu 2,0004,400mg/l m l u nude ri Ham lugng cua t i t ca cac chi tieu kim loai nang m i u phan bdn va m i u nude ri rac d i u d muc dp an toan cho dit, eay trdng va deu nhd hon nhiiu so vdi tieu ehuin mdi trudng cho phep hien hanh IV KET LUAN Thanh phan c h i t thai sinh hoat khu dan c u r i t da dang, dd, ty le rac thai huu co cao n h i t vdi g i n 67%o, day la ngudn nguyen lieu quan trgng d i xu ly, san x u i t phan bdn huu CO vi sinh phuc vu ndng lam nghiep Qua thang x u ly VSV, trpng lugng va the tich huu eo giam 60-70%), dd rd ret n h i t la cdng thuc va cd xu' ly c h i pham EM2 va c h i pham VSV tong hgp dang bdt Cdng thuc - xu ly EM2 va cdng thuc 4- xu ly VSV tong hgp dang bdt cd ti le san phim huu eg qua sang < 2mm Idn nhit, cdng thuc la 62,96% va cdng thuc la 58,85% Chit lugng san phim phan bdn che bien tu rac thai dugc xu ly VSV huu hieu d i u cd chit lugng tuong ddi kha, g i n tuang duong vdi phan huu co Ham lugng ciia t i t ca cac chi tieu kim loai nang m i u phan bdn va m i u nude ri rac diu d muc dp an toan cho dit, cay trdng va d i u nhd hon nhiiu so vdi tieu ehuin mdi trudng cho phep hien hanh Xu ly chit thai huu co bing c h i phim VSV huu hieu EM2 cd bo sung them vdi va NPK tao san pham phan bdn cd chit luong cao hon.Toe dp phan huy ciia rac nhanh hon, khoi lugng rac thai giam 5,08% so vdi ddi chung Khoi lugng rac thai huu CO dugc xu ly bing EM2 va vdi giam nhieu nhit giam 8,47% so vdi ddi chdng Xu ly bing EM2 va vdi, the tieh ciia rac giam nhiiu nhit, giam 20,20% so vdi doi chung, xu ly bing EM2 va N, giam 11,74% so vdi doi chung TAI LIEU THAM KHAO Nien giam thong ke tinh Thai Nguyen (2006) Nha xuat ban Thong ke TCVN 7209-2002 va TCVN 6773-2000 v l chat lugng moi trudng dat, phan bdn va nude Dao Chau Thu (2006), Bao eag kit qua de tai cap nha nude ciia Trudng DHNN I Ha Noi v l dng dung VSV xu ly rac thai va bao ve mei trudng Dai hoc Nong nghiep Ha Ngi Luong Dire Pham Vi sinh vat va an toan ve sinh thue pham Nha xuit ban NN, 2002 Trung tam irng dung tidn bp Khoa hpc va Cdng nghd, Sa Khoa hoc va Cdng nghd tinh Thai Nguyen (2006), Cdng nghe vi sinh vat huu hieu EM + Quy trinh ky thuat su dung c h i pham EM san xuat va ddi song, Teruo Higa, Technology of Effective Microorganisms: Concept and Phisiology (2002) Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester, UK Summary A RESEARCH ON USING ORGANIC SUBSTANCE RESOLVING MICRO-ORGANISM TO TREAT HOUSEHOLD GARBAGE TO PRODUCE FERTILIZERS AND PROTECT THE ENVIRONMENT The household garbage from residential quarters is very multiform, in v^hich organic garbage accounts for 67% This plays an important part in analyzing and producing micro-organic fertilizers used in farming Household garbage treated by microorganic reduces itself 60-70% in weight and volume Among the products used EM2 product and powdered micro-organic product are the most effective The proportion of organic products under millimeters in size accounts for from 58.85 % to 62.96% The quality of the fertilizers produced from * Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Thainguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry 124 Nguyen Ngoc Nong Nguyen Ngoc Son Hai* household garbage and well-treated with microorganism is as relatively good as organic fertilizers The content of all weighty metals containing in the sample of the fertilizers and seeping water from the garbage is in safety standard for the land, plants and much lower than the current environmental standard Resglving household garbage by EM2 product added with lime, NPK still ensures the process of disintegration and produces high quality products to fertilize plants ... Dire Pham Vi sinh vat va an toan ve sinh thue pham Nha xuit ban NN, 2002 Trung tam irng dung tidn bp Khoa hpc va Cdng nghd, Sa Khoa hoc va Cdng nghd tinh Thai Nguyen (2006), Cdng nghe vi sinh vat... h i t thai sinh hoat khu dan c u r i t da dang, dd, ty le rac thai huu co cao n h i t vdi g i n 67%o, day la ngudn nguyen lieu quan trgng d i xu ly, san x u i t phan bdn huu CO vi sinh phuc vu... 12,71 12,46 12,46 96.89 2,19 LSDoos 3,39 LSDooi I 18,40 I L • • Trong eac loai c h i p h a m vi sinh vat, c h i p h i m E M v a E M - B o k a s h i c d tac d u n g l a m giam the tich rac thai